“Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Arthur Lawley, 6th Baron Wenlock, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|sep=,|GCSI|GCIE|KCMG}} (12 November 1860 – 14 June 1932), was a British colonial administrator who served variously as Administrator of Matabeleland, Governor of Western Australia, Lieutenant-Governor of the Transvaal, and Governor of Madras. The fourth and youngest son of the 2nd Baron Wenlock, he attended Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, before joining the military. Serving in the Mahdist War, he reached the rank of captain before resigning his commission to pursue other interests. Lawley was then private secretary to his uncle, the 1st Duke of Westminster, and subsequently to the 4th Earl Grey, who he followed to Rhodesia.

Representing the British South Africa Company, Lawley was Administrator of Matabeleland from 1896 to 1901, during the conclusion of the Second Matabele War. He was then Governor of Western Australia for a brief period, from 1901 to 1902, before returning to Africa to serve as Lieutenant-Governor of the Transvaal (under Viscount Milner, the governor). The Transvaal had been incorporated into the empire following the Second Boer War, and Lawley bore much of the responsibility for administrating the colony, remaining lieutenant-governor until 1905. The following year, he was made Governor of Madras, serving until 1911 and overseeing the reform of the Madras Legislative Council. Prominent in the Red Cross during the First World War, Lawley succeeded the youngest of his brothers as Baron Wenlock in 1931, but died a year later. His only son had died in a hunting accident in 1909, and the title consequently became extinct upon his death.

Early life and education

Lawley was born in 1860 to Beilby Lawley, 2nd Baron Wenlock, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth (née Grosvenor), a daughter of the 2nd Marquess of Westminster and a granddaughter of the 1st Duke of Sutherland. He was their seventh child to the couple and their fourth and youngest son. He was educated at Eton, where he became President of the Eton Society and Editor of the Eton Chronicle.^[1]

In October 1879, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge.^[2] However, Lawley did not complete his studies at Cambridge. Instead, he went in 1880 to the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst and was commissioned as a lieutenant in the 10th Hussars in 1882.^[3] He served in India and in fought in the Sudan Mahdist War seeing action at Suakin (1884). In 1885 he was promoted to Captain and served in the United Kingdom until 1892.^[4] Upon retiring from the army, he became involved in politics, serving as the private secretary to his uncle, the Duke of Westminster from 1892 to 1896, after which he was appointed secretary to Earl Grey, who went to administer Rhodesia after the Jameson Raid.^[5]

Administrator of Matabeleland

When Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, was sent to Salisbury to replace Sir Leander Starr Jameson, Lawley was in due course appointed the acting administrator of Matabeleland representing the British South Africa Company. In November 1896 he was appointed Deputy Administrator for Matabeleland. He served as Administrator of Matabeleland from 1897 to 1901.^[6]^[7] In 1898, Lawley led a mission to the court of Lewanika, the king of Barotseland.

Lawley later wrote a detailed account and a diary of his journey to Barotseland and his experiences. An agreement was signed at the Victoria Falls on 21 June 1898 between King Lewanika and Captain Arthur Lawley with Robert Coryndon, the resident in Barotseland as witness. The ivory seal with its gold handle used by Lawley to endorse the Treaty is in The National Trust Collection at Tyntesfield.^[8]^[9]

The Second Matabele War, which began after the failure of the Jameson Raid in January 1896, concluded during Lawley's residence in Bulawayo with a victory for British settlers and a Peace Agreement on 13 October 1896, reached by Cecil Rhodes meeting with the Matabele Chiefs in the Matopos Hills. On the departure of Earl Grey in July 1897, Lawley succeeded Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey, as the Administrator of Matabeleland and served from 1897 to 24 January 1901.^[10]^[7]^[11] As Deputy-administrator, Lawley participated in the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria. As Cecil Rhodes was unwell, Captain Arthur Lawley gave the speech opening the Railway from Mafeking to Bulawayo on 4 November 1897.^[12] Captain Lawley sent half the force which relieved Mafeking under the command of Colonel Plumer in May 1900.^[13] He was in close contact with Colonel Robert Baden Powell, who later served under him as Chief of Police in the Transvaal.^[14]

Governor of Western Australia

Lawley was knighted and appointed Governor of Western Australia in February 1901,^[15] and arrived in Albany aboard the ship Ophir, along with the Duke and Duchess of York (about to commence a royal tour). Lawley's official term as Governor of Western Australia ran from 1 May 1901 to 14 August 1902.^[16] One of his first duties was to represent Western Australia at the opening of the first Federal Parliament in Melbourne on 9 May 1901.^[17]

Despite only being governor for a little over 15 months, the inconclusive results of the 1901 state election meant that Lawley was met with five different governments during his time in office. He received the resignation of George Throssell on 21 May 1901, and commissioned George Leake as the new premier six days later. Leake's first government fell on 21 November 1901, but his replacement, Alf Morgans, was unable to form a new ministry, and resigned on 23 December 1901. Lawley then re-appointed Leake as premier. Leake almost immediately requested that Lawley dissolve parliament and order a new election, but Lawley refused, citing the precedent established by Lord Canterbury (the Governor of Victoria), in 1872, when he refused a dissolution to Charles Duffy. Despite this, Leake's government endured until his premature death on 24 June 1902. The final premier of Lawley's governorship, Walter James, was appointed on 1 July 1902.^[18]

In December 1901, Lawley toured the south-western parts of the province along with the Governor General Lord Hopetoun, a friend from Eton College. His tenure also witnessed instability in the Perth City Council. Lady Lawley devoted herself to numerous charities in particular the children's hospice at Cottesloe, known as Lady Lawley Cottage.^[19] The suburb of Mount Lawley in Perth is named after Lawley. Lawley laid the foundation stones of the Supreme Court of Justice and the Parliament of Western Australia.^[11]

Lieutenant-Governor of the Transvaal

On the recommendation of Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner, Lawley was appointed as Lieutenant-Governor of the Transvaal in July 1902.^[20]^[21] The Transvaal Colony had been established on the area which was previously the Boer republic of the same name, and Lawley was its first lieutenant-governor. He arrived in Pretoria at the end of August and was sworn in as lieutenant governor of the Transvaal on 29 September 1902,^[22] serving as such until December 1905.^[23]

South Africa in 1902 was emerging from the bitter conflict of the Second Boer War and under the leadership of Lord Milner, the Lieutenant Governor of the Transvaal had the arduous task of post war reconstruction. The visit of Joseph Chamberlain, the Colonial Secretary, greatly facilitated this and generous financial provision was made for rebuilding the devastated farms and settlements.^[24]^[25]^[26] However given that Britain had just conquered the Transvaal with its rich gold fields, diamond and platinum mines, this was the very least that could be expected.^[27] The administration brought in new cattle to restock the farms, tackled disease among livestock, and re-opened the mines controversially using imported Chinese labour in the Rand Goldfields, an idea backed by Lord Milner.^[28] Joseph Chamberlain went with Lawley on a tour of the Transvaal and endeavoured to establish cordial relations with the defeated Boers.^[29] On 25 June 1905, the Cullinan Diamond was discovered at the Premier Mine, near Pretoria. The diamond, which was cut to create the four Stars of Africa, was presented by Louis Botha, the First Prime Minister of South Africa, to King Edward VII in 1907.^[30]

Lawley's administration also saw the legislation introduced, which led to the creation of the Kruger National Park.^[31] and the University of the Witwatersrand.^[32] At one of the schools established at that time by Bishop William M. Carter and the Mirfield Fathers, a young Desmond Tutu received his education.^[33]

Lawley's administration undertook the task of demarcating and allotting separate reserves in the Transvaal for indigenous Africans.^[34] In the end, Lawley set aside only about 3% of the Transvaal for Africans.^[34]

In 1903, due to petitions from Boer farmers, the government of Transvaal permitted them access to Kgatla reserves in the Bechuanaland protectorate to recover their stolen cattle on the condition they reciprocate by offering the Kgatla access to their own settlements.^[35] The Kgatla responded by requesting Lawley to merge Kgatla reserves in Bechuanaland and the Crown colony into a single settlement.^[35]

The Kgatla request was framed to enable their chief Lentshwe gain complete sovereignty over all the lands occupied by the Kgatla from the Boers during the Second Boer War.^[36] The request was turned down by Lawley, who, however, permitted Lentshwe to appoint his brother Ramono as his deputy over Saulspoort.^[36]

During his tenure, Lawley had reservations about Lord Milner's policy of importing cheap Chinese labour into Transvaal to work in the gold mines.^[37]^[38]^[39] Nonetheless he pointed out the extent of success that had attended their work.^[39]^[40] The town of Lawley in Transvaal is named after Arthur Lawley.^[41] Mohandas Gandhi founded his Tolstoy model farm near the town of Lawley. Lawley encountered Mohandas Gandhi in the Transvaal and Gandhi wished him well when he was appointed Governor of the Madras Presidency in India.^[42]

Governor of Madras

While serving as Lieutenant-Governor of Transvaal, Lawley was appointed Governor of Madras on 28 December 1905 at a monthly pay of Rs. 10,000. He took office on 28 March 1906 succeeding The Lord Ampthill. Lawley's eldest brother Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock had also served as the Governor of Madras from 1891 to 1896. The Madras Legislative Council was completely reformed according to the Indian Councils Act 1909 and enlarged during his time. Lawley undertook a fifteen tours to acquaint himself of the administrative machinery prevailing in the Presidency. He took the opportunity to visit schools, hospitals and prisons, to meet with peasants, politicians, farmers and businessmen and to consult with government officials.^[43] During his tenure, the Madras Estates Land Bill was passed. In 1906, the Arbuthnot Bank of Madras crashed precipitating one of the worst financial disasters of the 20th century.^[44] Lawley, who was himself one of the stockholders, tried to raise public funds to rescue investors. The disillusioned investors eventually responded by founding the Indian Bank.^[44] At the end of 1908 Lawley introduced the Morley-Minto reforms which brought Indian representation into the government of Madras. He appointed the Maharaja of Bobbili to be the first Indian to have membership of the Executive.^[45]

Lawley also promoted the building of railways and encouraged modern agriculture and industrial development. With his close friend the Maharaja of Mysore he promoted technical education. In 1910 there was an Agricultural and Industrial Exhibition in Mysore.^[46]

The newly constructed building housing the Government Museum, Chennai was opened by Lawley on 5 September 1906. Lawley inaugurated the Victoria Memorial Hall in Madras on 28 March 1909 in memory of Queen Victoria.^[47] In 1910, Lawley unveiled a portrait of Queen Victoria inside the Victoria Public Hall after the building was acquired by the Suguna Vilas Sabha. On 27 October 1911, Lawley presided over the Annual Day function of the Madras Sanskrit College and presented diplomas to meritorious students.^[48]

Lawley inaugurated the Giffard School block of the Women and Children's Hospital in Egmore in October 1911.^[49] On 1 November 1911, Sir Arthur Lawley opened the Lady Lawley Nurses Home. Their Excellencies were garlanded with extravagant garlands of flowers.^[50] The nurses' quarters was established opposite to the hospital and named after Lady Lawley.^[49]

Later life and death

In August and September 1912 he visited Canada at the instigation of the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. He gave speeches in Ottawa and Winnipeg on the subject of "Canada, the Royal Navy and the Empire". The purpose was to encourage Canada to build Dreadnoughts for the Royal Navy.^[51] In May 1913, Lawley was Deputy Leader of the British Empire Delegation to the United States to celebrate 100 years of peace between Britain and the U.S.A.^[52]^[53]^[54] He delivered memorable speeches in New York, Washington, Philadelphia and Chicago.^[55]^[56]^[57] A photograph illustrating the arrival of the delegation was taken in New York on 7 May 1913. On 19 November 1914, he accompanied Lady Roberts to the State Funeral in St Paul's Cathedral of her husband, Field Marshal Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts of Kandahar.^[58] During the First World War, Lawley served as a Commissioner of the British Red Cross Society in Boulogne, France. In 1917 he served as Red Cross Commissioner in Mesopotamia and liaised with the Indian Red Cross because so many Indian soldiers were injured in Mesopotamia.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

In 1919, Lawley represented Britain at the Founding of the International Red Cross at Versailles.^[59]^[60]^[61] In 1920 he was asked by Earl Haig to found the Officers' Section of the British Legion.^[62]^[63] In his later life, he served as the director of numerous London-based companies including Forestal in Argentina.^[64]^[65] In 1927 Lawley and Lady Lawley visited the Fairbridge Farm School at Pinjarra, Western Australia, and Lady Lawley Cottage. He remained president of the Child Emigration Society until 1929.^[66] He succeeded his brother, Reverend Algernon George Lawley, who died without an heir, as the 6th Baron Wenlock in June 1931.

Lord Wenlock died on 14 June 1932 at Freiburg, in Baden Württemberg,^[45] Germany, and was interred at St Helen's Church Escrick, Yorkshire.^[67] As he had no surviving sons, he was the last Baron Wenlock.

Legacy

A road in Coimbatore in southern India is named after him.^[68] The Lawley Institute in Ooty, a gentlemen's club, commemorates his governorship of the Madras Presidency.^[69] Mount Lawley, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia is named after him, as is Lawley, Gauteng, a township in Johannesburg. Lawley's Court Dress as Governor of Madras is kept in the National Trust Victorian House of Tyntesfield.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Lady Lawley lived there from 1939 until her death in 1944 and many things in the house belonged to Sir Arthur and Lady Lawley. Portraits of Sir Arthur Lawley as Governor of Western Australia, Lady Lawley painted in Madras in 1911, and of their son Richard Edward Lawley are to be seen at Tyntesfield. There were two dozen photo albums kept at Tyntesfield which were loaned to the Empire and Commonwealth Museum.^[70] Many of the photographs can be seen in the biography - Sir Arthur Lawley, Eloquent Knight Errant (see below).

Family

On 15 October 1885, he married Annie Allen Cunard (1863–1944), a daughter of Sir Edward Cunard, 2nd Baronet. The Baroness Wenlock was named Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in 1917.

Titles, styles, and honours

Titles

Military ranks

Honours and awards

References

1. ^Eton College Archives.
2. ^{{acad|id=LWLY879A|name=Lawley, the Hon. Arthur}}
3. ^¹{{London Gazette|issue=25136|date=8 August 1882|page=3690}}
4. ^The Memoirs of the Tenth Royal Hussars, 1891.
5. ^The Bulawayo Chronicle, November 1897.
6. ^Anglo-African Who's Who, 1907.
7. ^¹{{cite web|title=Zimbabwe|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Zimbabwe.html#Matabeleland|publisher=worldstatesmen}}
8. ^The National Trust, Tyntesfield, U.K.
9. ^{{cite book|title=A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800-1915|author=Assa Okoth|page=234|isbn=978-9966-25-357-6 |publisher=East African Publishers|year=2006}}
10. ^Anglo-African Who's Who 1907.
11. ^¹Sir Arthur Lawley's photo albums, Lord Wraxall.
12. ^Bulawayo Chronicle, 11 November 1897.
13. ^Daily Telegraph, 18 May 1900.
14. ^Lessons from the Varsity of Life by Lord Baden Powell of Gilwell. Chapter 8. The South African Constabulary.
15. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27290|page=1499|date=1 March 1901}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Western Australia|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Australian_States.html|publisher=worldstatesmen|accessdate=26 March 2016}}
17. ^Parliamentary Education Office, Parliament House, Canberra, Australia.
18. ^{{cite book|author=Boyce, Peter|chapter=Governor and Parliament|year=1991|title=The House on the Hill: A History of the Parliament of Western Australia 1832–1990|editor=Black, David|editor-link=David Black (historian)|location=Perth, Western Australia|publisher=Parliament of Western Australia|isbn=0-7309-3983-9|page=277}}
19. ^Lorraine Hayes, Lady Lawley Cottage, Western Australia Red Cross.
20. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=The Government of the Transvaal |day_of_week=Thursday |date=17 July 1902 |page_number=7 |issue=36822| }}
21. ^{{cite book|title=The Reconstruction of the New Colonies Under Lord Milner|author=W. Basil Worsfold|year=1913|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|isbn=978-1-115-38419-3 |pages=60}}
22. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Latest intelligence - The Transvaal|day_of_week=Thursday |date=2 October 1902 |page_number=3 |issue=36888| }}
23. ^The Transvaal Leader. Tuesday 5 December 1905.
24. ^Photo of Joseph and Mary Chamberlain at Sunnyside Pretoria in Chapter 4 of "Sir Arthur Lawley, Eloquent Knight Errant". Lady Lawley Cottage (Western Australian Red Cross; 2008).
25. ^The Brunt of War and where it fell. Emily Hobhouse. Methuen London, 1902.
26. ^The Times, 8 January 1903, page 3, column A.
27. ^Gold Miners and the Imperial War. ANC. South Africa.
28. ^Milner, the Appostle of Empire. John Marlowe, Hamish Hamilton. London 1976. Chapter 7.
29. ^Chamberlains Speeches. 27 December 1902; edited by C. W. Boyd, London, 1914.
30. ^Encyclopædia Britannica.
31. ^The Star, Weekly Edition, Johannesburg, Saturday, 19 December 1903.
32. ^Colonial Office Despatches CO510/6. 5 September 1903. National Archives, Kew, London, UK.
33. ^Algy Lawley. Latimer Trend and Co. Plymouth, 1933.
34. ^¹{{cite book|title=The Afrikaners: biography of a people|pages=300|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|author=Hermann Giliomee|year=2003|isbn=978-1-85065-714-9}}
35. ^¹{{cite book|title=Black people and the South African War, 1899-1902: Volume 40 of African studies series|author=Peter Warwick|pages=48|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521-25216-4}}
36. ^¹{{cite book|title=Black people and the South African War, 1899-1902: Volume 40 of African studies series|author=Peter Warwick|pages=49|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1983|isbn=978-0-521-25216-4}}
37. ^Milner Papers. Bodleian Library Oxford. Dep. 323. Folios 133/137, 1903.
38. ^Colonial Office Despatches CO510/6. 3559, 9246 and Chinese Labour Regulations. National Archives, Kew, U.K.
39. ^¹{{cite book|title=The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial, Volume 3|pages=193|publisher=Cyclopedia Pub. Co|year=1909}}
40. ^Milner, Apostle of Empire by John Marlowe and Hamish Hamilton. London (1976), p. 164.
41. ^{{cite book|title=Dictionary of world place names derived from British names|author=Adrian Room|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1989|isbn=978-0-415-02811-0|page=98}}
42. ^Mahatma Gandhi Media and Research Service. Chronology 1905.
43. ^Notes on the Administration of His Excellency, the Honourable Sir Arthur Lawley, Governor of Madras from 1906 to 1911. Madras Government Press 1912.
44. ^¹{{cite news|title=Building a bank the MCt. way|url=http://www.hindu.com/biz/2004/04/12/stories/2004041200331800.htm|work=The Hindu|date=12 April 2004}}
45. ^¹The Times obituary for Lord Wenlock, Wednesday, 15 June 1932.
46. ^"The Fourteenth Tour of His Excellency the Honourable Sir Arthur Lawley to Mysore, Hospet, Bellary, Anantapur and Hyderabad, 26 October to 17 November 1910", Madras Press.
47. ^{{cite web|title=Milestones crossed in the history of the museum|url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/history/hist1.htm|publisher=Government Museum, Chennai}}
48. ^{{cite news|title=103 glorious years of Madras Sanskrit College-II |author=V. Sundaram |work=News Today |date=22 October 2009 |url=http://www.newstodaynet.com/col.php?section=20&catid=33&id=19949 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206104433/http://newstodaynet.com/col.php?section=20&catid=33&id=19949 |archivedate=6 February 2010 }}
49. ^¹{{cite journal|title='The best east of Suez,' they described MH|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%204/otherstories.html|volume=19|issue=4|author=Shobha Menon|work=Madras Musings}}
50. ^Madras Times, 2 November 1911.
51. ^National Library of Canada FC243.
52. ^New York Times, 5 May 1913, p. 4.
53. ^New York Times, 8 May 1913, p. 6.
54. ^New York Times, 9 May 1913, p. 1.
55. ^The Washington Post, 13 May 1913, pp. 1, 7.
56. ^Washington Post, 14 May 1913, p. 2.
57. ^Chicago Daily Tribune, 17 May 1913, p. 2.
58. ^The Times, 20 November 1914, p. 9 (col. F).
59. ^The Times, 22 February 1919, p. 9, col. A.
60. ^The Times, 24 February 1919, p. 8, col. C.
61. ^Champions of Charity. War and the Rise of the Red Cross by John F. Hutchinson. Westview Press, 1997.
62. ^The Times, 16 June 1932, obituary of Lord Wenlock.
63. ^The Official History of the British Legion by Graham Wootton. MacDonald and Evans, 1956.
64. ^The Times, 21 July 1920, p. 4 (col. E).
65. ^The Times, 23 July 1920, p. 22 (col. E).
66. ^The Times, 12 June 1930, p. 8.
67. ^The Times, Thursday, 18 June 1932, p. 9 (col. B).
68. ^{{cite news|title= When it rains city is a shambles|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/25/stories/2007102559650300.htm|accessdate=23 June 2010|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 October 2007}}
69. ^Madras Times, Thursday 16 September 1911.
70. ^"Sir Arthur Lawley, Eloquent Knight Errant, David J, Hogg". Lady Lawley Cottage (Western Australian Red Cross) 2008; {{ISBN|978-0-9554457-2-9}} iBooks.
71. ^{{cite news|title=Sir A. Lawley's son killed| newspaper=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette|date=7 September 1909| page=8| url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000511/19090907/052/0008|via=British Newspaper Archive}}
72. ^¹"To be an Ordinary Member of the Second Class, or Knights Commanders of the said Most Distinguished Order:— Captain the Honourable Arthur Lawley, on appointment as Governor of the State of Western Australia". {{London Gazette|issue=27283|date=12 February 1901|page=1058}}
73. ^"THE King has been pleased to appoint the Honourable Sir Arthur Lawley, K.C.M.G., to be Governor of the State of Western Australia and its Dependencies". {{London Gazette|issue=27290|date=1 March 1901|page=1499}}
74. ^{{London Gazette|issue=27488|date=28 October 1902|page=6803}}
75. ^¹{{London Gazette|issue=27899|date=30 March 1906|page=2253}}
76. ^{{London Gazette|issue=25970|date=3 September 1889|page=4786}}
77. ^"10th Hussars, Captain the Honourable Arthur Lawley resigns his Commission". {{London Gazette|issue=26270|date=22 March 1892|page=1702}}
78. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29075|date=16 February 1915|page=1715|supp=y}}
79. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29396|date=7 December 1915|page=12292|supp=y}}
80. ^{{London Gazette|issue=29871|date=19 December 1916|page=12424|supp=y}}
81. ^{{London Gazette|issue=28559|date=12 December 1911|page=9356|supp=y}}
82. ^{{London Gazette|issue=31924|date=1 June 1920|page=6040}}
83. ^{{London Gazette|issue=30365|date=2 November 1917|page=11357}}
84. ^{{London Gazette|issue=32268|date=22 March 1921|page=2388|supp=y}}