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词条 Hell Gate Bridge
释义

  1. History

  2. Usage

     Trackage  Fares  Current use 

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = Hell Gate Bridge
|image = Hell Gate Bridge by Dave Frieder.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption = Hell Gate Bridge in 2008, with the Triborough Bridge and the Upper East Side skyline in the background
|official_name =
|also_known_as =
|carries = Amtrak Northeast Corridor; CSX/CP (D & H) freight
|crosses = Hell Gate of the East River
|locale = Queens and the Bronx in New York City via Randall's and Wards Islands
|owner = Amtrak
|maint = Amtrak
|id =
|architect = Henry Hornbostel
|designer = Gustav Lindenthal
|engineering = Harold W. Hudson
|design = Through arch bridge
|material = nickel-manganese steel
|mainspan = {{convert|978|ft|m|0}}
|length = {{convert|17000|ft|mi km|1}}
|width = {{convert|100|ft|m|1}}
|clearance =
|below = {{convert|135|ft|m|1}}
|num_track = 3{{bulleted list|2 for Amtrak Northeast Corridor|1 for CSX/CP (D & H)}}
|track_gauge = {{Track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
|structure_gauge = AAR
|electrification = 12.5 kV 60 Hz AC catenary (Northeast Corridor only)
|builder = American Bridge Inc.
|fabricator = American Bridge Company
|begin = 1912
|complete = 1916
|traffic =
|open = {{Start date and age|1917|03|09}}[1]
|closed =
|toll =
|map_image =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|40.7824|-73.9217|display=inline,title}}
|mapframe_zoom = 13
|mapframe_caption = {{Location map|New York City
|border = infobox
|float = center
|label = Hell Gate Bridge
|background = white
|lat = 40.78265
|long = -73.92194
|width = 300
|caption = Location in New York City
}}

The Hell Gate Bridge, originally the New York Connecting Railroad Bridge[1] or the East River Arch Bridge,[2] is a {{convert|1017|ft|m|0|adj=on}}{{efn|The arch is {{convert|1087.5|ft|m}} measured center to center of the concrete towers.}} steel through arch railroad bridge in New York City. The bridge crosses the Hell Gate, a strait of the East River, between Astoria in Queens and Randalls and Wards Islands in Manhattan.

The bridge is the largest of three bridges that form the Hell Gate complex. An inverted bowstring truss bridge with four {{convert|300|ft|m|1|adj=on}} spans crosses the Little Hell Gate, a former strait that is now filled in, and a {{convert|350|ft|m|1|adj=on}} fixed truss bridge crosses the Bronx Kill, a strait now narrowed by fill. Together with approaches, the bridges are more than {{convert|17000|ft|mi km|1}} long.[3]

The designs of the Tyne Bridge in Newcastle, England, and the Sydney Harbour Bridge in New South Wales, Australia, were derived from the Hell Gate Bridge.[4] The Sydney Harbour Bridge, however, is about 60% larger than the Hell Gate Bridge.[5]

History

{{multiple image
|align=left
|direction=vertical
|width=250
|image1=Hell Gate Bridge 1915 Arch Construction.JPG
|caption1=Bridge under construction circa 1915
|image2=Hell Gate Bridge ca 1917.png
|caption2=Bridge seen circa 1917
|image3=Bronx Kill eastern filled land jeh.jpg
|caption3=Truss bridge segment over Bronx Kill
|image4=Hell Gate Bridge cricket.jpg
|caption4=The bridge as seen from a cricket field on Wards Island
}}

The bridge was conceived in the early 1900s to link New York and the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) with New England and the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad (NH).[6]

In June 1906, the NH applied for and received a franchise to operate trains from the northeastern suburbs of New York City to Pennsylvania Station in Midtown Manhattan, built by the PRR. The New Haven would be able to accomplish this by constructing a spur from the four-track New Haven Railroad and New York Central Railroad main line in the Bronx (these railroads are now respectively the modern-day New Haven Line and Harlem Line of the Metro-North Railroad). The spur, now the Port Morris Branch, would split north of Melrose station in the South Bronx, then merge with the Harlem River and Port Chester Railroad (HR&PC; now part of the Northeast Corridor) just north of the Harlem River. The HR&PC would pass from the Bronx to Queens via the Hell Gate Bridge, then continue south through Queens, eventually connecting to the East River Tunnels and Penn Station.[7] As part of the plan, the Hell Gate Bridge would carry four tracks, which would connect to the NH's four-track lines on either side of the Hell Gate.[8]

Construction was overseen by Gustav Lindenthal, whose original design left a gap of {{convert|15|ft|m}} between the steel arch and the masonry towers. Fearing that the public assumed that the towers were structurally integral to the bridge, Lindenthal added aesthetic girders between the upper chord of the arch and the towers to make the structure appear more robust.[9] The original plans for the piers on the long approach ramps called for a steel lattice structure. The design was changed to smooth concrete to soothe concerns that asylum inmates on Wards and Randall's islands would climb the piers to escape.[9]

The engineering was so precise that when the last section of the main span was lifted into place, the final adjustment needed to join everything together was just {{convert|5/16|in}}. Construction of the Hell Gate Bridge began on March 1, 1912 and ended on September 30, 1916.[10] The bridge was dedicated and opened to rail traffic on March 9, 1917,[11] with Washington–Boston through trains first running on April 1.[12] It was the world's longest steel arch bridge until the Bayonne Bridge opened in 1931.[13]

During World War II, it was among the dozen or so targets of economic value of significant enough importance to attract the attention of Nazi German sabotage planners. The Nazis' Operation Pastorius landed German agents on American soil in 1942 in hopes of wrecking the bridge and other key targets. (Operation Pastorius failed due to detection of some landing activity by US shore patrols and subsequent defections among some of the German landing team's members to the Allied side.)[14]

In the 1990s, the bridge was repainted for the first time since it opened. It was painted a deep red called "Hell Gate Red". Due to a flaw in the paint, however, the red color began to fade before the work was completed, leading to the bridge's currently faded, splotchy appearance.[15]

The bridge could last for at least a millennium, according to the February 2005 issue of Discover magazine. Most other bridges would fall in about 300 years.[16]

Usage

Trackage

The bridge originally carried four tracks, two each for passenger and freight, but one freight track was abandoned in the mid-1970s. At one time, all tracks were electrified with the 11 kV, 25 Hz overhead catenary, the standard of NH and PRR. The passenger tracks have been electrified since 1917, and the freight tracks from 1927 to 1969, using Amtrak's 25 Hz traction power system.

Fares

Some passengers paid to use the bridge; some fares over the bridge were higher than the usual fares for the same mileage.[17] In September 1940, coach fares were two cents per mile, so Boston to New York was $4.60, the same to Grand Central Terminal or to Penn Station. But Boston to Washington, D.C. was $10.00 instead of the expected $9.10; for a few decades after 1920, 90 cents was added to all fares via Hell Gate except tickets to New York itself. In April 1962, New Haven to New York cost $3.43, New York to Philadelphia cost $3.91, and New Haven to Philadelphia was $8.24. (1962 fares do not include federal tax, then 10 percent.)

Current use

The bridge and structure are owned by Amtrak, and lies in the New York Terminal District, part of its Boston to Washington, D.C. electrified main line known as the Northeast Corridor. The bridge's two west most tracks are electrified with 12.5 kV 60 Hz overhead power and are used by Amtrak for Acela Express and Northeast Regional service between New York and Boston. In September 2009, the Metro-North Railroad's Train to the Game services, operated by New Jersey Transit from key stations on the New Haven Line to Secaucus Junction, started using the bridge during every Sunday Giants or Jets NFL game at MetLife Stadium. However, this service was suspended by 2017.[18]

The bridge is also part of the New York Connecting Railroad, a rail line that links New York City and Long Island to the North American mainland. The third track forms part of the CSX Fremont Secondary and carries CSX, Canadian Pacific and Providence & Worcester Railroad freight trains between Oak Point Yard in the Bronx and Fresh Pond Yard in Queens, where it connects with the New York and Atlantic Railway.[21]{{efn|Long Island's railways only have two direct connections to the mainland. The other link to the mainland is via Penn Station, which goes through Manhattan first to get to the mainland. There is also a rail freight barge service between Brooklyn and New Jersey operated by New York New Jersey Rail, LLC.[19]}}

In September 2009, Metro-North revived its planning efforts for its Penn Station Access project, which would use the Hell Gate Bridge to connect the New Haven Line to Penn Station.[20] Such a service would terminate at Penn Station on platforms freed up by the planned completion of the Long Island Rail Road's East Side Access tunnel to Grand Central Terminal, which is scheduled for completion in late 2022.[20] If the plan is implemented, through-running between the New Haven Line and New Jersey Transit would be possible, linking business centers in Connecticut and New Jersey while providing access to Newark Liberty International Airport.[21] The draft Environmental Assessment was expected to be available for public review in late 2018.[22] At the MTA's Metro-North Railroad Committee meeting on January 22, 2019, it was announced that Amtrak and the MTA had reached an agreement regarding track usage rights, and $35 million was approved for initial engineering design work.[23][24][25]

{{wide image|Hell Gate Bridge 1915 approach Construction.JPG|800px|The approach to Hell Gate bridge under construction circa 1915.
This photograph appears to have been taken from the top of the north tower of the Hell Gate Bridge itself. The view looks north toward the construction site of the bridge over Little Hell Gate (location:,[26] 2007 photo:[27]), which forms part of the northern approach to the Hell Gate Bridge proper.}}{{Clear}}

See also

  • List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in New York
  • Oak Point Link, connecting rail line in the Bronx
  • Rail freight transportation in New York City and Long Island

References

Notes{{notelist}}Citations
1. ^{{cite news |title=F.Y.I. |first=Daniel B. |last=Schneider |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/19/nyregion/fyi-304220.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 19, 2000 |accessdate=January 23, 2011}}
2. ^{{cite news |title=Long Unlucky, Rail Bridge Hits $55 Million Repair Jackpot |first=Lindsey |last=Gruson |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/30/nyregion/long-unlucky-rail-bridge-hits-55-million-repair-jackpot.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 30, 1991 |accessdate=January 23, 2011}}
3. ^Staff. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zA4xAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA769 "Growing a Bridge From Both Ends"], p. 769, The Literary Digest, Volume 51, No. 14, October 2, 1915. Accessed July 7, 2016. "The whole length of the structure (arch and two approaches), from abutment on Long Island to abutment in the Bronx, is 17,000 feet, or considerably over three miles."
4. ^{{cite web |title=Tyne Bridge |quote=Tyne Bridge was designed by Mott, Hay and Anderson... in turn derived its design from the Hell Gate Bridge |website=BBC Inside Out |date=September 24, 2014 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northeast/series3/tyne_bridge_northeasthistory.shtml |accessdate=December 28, 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/roadprojects/resources/documents/permanent_panels/sydney_harbour_bridge.pdf|title=Sydney Harbour Bridge repainting|format=PDF|publisher=NSW Roads and Traffic Authority|accessdate=October 3, 2011}}
6. ^Capo, Fran. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tqC1hZ6arPsC&pg=PA71 Myths and Mysteries of New York: True Stories of the Unsolved and Unexplained], p. 71. Rowman & Littlefield, 2011. {{ISBN|9780762768974}}. Accessed July 7, 2016. "In the early 1900s, a plan was conceived for a bridge that would make Hell Gate even more accessible and would also link the New Haven and Pennsylvania railways, creating direct passenger service from New York to Boston."
7. ^{{cite web | title=NEW HAVEN ROAD TO USE PENNSYLVANIA TERMINAL; Applies for Leave to Avail Itself of Port Chester Tracks. TO ENTER CITY BY TUNNEL Rapid Transit Board Directs That Connecting Railroad Franchise Be Taken Up Without More Delay. | website=The New York Times | date=June 22, 1906 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1906/06/22/archives/new-haven-road-to-use-pennsylvania-terminal-applies-for-leave-to.html | access-date=May 22, 2018}}
8. ^{{cite book | last=Mills | first=William Wirt | title=Pennsylvania Railroad tunnels and terminals in New York City | publisher=Moses King | date=1908 | url=https://archive.org/stream/pennsylvaniarail00mill/pennsylvaniarail00mill_djvu.txt | access-date=May 26, 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nycroads.com/crossings/hell-gate/ |title=Hell Gate Bridge |last=Anderson |first=Steve |work=NYCRoads |accessdate=April 13, 2010}}
10. ^{{Structurae|id=20000036|title=Hell Gate Bridge}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=The New York Connecting Railroad |first1=William G. |last1=Thom |first2=Robert C. |last2=Sturm |publisher=Long Island-Sunrise Chapter, National Railway Historical Society |date=2006 |page=46 |isbn=9780988691605}}
12. ^{{cite web | title=HELL GATE SERVICE APRIL 1.; Through Trains from Washington to Boston Will Be Started Then. | website=The New York Times | date=March 14, 1917 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F04EEDA123BEE3ABC4C52DFB566838C609EDE | accessdate=February 29, 2016}}
13. ^"Best Places to See NYC's Bridges", New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Accessed April 18, 2016. "When it opened in 1931, the Bayonne Bridge surpassed the Hell Gate to become the longest steel arch bridge in the world and remained so for 45 years."
14. ^{{cite book|last1=MacDonnell|first1=Frances|title=Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front|date=November 2, 1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-1950-9268-6|page=131}}
15. ^{{cite news|last1=Kilgannon|first1=Corey|title=A Bad Impression Outlasts a Bridge’s New Paint|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/08/a-bad-impression-outlasts-a-bridges-new-paint/|accessdate=January 10, 2015|work=New York Times|date=March 8, 2012}}
16. ^{{cite news |last=Weisman |first=Alan |title=Earth Without People: What would happen to our planet if the mighty hand of humanity simply disappeared? |magazine=Discover |date=February 2005 |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2005/feb/earth-without-people/ |accessdate=November 6, 2006}}
17. ^Staff. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D01E2D91538E13BBC4851DFB467838A649EDE "I.C.C. Orders Inquiry on 90c Extra Fare On Certain Trips Over Hell Gate Bridge"], The New York Times, December 20, 1951. Accessed July 7, 2016.
18. ^{{cite news |title=Football Fans Take New Train to the Game |first=Judy |last=Silberstein |url=http://www.larchmontgazette.com/news/football-fans-take-new-train-to-the-game/ |newspaper=Larchmont Gazette |date=September 24, 2009 |accessdate=July 3, 2011}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/passenger-rail/passenger-rail-repository/2016%20NYS%20Rail%20Map.pdf|title=Railroads in New York - 2016|publisher=New York State Department of Transportation|date=January 2016|access-date=December 9, 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web |title=Penn Station Access Study |publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority |date=September 2009 |url=http://www.mta.info/mta/planning/psas/overview.html| accessdate=April 12, 2008 }}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/psas/pdf/CT-presentation.pdf|title=Connecticut Presentation (2013)|last=|first=|date=March 2013|website=mta.info|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|access-date=January 27, 2017}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://web.mta.info/capital/penn_station_access_background.html|title=Penn Station Access Background|last=|first=|date=July 2018|website=web.mta.info|publisher=Metropolitan Transportation Authority|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=July 4, 2018}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/news/2019/01/22/project-build-bronx-metro-north-stations-advances|title=MTA {{!}} news {{!}} Project to Build Bronx Metro-North Stations Advances|website=www.mta.info|access-date=2019-01-22}}
24. ^{{cite web | title=Metro-North riders will finally get Penn Station access | website=am New York | date=January 22, 2019 | url=https://www.amny.com/transit/metro-north-penn-station-1.26282571 | access-date=January 23, 2019}}
25. ^{{cite web | last=Spivack | first=Caroline | title=MTA to build new Metro-North stations linking Bronx to Penn Station | website=Curbed NY | date=January 22, 2019 | url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/1/22/18193340/bronx-new-york-mta-metro-north-new-stations | access-date=January 23, 2019}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=40.791573&lon=-73.9231771&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9|title=Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!|work=wikimapia.org}}
27. ^[https://www.flickr.com/photos/jag9889/2131213087/ Amtrak Railway Bridge on Randall's Island NYC (Little Hell Gate) | Flickr – Condivisione di foto!]. Flickr.com (September 1, 2007). Retrieved on August 2, 2013.
Further reading
  • {{cite book | author=Cook, Richard J. | title=The Beauty of Railroad Bridges in North America – Then and Now| publisher=Golden West Books |location=San Marino, California (USA) | year=1987 | isbn=0-87095-097-5}}
  • {{Structurae|id=20000036|title=Hell Gate Bridge}}
  • {{HAER |survey=NY-88 |id=ny0408 |title=New York Connecting Railroad, Hell Gate Bridge, Spanning East River, Wards Island & Astoria, New York, New York County, NY |photos=5 |cap=1}}

External links

  • {{commonscat-inline|Hell Gate Bridge}}
{{Navboxes|list1={{NYC Bridge}}{{Crossings navbox
|structure = Crossings
|place = East River
|bridge = Hell Gate Bridge
|bridge signs = Amtrak
|upstream = Rikers Island Bridge
|upstream signs =
|downstream = Robert F. Kennedy Bridge (Triborough Bridge)
(East River Suspension Span)
|downstream signs =
}}{{LongestBridge
| type = arch
| start = 1916
| end = 1931
| previous = Honeymoon Bridge (Ontario)
| current = Hell Gate Bridge
| next = Bayonne Bridge
}}
}}{{Authority control}}

15 : Railroad bridges in New York City|Bridges completed in 1916|Through arch bridges in the United States|Historic American Engineering Record in New York City|Pennsylvania Railroad bridges|New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad bridges|Amtrak bridges|Astoria, Queens|Bridges in Queens, New York|Bridges in Manhattan|Bridges in the Bronx|Randalls and Wards Islands|1916 establishments in New York (state)|Bridges in New York City|Steel bridges in the United States

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