“Australian Capital Territory”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Australian Capital Territory (known as the Federal Capital Territory until 1938) is a federal territory of Australia, located in the south-east of the country and enclaved within the state of New South Wales. It contains Canberra, the capital city of Australia.

Geographically, the territory is bounded by the Goulburn-Cooma railway line in the east, the watershed of Naas Creek in the south, the watershed of the Cotter River in the west, and the watershed of the Molonglo River in the north-east. These boundaries were set to give the ACT an adequate water supply.^[6] The Jervis Bay Territory, around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula, which is the northern headland of Jervis Bay, is also governed as if it were part of the ACT.

The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra. A stable housing market, steady employment and rapid population growth in the 21st century have led to economic prosperity and in 2011 CommSec ranked the ACT as the second best performing economic region in the country.^[7] This trend continued into 2016, when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australia's states and territories.^[8] There is a higher proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories. Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside Australia, mainly in the United Kingdom. Almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home, the most common being Chinese.^[9]

History

The first inhabitants

Indigenous Australian peoples have long inhabited the area.^[10] Evidence indicates habitation dating back at least 21,000 years. It is possible that the area was inhabited for considerably longer, with evidence of an Aboriginal presence in south-western New South Wales dating back around 40,000–62,000 years. The principal group occupying the region were the Ngunnawal people.^[11]

European exploration

Following European settlement, the growth of the new colony of New South Wales led to an increasing demand for arable land.^[12] Governor Lachlan Macquarie supported expeditions to open up new lands to the south of Sydney.^[13]

The 1820s saw further exploration in the Canberra area associated with the construction of a road from Sydney to the Goulburn plains. While working on the project, Charles Throsby learned of a nearby lake and river from the local Indigenous peoples and he accordingly sent Wild to lead a small party to investigate the site. The search was unsuccessful, but they did discover the Yass River and it is surmised that they would have set foot on part of the future territory.^[14]

A second expedition was mounted shortly thereafter and they became the first Europeans to camp at the Molonglo (Ngambri) and Queanbeyan (Jullergung) Rivers.^[15] However, they failed to find the Murrumbidgee River.^[16] The issue of the Murrumbidgee was solved in 1821 when Charles Throsby mounted a third expedition and successfully reached the watercourse, on the way providing the first detailed account of the land where Canberra now resides.^[17]

The last expedition in the region prior to settlement was undertaken by Allan Cunningham in 1824.^[18] He reported that the region was suitable for grazing and the settlement of the Limestone Plains followed immediately thereafter.^[19]

Early settlement

The first land grant in the region was made to Joshua John Moore in 1823 and European settlement in the area began in 1824 with the construction of a homestead by his stockmen on what is now the Acton Peninsula.^[20] Moore formally purchased the site in 1826 and named the property Canberry or Canberra.^[21]

A significant influx of population and economic activity occurred around the 1850s goldrushes.^[22] The goldrushes prompted the establishment of communication between Sydney and the region by way of the Cobb & Co coaches, which transported mail and passengers.^[23] The first post offices opened in Ginninderra in 1859 and at Lanyon in 1860.^[24]

During colonial times, the European communities of Ginninderra, Molonglo and Tuggeranong settled and farmed the surrounding land. The region was also called the Queanbeyan-Yass district, after the two largest towns in the area. The villages of Ginninderra and Tharwa developed to service the local agrarian communities.

During the first 20 years of settlement, there was only limited contact between the settlers and Aboriginal people. Over the succeeding years, the Ngunnawal and other local indigenous people effectively ceased to exist as cohesive and independent communities adhering to their traditional ways of life.^[25] Those who had not succumbed to disease and other predations either dispersed to the local settlements or were relocated to more distant Aboriginal reserves set up by the New South Wales government in the latter part of the 19th century.

Creation of the territory

In 1898, a referendum on a proposed Constitution was held in four of the colonies – New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. Although the referendum achieved a majority in all four colonies, the New South Wales referendum failed to gain the minimum number of votes needed for the bill to pass. Following this result, a meeting of the four Premiers in 1898 heard from George Reid, the Premier of New South Wales, who argued that locating the future capital in New South Wales would be sufficient to ensure the passage of the Bill. The 1899 referendum on this revised bill was successful and passed with sufficient numbers.^[26] Section 125 of the Australian Constitution thus provided that, following Federation in 1901, land would be ceded freely to the new Federal Government.

This, however, left open the question of where to locate the capital. In 1906 and after significant deliberations, New South Wales agreed to cede sufficient land on the condition that it was in the Yass-Canberra region.^[27] this site being closer to Sydney.^[28] Initially, Dalgety remained at the forefront, but Yass-Canberra after voting by federal representatives.^[29] The Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908, which repealed the 1904 Act and specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region.^[30]^[31] Government surveyor Charles Scrivener was deployed to the region in the same year in order to map out a specific site and, after an extensive search, settled upon the present location.

The territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by New South Wales in 1911, two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913.

Development throughout 20th century

In 1911, an international competition to design the future capital was held, which was won by the Chicago architect Walter Burley Griffin in 1912.^[32] The official naming of Canberra occurred on 12 March 1913 and construction began immediately.^[33]

After Griffin's departure following difficulty in implementing his project,^[34] the Federal Capital Advisory Committee was established in 1920 to advise the government of the construction efforts.^[35] The Committee had limited success meeting its goals. However, the chairman, John Sulman, was instrumental in applying the ideas of the garden city movement to Griffin's plan. The Committee was replaced in 1925 by the Federal Capital Commission.^[36]

In 1930, the ACT Advisory Council was established to advise the Minister for Territories on the community's concerns. In 1934, Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory was established.

From 1938 to 1957, the National Capital Planning and Development Committee continued to plan the further expansion of Canberra. However, the National Capital Planning and Development Committee did not have executive power, and decisions were made on the development of Canberra without the Committee's consultation.^[37] During this time, Prime Minister Robert Menzies regarded the state of the national capital as an embarrassment.^[38]

After World War II, there was a shortage of housing and office space in Canberra.^[39] A Senate Select Committee hearing was held in 1954 to address its development requirements. This Committee recommended the creation of a single planning body with executive power. Consequently, the National Capital Planning and Development Committee was replaced by the National Capital Development Commission in 1957.^[40] The National Capital Development Commission ended four decades of disputes over the shape and design of Lake Burley Griffin and construction was completed in 1964 after four years of work. The completion of the centrepiece of Griffin's design finally the laid the platform for the development of Griffin's Parliamentary Triangle.^[41]

Self-government

In 1988, the new Minister for the Australian Capital Territory Gary Punch received a report recommending the abolition of the National Capital Development Commission and the formation of a locally elected government. Punch recommended that the Hawke government accept the report's recommendations and subsequently Clyde Holding introduced legislation to grant self-government to the Territory in October 1988.^[42]

The enactment on 6 December 1988 of the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988 established the framework for self-government.^[43] The first election for the 17-member Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly was held on 4 March 1989.^[44]

The initial years of self-government were difficult and unstable.^[45] A majority of ACT residents had opposed self-government and had it imposed upon them by the federal parliament. At the first election, 4 of the 17 seats were won by anti-self-government single-issue parties due to a protest vote by disgruntled territorians and a total of 8 were won by minor parties and independents.^[46]

In 1992, Labor won eight seats and the minor parties and independents won only three. Stability increased, and in 1995, Kate Carnell became the first elected Liberal chief minister. In 1998, Carnell became the first chief minister to be re-elected.

Geography

The Australian Capital Territory is the smallest mainland territory (aside from the Jervis Bay Territory) and covers a total land area of {{convert|2280|km2|acre|abbr=}}.

It is bounded by the Goulburn-Cooma railway line in the east, the watershed of Naas Creek in the south, the watershed of the Cotter River in the west and the watershed of the Molonglo River in the north-east. The ACT extends about {{convert|88.5|km|mi}} North-South between 35-36S and {{convert|57.5|km|mi}} West-East at around 149.6E, although the city area of Canberra occupies the north-central part of this area.

Apart from the city of Canberra, the Australian Capital Territory also contains agricultural land (sheep, dairy cattle, vineyards and small amounts of crops) and a large area of national park (Namadgi National Park), much of it mountainous and forested. Small townships and communities located within the ACT include Williamsdale, Naas, Uriarra, Tharwa and Hall.

Tidbinbilla is a locality to the south-west of Canberra that features the Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve and the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex, operated by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of its Deep Space Network.

There are a large range of mountains, rivers and creeks throughout the Territory and are largely contained within the Namadgi National Park. These include the Naas and Murrumbidgee Rivers.

Climate

The Territory has a relatively dry, contintental climate experiencing warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters.^[47] Under Köppen-Geiger classification, the Territory has an oceanic climate (Cfb).^[48]

January is the hottest month with an average high of {{convert|27.7|C|F|abbr=on}}.^[47] July is the coldest month when the average high drops to {{convert|11.2|C|F|abbr=on}}.^[47] The highest maximum temperature recorded in the Territory was {{convert|42.2|°C|1|abbr=}} on 1 February 1968.^[47] The lowest minimum temperature was {{convert|−10.0|°C|1|abbr=}} on 11 July 1971.^[47]

Rainfall varies significantly across the Territory.^[47] Much higher rainfall occurs in the mountains to the west of Canberra compared to the east.^[47] The mountains act as a barrier during winter with the city receiving less rainfall.^[47] Average annual rainfall in the Territory is {{convert|629|mm|inch|abbr=}} and there is an average of 108 rain days annually.^[47] The wettest month is October with an average rainfall of {{convert|65.3|mm|inch|abbr=}} and the driest month is June with an average of {{convert|39.6|mm|inch|abbr=}}.^[47]

Frost is common in the winter months. Snow is rare in Canberra's city centre, but the surrounding areas get annual snowfall through winter and often the snow-capped mountains can be seen from the city. The last significant snowfall in the city centre was in 1968.^[47]{{Weather box|location=Canberra Airport, ACT (1981-2010 normals, extremes 1939-present)|metric first=Yes|single line=Yes|Jan record high C=41.6|Feb record high C=42.2|Mar record high C=37.5|Apr record high C=32.6|May record high C=24.5|Jun record high C=20.1|Jul record high C=19.7|Aug record high C=24.0|Sep record high C=28.6|Oct record high C=32.7|Nov record high C=38.9|Dec record high C=39.2|year record high C=42.2|Jan high C=28.7|Feb high C=27.7|Mar high C=24.8|Apr high C=20.5|May high C=16.3|Jun high C=12.5|Jul high C=11.8|Aug high C=13.5|Sep high C=16.6|Oct high C=19.9|Nov high C=23.3|Dec high C=26.3|year high C=20.2|Jan mean C=21.2|Feb mean C=20.7|Mar mean C=17.9|Apr mean C=13.8|May mean C=10.0|Jun mean C=6.9|Jul mean C=6.0|Aug mean C=7.4|Sep mean C=10.2|Oct mean C=13.2|Nov mean C=16.4|Dec mean C=19.1|year mean C=13.6|Jan low C=13.7|Feb low C=13.6|Mar low C=10.9|Apr low C=7.1|May low C=3.7|Jun low C=1.3|Jul low C=0.2|Aug low C=1.3|Sep low C=3.8|Oct low C=6.4|Nov low C=9.5|Dec low C=11.9|year low C=7.0|Jan record low C=1.8|Feb record low C=3.0|Mar record low C=-1.1|Apr record low C=-3.7|May record low C=-7.5|Jun record low C=-8.5|Jul record low C=-10.0|Aug record low C=-8.5|Sep record low C=-6.4|Oct record low C=-3.3|Nov record low C=-1.8|Dec record low C=1.1|year record low C=-10.0|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=58.5|Feb precipitation mm=56.4|Mar precipitation mm=50.7|Apr precipitation mm=46.0|May precipitation mm=44.4|Jun precipitation mm=40.4|Jul precipitation mm=41.4|Aug precipitation mm=46.2|Sep precipitation mm=52.0|Oct precipitation mm=62.4|Nov precipitation mm=64.4|Dec precipitation mm=53.2|year precipitation mm=615.2|Jan precipitation days=7.3|Feb precipitation days=6.7|Mar precipitation days=6.9|Apr precipitation days=7.3|May precipitation days=8.4|Jun precipitation days=9.8|Jul precipitation days=10.5|Aug precipitation days=11.1|Sep precipitation days=10.2|Oct precipitation days=10.4|Nov precipitation days=9.8|Dec precipitation days=7.7|year precipitation days=106.1|Jan sun=294.5|Feb sun=254.3|Mar sun=251.1|Apr sun=219.0|May sun=186.0|Jun sun=156.0|Jul sun=179.8|Aug sun=217.0|Sep sun=231.0|Oct sun=266.6|Nov sun=267.0|Dec sun=291.4|year sun=2813.7|source 1=Climate averages for Canberra Airport Comparison (1939–2010)|date=September 2011|source 2=Special climate statements and climate summaries for more recent extremes^[49]}}

Flora and fauna

The environments range from alpine area on the higher mountains, to sclerophyll forest and to woodland. Much of the ACT has been cleared for grazing and is also burnt off by bushfires several times per century. The kinds of plants can be grouped into vascular plants, that include gymnosperms, flowering plants, and ferns, as well as bryophytes, lichens, fungi and freshwater algae. Four flowering plants are endemic to the ACT. Several lichens are unique to the Territory. Most plants in the ACT are characteristic of the Flora of Australia and include well known plants such as Grevillea, Eucalyptus trees and kangaroo grass.

The native forest in the Canberra region was almost wholly eucalypt species and provided a resource for fuel and domestic purposes. By the early 1960s, logging had depleted the eucalypt, and concern about water quality led to the forests being closed. Interest in forestry began in 1915 with trials of a number of species including Pinus radiata on the slopes of Mount Stromlo. Since then, plantations have been expanded, with the benefit of reducing erosion in the Cotter catchment, and the forests are also popular recreation areas.^[50]

The fauna of the Territory includes representatives from most major Australian animal groups. This includes kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, platypus, echidna, emu, kookaburras and dragon lizards.

Geology

Notable geological formations in the Australian Capital Territory include the Canberra Formation, the Pittman Formation, Black Mountain Sandstone and State Circle Shale.

In the 1840s fossils of brachiopods and trilobites from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon. At the time, these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed.^[51] Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting and the Deakin anticline.^[52]^[53]

The oldest rocks in the ACT date from the Ordovician around 480 million years ago. During this period the region along with most of Eastern Australia was part of the ocean floor; formations from this period include the Black Mountain Sandstone formation and the Pittman Formation consisting largely of quartz-rich sandstone, siltstone and shale. These formations became exposed when the ocean floor was raised by a major volcanic activity in the Devonian forming much of the east coast of Australia.

Government and politics

Territory government

The ACT has internal self-government, but Australia's Constitution does not afford the territory government the full legislative independence provided to Australian states. Laws are made in a 25-member Legislative Assembly that combines both state and local government functions (prior to 2016, the Assembly was made up of 17 members).^[54]^[55]

Members of the Legislative Assembly are elected via the Hare Clarke system.^[56]

The executive of the Australian Capital Territory are the Chief Minister and such other Ministers as are appointed by the Chief Minister, also known as the ACT Government.^[57] The ACT Chief Minister (currently Andrew Barr, Labor) is elected by members of the ACT Legislative Assembly. The Chief Minister represents the ACT Government as a member of the Council of Australian Governments.^[58]

Unlike other self-governing Australian territories (for example, the Northern Territory), the ACT does not have an Administrator.^[59] The Crown is represented by the Australian Governor-General in the government of the ACT. Until 4 December 2011, the decisions of the assembly could be overruled by the Governor-General (effectively by the national government) under section 35 of the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988, although the federal parliament voted in 2011 to abolish this veto power, instead requiring a majority of both houses of the federal parliament to override an enactment of the ACT.^[60]^[61] The Chief Minister performs many of the roles that a state governor normally holds in the context of a state; however, the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly gazettes the laws and summons meetings of the Assembly.

Judiciary and policing

The court system of the Territory consists of the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, the Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory and the ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal. It is unique in that the Territory does not have an intermediary court like other mainland states and territories; there is only the superior court and a court of summary jurisdiction. The current Chief Justice is Helen Murrell and the current Chief Magistrate is Lorraine Walker.

Federal representation

In Australia's Federal Parliament, the ACT is represented by four federal members: two members of the House of Representatives represent the Division of Fenner and the Division of Canberra and it is one of only two territories to be represented in the Senate, with two Senators (the other being the Northern Territory). The Member for Fenner and the ACT Senators also represent the constituents of the Jervis Bay Territory. An additional electorate will be added at the 2019 election following a redistribution by the Australian Electoral Commission.

Jervis Bay Territory

In 1915 the Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 created the Jervis Bay Territory as an annexe to the Australian Capital Territory. In 1988, when the ACT gained self-government, Jervis Bay became a separate territory administered by the Australian Government Minister responsible for Territories, presently the Minister for Home Affairs. However, the laws of the Territory apply to the Jervis Bay and magistrates from the ACT regularly travel to the Jervis Bay Territory to conduct court.

An occasional misconception is that the ACT retains a small area of territory on the coast on the Beecroft Peninsula, consisting of a strip of coastline around the northern headland of Jervis Bay (not to be confused with the Jervis Bay Territory, which is on the southern headland of the Bay). However, though the land is owned by the Commonwealth Government, that area itself is still considered to be under the jurisdiction of New South Wales government, not a separate territory nor a part of the ACT.^[63]

Demographics

As at 31 March 2018, the population of the ACT was 419,200^[1] of whom most lived in Canberra. At the {{CensusAU|2016}} the ACT median weekly income for people aged over 15 was $998 while the national average was $662.^[64] The average level of degree qualification in the ACT is higher than the national average. Within the ACT 4.5% of the population have a postgraduate degree compared to 1.8% across the whole of Australia.^[65]

Urban structure

Canberra is a planned city originally designed by Walter Burley Griffin, a major 20th century American architect,{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|pp=60–63}} in collaboration with his wife Marion Mahony Griffin. Major roads follow a wheel-and-spoke pattern rather than a grid.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=67}} The city centre is laid out on two perpendicular axes: a water axis stretching along Lake Burley Griffin, and a ceremonial land axis stretching from Parliament House on Capital Hill north-eastward along Anzac Parade to the Australian War Memorial at the foot of Mount Ainslie.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}}

The area known as the Parliamentary Triangle is formed by three of Burley Griffin's axes, stretching from Capital Hill along Commonwealth Avenue to the Civic Centre around City Hill, along Constitution Avenue to the Defence precinct on Russell Hill, and along Kings Avenue back to Capital Hill.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}}

The larger scheme of Canberra's layout is based on the three peaks surrounding the city, Mount Ainslie, Black Mountain, and Red Hill. The main symmetrical axis of the city is along Anzac Parade and roughly^[66] on the line{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64-67}} between Mount Ainslie and Bimberi Peak. Bimberi Peak being the highest mountain in the ACT approximately {{convert|52|km|0|abbr=on}} south west of Canberra . The precise alignment of Anzac parade is between Mount Ainslie and Capital Hill (formally Kurrajong Hill).

The Griffins assigned spiritual values to Mount Ainslie, Black Mountain, and Red Hill and originally planned to cover each of these in flowers. That way each hill would be covered with a single, primary colour which represented its spiritual value. This part of their plan never came to fruition. In fact, WWI interrupted the construction and some conflicts after the war made it a difficult process for the Griffins. Nevertheless, Canberra stands halfway between the ski slopes and the beach. It enjoys a natural cooling from geophysical factors.

The urban areas of Canberra are organised into a hierarchy of districts, town centres, group centres, local suburbs as well as other industrial areas and villages. There are seven districts (with an eighth currently under construction), each of which is divided into smaller suburbs, and most of which have a town centre which is the focus of commercial and social activities. The districts were settled in the following chronological order:

The North and South Canberra districts are substantially based on Walter Burley Griffin's designs.{{sfn|Wigmore|1971|p=64}} In 1967 the then National Capital Development Commission adopted the "Y Plan" which laid out future urban development in Canberra around a series of central shopping and commercial area known as the 'town centres' linked by freeways, the layout of which roughly resembled the shape of the letter Y,{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=154–155}} with Tuggeranong at the base of the Y and Belconnen and Gungahlin located at the ends of the arms of the Y.{{sfn|Sparke|1988|pp=154–155}}

Development in Canberra has been closely regulated by government, both through the town planning process, but also through the use of crown lease terms that have tightly limited the use of parcels of land. All land in the ACT is held on 99-year leases from the national government, although most leases are now administered by the Territory government.

Most suburbs have their own local shops, and are located close to a larger shopping centre serving a group of suburbs. Community facilities and schools are often also located near local shops or group shopping centres. Many of Canberra's suburbs are named after former Prime Ministers, famous Australians, early settlers, or use Aboriginal words for their title.

Street names typically follow a particular theme; for example, the streets of Duffy are named after Australian dams and reservoirs, the streets of Dunlop are named after Australian inventions, inventors and artists and the streets of Page are named after biologists and naturalists. Most diplomatic missions are located in the suburbs of Yarralumla, Deakin and O'Malley. There are three light industrial areas: the suburbs of Fyshwick, Mitchell and Hume.

Education

Almost all educational institutions in the Australian Capital Territory are located within Canberra. The ACT public education system schooling is normally split up into Pre-School, Primary School (K-6), High School (7–10) and College (11–12) followed by studies at university or CIT (Canberra Institute of Technology). Many private high schools include years 11 and 12 and are referred to as colleges. Children are required to attend school until they turn 17 under the ACT Government's "Learn or Earn" policy.^[67]

In February 2004 there were 140 public and non-governmental schools in ACT; 96 were operated by the Government and 44 are non-Government.^[68] In 2005 there were 60,275 students in the ACT school system. 59.3% of the students were enrolled in government schools with the remaining 40.7% in non-government schools. There were 30,995 students in primary school, 19,211 in high school, 9,429 in college and a further 340 in special schools.^[69]

As of May 2004, 30% of people in the ACT aged 15–64 had a level of educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor's degree, significantly higher than the national average of 19%.^[70] The two main tertiary institutions are the Australian National University (ANU) in Acton and the University of Canberra (UC) in Bruce. There are also two religious university campuses in Canberra: Signadou is a campus of the Australian Catholic University and St Mark's Theological College is a campus of Charles Sturt University. Tertiary level vocational education is also available through the multi-campus Canberra Institute of Technology.

The Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA) and the Royal Military College, Duntroon (RMC) are in the suburb of Campbell in Canberra's inner northeast. ADFA teaches military undergraduates and postgraduates and is officially a campus of the University of New South Wales while Duntroon provides Australian Army Officer training.

The Academy of Interactive Entertainment (AIE) offers courses in computer game development and 3D animation.

See also

References

Citations

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2. ^5220.0 – Australian National Accounts: State Accounts, 2009–10.
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6. ^How were the ACT's boundaries determined?
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18. ^{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1987|page=5}}
19. ^{{harvnb|Watson|1931}}
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21. ^{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1987|page=12}}
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23. ^{{harvnb|Wigmore|1971|page=20}}
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26. ^{{harvnb|Birtles|2004|p=8}}
27. ^{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1987|page=92}}
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32. ^{{harvnb|Gillespie|1991|page=278}}
33. ^{{harvnb|Gillespie|1991|page=303}}
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35. ^{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1987|page=115}}
36. ^{{harvnb|Fitzgerald|1987|page=128}}
37. ^{{harvnb|Wigmore|1971|page=113}}
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