| 词条 | Back-of-the-envelope calculation |
| 释义 |
A back-of-the-envelope calculation is a rough calculation, typically jotted down on any available scrap of paper such as an envelope. It is more than a guess but less than an accurate calculation or mathematical proof. The defining characteristic of back-of-the-envelope calculations is the use of simplified assumptions. A similar phrase in the U.S. is "back of a napkin", also used in the business world to describe sketching out a quick, rough idea of a business or product.[1] In British English, a similar idiom is "back of a fag packet". HistoryIn the natural sciences, back-of-the-envelope calculation is often associated with physicist Enrico Fermi,[2] who was well known for emphasizing ways that complex scientific equations could be approximated within an order of magnitude using simple calculations. He went on to develop a series of sample calculations, which are called "Fermi Questions" or "Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations" and used to solve Fermi problems.[3][4] Fermi was known for getting quick and accurate answers to problems that would stump other people. The most famous instance came during the first atomic bomb test in New Mexico on 16 July 1945. As the blast wave reached him, Fermi dropped bits of paper. By measuring the distance they were blown, he could compare to a previously computed table and thus estimate the bomb energy yield. He estimated 10 kilotons of TNT; the measured result was 18.6.[5] Perhaps the most influential example of such a calculation was carried out over a period of a few hours by Arnold Wilkins after being asked to consider a problem by Robert Watson Watt. Watt had learned that the Germans claimed to have invented a radio-based death ray, but Wilkins' one-page calculations demonstrated that such a thing was almost certainly impossible. When Watt asked what role radio might play, Wilkins replied that it might be useful for detection at long range, a suggestion that led to the rapid development of radar and the Chain Home system.[6] Another example is Victor Weisskopf's pamphlet Modern Physics from an Elementary Point of View.[7] In these notes Weisskopf used back-of-the-envelope calculations to calculate the size of a hydrogen atom, a star, and a mountain, all using elementary physics. ExamplesNobel laureate Charles Townes describes in a video interview for the University of California, Berkeley on the 50th anniversary of the laser, how he pulled an envelope from his pocket while sitting in a park and wrote down calculations during his initial insight into lasers.[8] An important Internet protocol, the Border Gateway Protocol, was sketched out in 1989 by engineers on the back of "three ketchup-stained napkins", and is still known as the three-napkin protocol.[9] UTF-8, the dominant character encoding for the World Wide Web, [10] was designed by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike on a placemat.[11]The Bailey bridge is a type of portable, pre-fabricated, truss bridge and was extensively used by British, Canadian and US military engineering units. Donald Bailey drew the original design for the bridge on the back of an envelope.[12] The Laffer Curve, purporting to show the relationship between tax cuts and government income, was drawn by Arthur Laffer in 1974 on a bar napkin to show an aide to President Gerald R. Ford why the federal government should cut taxes. [13] See also
Notes and references1. ^NetworkWorld.com: Ethernet, Compaq, Facebook and napkins 2. ^Where Fermi stood. - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists | Encyclopedia.com 3. ^Back of the Envelope Calculations 4. ^High School Mathematics at Work: Essays and Examples for the Education of All Students 5. ^Nuclear Weapons Journal, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Issue 2 2005. 6. ^{{cite journal |first=B.A. |last=Austin |title=Precursors To Radar — The Watson-Watt Memorandum And The Daventry Experiment |url=http://www.bawdseyradar.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Wilkins-Calculations.pdf |journal=International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education |volume=36 |year=1999 |pages=365–372 |access-date=2016-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525040134/http://www.bawdseyradar.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Wilkins-Calculations.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-25 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 7. ^Lectures given in the 1969 Summer Lecture Programme, CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), CERN 70-8, 17 March 1970. 8. ^Video of interview with Charles Townes; envelope mention comes about halfway in 9. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/business/2015/05/31/net-of-insecurity-part-2/ Washington Post: "Net of Insecurity"] 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://w3techs.com/technologies/cross/character_encoding/ranking|title=Usage Survey of Character Encodings broken down by Ranking|website=w3techs.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-01}} 11. ^[https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/utf-8-history.txt Email Subject: UTF-8 history], From: "Rob 'Commander' Pike", Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2003..., ...UTF-8 was designed, in front of my eyes, on a placemat in a New Jersey diner one night in September or so 1992...So that night Ken wrote packing and unpacking code and I started tearing into the C and graphics libraries. The next day all the code was done... 12. ^{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1985-05-07/news/mn-11177_1_sir-donald-bailey|title=Sir Donald Bailey, WW II Engineer, Dies|last=Services|first=From Times Wire|date=1985-05-07|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|quote="He sketched the original design for the Bailey Bridge on the back of an envelope as he was being driven to a meeting of Royal Engineers to debate the failure of existing portable bridges"}} 13. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/us/politics/arthur-laffer-napkin-tax-curve.html?module=WatchingPortal®ion=c-column-middle-span-region&pgType=Homepage&action=click&mediaId=thumb_square&state=standard&contentPlacement=2&version=internal&contentCollection=www.nytimes.com&contentId=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Farthur-laffer-napkin-tax-curve.html&eventName=Watching-article-click&_r=0 "This is not Arthur Laffer's famous napin" NY Times 13 Oct. 2017] External links{{Wiktionary|back-of-the-envelope|back-of-an-envelope}}
3 : Approximations|Informal estimation|Metaphors referring to objects |
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