| 词条 | Ban Kulin |
| 释义 |
|name = Kulin |succession = Ban of Bosnia |image = Ploča Kulina bana iz crkve kod Visokog.jpg |caption = |reign = 1180–1204 |coronation = |predecessor = Manuel I Komnenos |successor = Stephen Kulinić |spouse = Vojislava |issue = |house = Kulinić |father = |mother = |birth_date = Usora? |birth_place = Bosnia |death_date = {{circa}} November 1204 |death_place = Bosnia |religion = Bosnian Church Roman Catholicism (briefly) }} Kulin (d. {{circa}} November 1204) was the Ban of Bosnia from 1180 to 1204, first as a vassal of the Byzantine Empire and then of the Kingdom of Hungary, but his state was de facto independent. He was one of Bosnia's most prominent and notable historic rulers and had a great effect on the development of early Bosnian history.[1] One of his most noteworthy diplomatic achievements is widely considered to have been the signing of the Charter of Ban Kulin, which encouraged trade and established peaceful relations between Dubrovnik and his realm of Bosnia.[2][3] His son, Stjepan Kulinić succeeded him as Bosnian Ban. Kulin founded the House of Kulinić. Early lifeKulin's sister was married to Miroslav of Hum, the brother of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (r. 1166–1196).{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=19–20}}[4] Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos (1143–1180) was at that time the overlord of Bosnia.{{sfn|Treadgold|1997|p=646}} In 1180, when Komnenos died, Stefan Nemanja and Kulin asserted independence of Serbia and Bosnia, respectively.[4] ReignHis rule is often remembered as being emblematic of Bosnia's golden age, and he is a common hero of Bosnian national folk tales. Under him, the "Bosnian Age of Peace and Prosperity" would come to exist.[5] Bosnia was completely autonomous and mostly at peace during his rule.[6] War against ByzantiumIn 1183, he led his troops with the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary under King Béla and the Serbs under Stefan Nemanja, who had just launched an attack on the Byzantine Empire. The cause of the war was Hungary's non-recognition of the new emperor, Andronikos Komnenos. The united forces met little resistance in the eastern Serbian lands - the Byzantine squadrons were fighting among themselves as the local Byzantine commanders Alexios Brannes supported the new Emperor, while Andronikos Lapardes opposed him - and deserted the Imperial Army, going onto adventures on his own. Without difficulties, the Byzantines were pushed out of the Morava Valley and the allied forces breached all the way to Sofia, raiding Belgrade, Braničevo, Ravno, Niš and Sofia itself. BogomilsIn 1199, Serbian prince Vukan Nemanjić informed the Pope, Innocent, of heresy in Bosnia. Vukan claimed that Kulin, a heretic, had welcomed the heretics whom Bernard of Split had banished, and treated them as Christians. In 1200, the Pope wrote a letter to Kulin's suzerain, the Hungarian King Emeric, warning him that “no small number of Patarenes” had gone from Split and Trogir to Ban Kulin where they were warmly welcomed, and told him to “Go and ascertain the truth of these reports and if Kulin is unwilling to recant, drive him from your lands and confiscate his property.” Kulin replied to the Pope that he did not regard the immigrants as heretics, but as Catholics, and that he was sending a few of them to Rome for examination, and also invited that a Papal representative be sent to investigate. Unconvinced, the Pope sent his legates to Bosnia to interrogate Kulin and his subjects about religion and life, and if indeed heretical, correct the situation through a prepared constitution. The Pope wrote to Bernard in 1202 that "a multitude of people in Bosnia are suspected of the damnable heresy of the Cathars." The two legates sent by the Pope went through the country of Bosnia and interrogated the clergy. Bilino Polje abjurationNot only did Casamaris listen to his informants’ answers, but where they were in error, he would have taught them correct doctrine, in line with Innocent’s directive. John must have convinced himself that he had fulfilled Innocent’s command to correct the krstjani, because the “Confessio” (Abjuration) signed at Bilino Polje by seven priors of the Krstjani church on 8 April 1203, makes no mention of errors. The same document was brought to Budapest, 30 April by Casamaris and Kulin and two abbots, where it was examined by the Hungarian King and the high clergy. Kulin’s son Stefan, during a later meeting, agreed that if the Bosnians violated the agreement, they would pay a heavy fine of 1,000 marks. On the surface, the “Confessio” concerned church organization and practices. The monks renounced their schism with Rome and agreed to accept Rome as the mother church. They promised to erect chapels with altars and crucifixes, where they would have priests who would say Mass and dispense Holy Communion at least seven times a year on the main feast days. The priests would also hear confession and give penances. The monks promised to chant the hours, night and day, and to read the Old Testament as well as the New. They would follow the Church’s schedule of fasts, as well as their own regimen. They also agreed to stop calling themselves krstjani—which had been their exclusive privilege—lest they cause pain to other Christians. They would wear special, uncolored robes, closed and reaching the ankles. In addition they were to have graveyards next to the church, where they would bury their brethren and any visitors who happened to die there. Women members of the order were to have special quarters away from the men and to eat separately; nor could they be seen talking alone with a monk, lest they cause scandal. The abbots also agreed not to offer lodging to manicheans or other heretics. Finally, upon the death of the head of their order (magister), the abbots, after consultation with their fellow monks, would submit their choice to the Pope for his approval. As for the Bosnian Catholic diocese itself, John advised Innocent that they needed to break the hold of the Slavonic bishop who had ruled the Bosnian church up to then, and to appoint three or four Latin bishops, since Bosnia was a large country (“ten days’ walk”). After the “Confessio” was approved by King Emmerich, John de Casamaris, in a letter to Innocent, refers to “the former Patarenes.”(23) Obviously, he thought that he had converted the krstjani, but he was wrong. Partly due to Rome’s complacency (caused by Casamaris’s feelings of success) and the Pope’s failure to appoint Latin bishops, as John had suggested, the heretical movement grew stronger over the next few decades, uniting with remnants of the old native Catholic church. Together they formed a national, heretical church which survived crusades and threats of crusades until the mid-fifteenth century, when it gradually vanished in the face of the Ottoman takeover.[7][8] Charter of Ban Kulin{{main|Charter of Ban Kulin}}The Charter of Ban Kulin was a trade agreement between Bosnia and the Republic of Ragusa that effectively regulated Ragusan trade rights in Bosnia written on 29 August 1189. It is one of the oldest written state documents in the Balkans and is among the oldest historical documents written in Bosnian Cyrillic. The charter is of great significance in both Serbian and Bosnian national pride and historical heritage.[9][10] DeathAfter the death of Ban Kulin in 1204, the Bosnian throne was succeeded by his son Stjepan Kulinić (often referred to in English as Stephen Kulinić). Marriage and childrenKulin married Vojislava,[11][12] with whom he had two sons:
Legacy and folkloreAs a founder of first de facto independent Bosnian state, Kulin was and still is highly regarded among Bosnians.[13] Even today Kulin's era is regarded as one of the most prosperous historical eras, not just for Bosnian medieval state and its feudal lords, but for the common people as well, whose lasting memory of those times is kept in Bosnian folklore, like an old folk proverb with significant meaning: "Od kulina Bana i dobrijeh dana" ("{{lang-en|Since Kulin Ban and those good ol' days}}").[13] Accordingly, in today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, many streets and town squares, as well as cultural institutions, and non-governmental organizations, bear Kulin's name, while numerous culturally significant events, manifestation, festivals and anniversaries are held in celebration of his life and deeds.[14][15] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |title= Bosnia: A Short History |last= Malcolm |first= Noel |authorlink= Noel Malcolm |coauthors= |date= 1 October 1996 |publisher= New York University Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0814755617 |page= 364 |url= }}{{page needed|date=September 2012}} 2. ^{{cite book |title=Sarajevo essays: politics, ideology, and tradition |last= Mahmutćehajić |first= Rusmir |year= 2003 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=9780791456378 |page=252 |pages= |url=}} 3. ^Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Viennae, 1858{{page needed|date=September 2012}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|author=Stanoje Stanojević|title=Istorija Jugoslovena: Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca : za srednje i stručne škole|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eMpIAQAAIAAJ|year=1931|publisher=Izd. knj. Gece Kona|page=75}} 5. ^{{cite book |title= Bosnia: A Short History |last= Malcolm |first= Noel |authorlink= Noel Malcolm |coauthors= |date= 1 October 1996 |publisher= New York University Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0814755617 |page= 364 |url= }} 6. ^Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ancient and Medieval Periods 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ivan|first1=Majnarić,|title=The papal legate Ivan de Casamaris and the 1203 act of abjuration in Bilino polje: The Papal legate who was not a legate in Bosnia|journal=Radovi/Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar : Institute for Historical Sciences of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zadar|date=22 October 2008|issue=50|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=50191&lang=en|accessdate=15 April 2017|language=hr|issn=1330-0474}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Loos|first1=M.|title=Dualist Heresy in the Middle Ages|date=1974|publisher=ACADEMIA Publishing House of Czechoslovak Academy of Science / Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789024716739|pages=162, 163, 164, 165|edition=Vol. 10|url=https://books.google.ba/books?id=euDAU2eb3h8C&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=Bilino+polje+abjuration&source=bl&ots=6oVpZLayms&sig=73tT-8l8HeJPpMM2qIOmpVKCPZ4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiGusubiqfTAhXDWRoKHW9-DnoQ6AEIUjAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=15 April 2017|language=en}} 9. ^Franz Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Viennae, 1858, p. 8-9. 10. ^{{cite book |title=Sarajevo essays: politics, ideology, and tradition |last= Mahmutćehajić |first= Rusmir |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2003 |publisher=State University of New York Press |location=Albany, NY |isbn=9780791456378 |page=252 |pages= |url=}} 11. ^{{cite book|author1=Младен Лесковац|author2=Александар Форишковић|author3=Чедомир Попов|title=Српски биографски речник|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozYYAQAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Будућност|page=293}} 12. ^{{cite book|author=Nikola Čupić|title=Godišnjica Nikole Čupića|volume=34-36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3BIAAAAYAAJ|year=1921|publisher=Štampa Državne štamparije Kraljevine Jugoslavije|page=36|quote=Натпис нам, даље, изрично каже, да је Кулиновој жени било име Војислава.}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|title=Dan kada je Kulin ban napisao Povelju|url=http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/dan-kada-je-kulin-ban-napisao-povelju|accessdate=12 April 2017|agency=Al Jazeera Balkans|publisher=Al Jazeera Balkans|date=29 August 2012|language=bs}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Manifestacija "Od Kulina bana i dobrijeh dana"|url=http://www.rtvze.ba/manifestacija-od-kulina-bana-i-dobrijeh-dana/|website=rtvze.ba|publisher=RTVZE|accessdate=12 April 2017|language=bs|date=7 April 2017}} 15. ^{{cite news|title=ZENICA Prigodan kulturno-umjetnički program povodom godišnjice Povelje Kulina bana|url=http://www.avaz.ba/clanak/251996/16?url=clanak/251996/16|accessdate=13 April 2017|agency=Avaz|publisher=www.avaz.ba|language=bs}} Further reading
title=Bosnian Ban | before=Borić | after=Stjepan Kulinić| years=1180–1204 }}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulin, Ban}} 9 : Bans of Bosnia|Medieval Bosnian nobility|12th-century births|1204 deaths|12th-century rulers in Europe|12th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina|13th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Banate of Bosnia|Medieval Bosnian state |
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