| 词条 | Baltic Cable | ||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Baltic Cable | photo = HVDCPylons.jpg | caption = Pylons of the Baltic Cable HVDC in Sweden | map = | map_caption = Location of Baltic Cable | country = Sweden, Germany | state = | province = | coordinates = {{Coord|53|53|45.8|N|10|48|08.7|E|region:DE-SH_type:landmark|name=Lübeck-Herrenwyk Static Inverter Plant}} {{Coord|55|25|27|N|13|03|43.3|E|region:DE-SH|name=Västra Värlinge Cable Terminal}} {{Coord|55|25|50.1|N|13|3|12|E|region:DE-SH|name=1st Strainer}} {{Coord|55|27|8.1|N|13|2|56.2|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=2nd Strainer}} {{Coord|55|28|33.3|N|13|04|02.2|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=3rd Strainer}} {{Coord|55|28|38.5|N|13|04|49.1|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=1st angle suspension pylon}} {{Coord|55|28|59.4|N|13|06|15.2|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=2nd angle suspension pylon}} {{Coord|55|29|9.6|N|13|07|12.6|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=3rd angle suspension pylon}} {{Coord|55|29|29.7|N|13|8|18.3|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=4th Strainer}} {{Coord|55|29|52|N|13|08|33.6|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=4th angle suspension pylon}} {{Coord|55|30|01.1|N|13|08|45|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=Kruseberg Static Inverter Plant}} | lat = | long = | direction = | start = Lübeck-Herrenwyk | through = | finish = Arrie | par = | owner = Statkraft Energi AS | operator = Baltic Cable AB | cable_manufacturer = ABB | cable_installer = | cable_layer = | substation_manufacturer= ABB | substation_installer= | contractors = | construction = | expected = | est = 1994 | decom = | type = submarine cable / overhead line | current_type = HVDC | tower_no = 40 | length_km = 262 | capacity = 600 MW | AC_voltage = 380 kV | DC_voltage = 450 kV | poles_no = 1 | circuits_no = 1 }} The Baltic Cable is a monopolar HVDC power line running beneath the Baltic Sea that interconnects the electric power grids of Germany and Sweden. The Baltic Cable uses a transmission voltage of 450 kV – the highest operating voltage for energy transmission in Germany. The total project cost was 2 billion SEK (US$280 million), and the link was put into operation in December 1994. With a length of {{convert|250|km}}, it was the second longest high voltage cable on earth, until Basslink came into service in 2006. It is a monopolar HVDC system with a maximum transmission power of 600 megawatts (MW). Route{{cleanup|section|reason=Inline coordinate overload. Should be moved from the article body to a map|date=August 2013}}{{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}The course of the Baltic Cable starts in Germany at the converter station at Lübeck-Herrenwyk, which is on the site of a former coal-fired power station at {{Coord|53|53|45.8|N|10|48|08.7|E|region:DE-SH_type:landmark|name=Lübeck-Herrenwyk Converter Station}}. It crosses the river Trave in a channel {{convert|6|m|ft}} below the bottom of the river and then follows its course as sea cable laid at the Eastern side of this river. After crossing the peninsula at Priwall the cable runs at first parallel to the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in order to turn behind Rostock north-easterly toward Sweden. Approximately at {{Coord|54|17|31|N|12|04|38|E|type:landmark|name=Baltic-Cable crosses Kontek}}, it crosses the submarine cable of HVDC Kontek. This is the only crossing of two submarine HVDC cables in the Baltic Sea and one of the only few worldwide. From the landing point at the southern coast of Sweden at {{Coord|55|23|16|N|13|0|47|E|type:landmark|name=Baltic-Cable landing point}}, the Baltic-Cable runs a further {{convert|5.5|km|mi|1}} as an underground cable until a point east of the road E6 at {{Coord|55|25|27|N|13|03|43.3|E|region:DE-SH|name=Västra Värlinge Cable Terminal}}, where inside a fenced area the transition from underground cable to overhead powerline takes place. From there the powerline runs as overhead line over two suspension pylons in north-northwesterly direction until the first strainer at {{Coord|55|25|50.1|N|13|3|12|E|region:DE-SH|name=1st Strainer}}. There the line turns into north-northeasterly direction and runs over seven suspension pylons past Södra Häslov to the next strainer at {{Coord|55|27|8.1|N|13|2|56.2|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=2nd Strainer}}. Its track goes now further on 8 suspension pylons in northeasterly direction to the third strainer at {{Coord|55|28|33.3|N|13|04|02.2|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=3rd Strainer}}. The next section consists of 15 suspension pylons from which the third tower situated at {{Coord|55|28|38.5|N|13|04|49.1|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=1st angle suspension pylon}}, the ninth tower situated at {{Coord|55|28|59.4|N|13|06|15.2|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=2nd angle suspension pylon}} and the 12th tower situated at {{Coord|55|29|9.6|N|13|07|12.6|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=3rd angle suspension pylon}} are angle suspension pylons. It ends at a strainer east of Västra Ingelstad at {{Coord|55|29|29.7|N|13|8|18.3|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=4th Strainer}}. From this strainer the line runs on one suspension pylons, one angle suspension pylon situated at {{Coord|55|29|52|N|13|08|33.6|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=4th angle suspension pylon}} and the termination tower in northeasterly direction to Kruseberg converter station at {{Coord|55|30|01.1|N|13|08|45|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=Kruseberg Static Inverter Plant}}. This facility, which is also known as Arrie converter station, is attached to a 400 kV/130 kV substation of the Swedish power grid. The total count of pylons of the {{convert|12.1|km|adj=on}} long overhead line is 40. All these pylons have a single crossbar, on which two conductors are mounted on {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=on}} long insulators. Each conductor is a bundle of two ropes with 910 mm2 cross section. Both conductors are connected with each other at the ends of the overhead line, so this line is monopolar, although it looks bipolar. The anode, which is situated in the Baltic Sea at {{coord|55|19|23|N|13|19|09|E|type:landmark|name=Anode}} consists of 40 titanium nets each with a surface of 20 m2, which are laid on the sea bottom under plastic tubes and stones. It is connected to Kruseberg converter station with a 23-kilometre-long underground and submarine power line, which consists of two parallel-connected XLPE-insulated cables with 630 mm2 cross section, entering the Baltic Sea at {{coord|55|20|33|N|13|19|17|E|type:landmark|name=Anode Cable enters Baltic Sea}} and at {{coord|55|20|24|N|13|20|14|E|type:landmark|name=Anode Cable enters Baltic Sea}}. The cathode is situated in the Baltic Sea north of Elmenhorst at {{Coord|54|1|42|N|11|8|24|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=Cathode}}. It consists of a bare copper ring with a 2-kilometre diameter. It is connected to the static inverter plant in Lübeck-Herrenwyk with a 32-kilometre-long XLPE-insulated cable. The first 20 kilometres of this cable have a cross section of 1400 mm2 and the last of 800 mm2. This cable is laid in the tunnel under Trave River close to the high voltage cable and from then until a point situated at {{Coord|54|02|00.6|N|11|03|11.5|E|type:landmark_region:DE-SH|name=Electrode cable turns to Cathode}} in a distance of 2.5 metres to the high voltage cable. By this the magnetic field, which may affect compasses of vessels in this highly frequented area is reduced. The remaining way to the cathode it runs on a separate way. As Baltic-Cable is a monopolar line it produces much higher magnetic fields than bipolar cables with the same ratings. OperationBecause this overhead line can generate radio interference, there is a highly effective active filter system installed at the Kruseberg converter station. In the Lübeck-Herrenwyk converter station, there is no requirement for such a system, because there is no overhead powerline section on the German side. The cable cannot be operated at the maximum transmission rating of 600 megawatts, because the 380 kV line which begins at the converter station of Lübeck-Herrenwyk ends at the Lübeck-Siems substation. This is the only 380 kV powerline in Germany, which has no direct connection to the Central European 380 kV grid, which caused the Baltic Cable to have a 372 megawatt (MW) capacity instead of 600 MW. This bottleneck was solved in 2004 when an additional 220 kV line was built.[1] However power flows on 220 kV and 110 kV lines face increased losses of the transmission. In the area of the converter station there is also a 110 kV/220 kV sub-station, fed by two 110 kV circuits from the Lübeck-Siems sub-station. There is no transformer for coupling the 380 kV- and the 110 kV-grid in the area of the Lübeck-Herrenwyk converter station.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} In 2016, the owner Statkraft started a court case against Swedish authorities in disagreements over profits from electricity trade in the cable.[2][3] In the night from April 16, 2017 to April 17, 2017 on the electrode cable on Priwall peninsula a fault occurred, which resulted in the generation of hydrogen at the fault location as it acted as cathode. The hydrogen got ignited by the generated heat and a 3 metres high flame shot off the ground. As there is no device, monitoring the state of the electrode cable, no alert was made to the operators. Fire brigades were first not able to extinguish the fire, but the flame went out when the current was switched off. Expansion schemesOf the two originally planned 380 kV lines to Lübeck (from Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant to Lübeck-Siems and from Schwerin substation to Lübeck-Herrenwyk), the 380 kV line between Krümmel and Lübeck-Siems was canceled according to speakers from E.ON AG.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} There is still the option to build a 380 kV line from Lübeck to another 380 kV substation in Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg or Lower Saxony. The construction of the 380 kV link between Lübeck-Herrenwyk and Schwerin is not progressing due to opposition from ecologists.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} A transmission rating of 600 MW should be possible via a new 220 kV cable and a static var compensator in Lübeck-Siems after 2005. Sites
See also{{Portal|Germany|Energy}}
References1. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.ptd.siemens.de/artikel0304.html|title=SVC Systems for E.ON in Lübeck-Siems |accessdate=3 January 2017}} 2. ^http://ei.se/Documents/Nyheter/Nyheter%202016/Baltic_Cable.pdf 3. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.tu.no/artikler/sverige-nekter-statkraft-a-tjene-penger-pa-kabel/350555|title=Sverige nekter Statkraft å tjene penger på kabel|work=Teknisk Ukeblad |accessdate=20 August 2016}} }}
External links{{More footnotes|date=September 2009}}{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
8 : Electrical interconnectors to and from the Nordic grid|Energy infrastructure completed in 1994|Submarine power cables|HVDC transmission lines|Electric power infrastructure in Sweden|Electric power transmission systems in Germany|Connections across the Baltic Sea|Lübeck |
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