“1985 Portuguese legislative election”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

1985 Portuguese legislative election

释义

Electoral system
Parties
Opinion Polling
National summary of votes and seats
Distribution by constituency Maps
References
External links
See also

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1985 Portuguese legislative election
| country = Portugal
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1983 Portuguese legislative election
| previous_year = 1983
| next_election = 1987 Portuguese legislative election
| next_year = 1987
| seats_for_election = 250 seats to the Portuguese Assembly
| majority_seats = 125
| registered = 7,818,981 {{increase}}6.6%
| turnout = 5,798,929 (74.2%)
{{decrease}}3.6 pp
| election_date = 6 October 1985
| image1 =
| leader1 = Aníbal Cavaco Silva
| party1 = Social Democratic Party (Portugal)
| leader_since1 = 2 June 1985
| leaders_seat1 = Lisbon^[1]
| last_election1 = 75 seats, 27.2%
| seats1 = 88
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}} 13
| popular_vote1 = 1,732,288
| percentage1 = 29.9%
| swing1 = {{Increase}} 2.7 pp
| image2 =
| leader2 = Almeida Santos
| party2 = Socialist Party (Portugal)
| leader_since2 = 13 June 1985 {{small|(interim)}}
| leaders_seat2 = Porto^[2]
| last_election2 = 101 seats, 36.1%
| seats2 = 57
| seat_change2 = {{Decrease}} 44
| popular_vote2 = 1,204,321
| percentage2 = 20.8%
| swing2 = {{Decrease}} 15.3 pp
| image3 =
| colour3 = 00B233
| leader3 = Hermínio Martinho
| party3 = PRD
| leader_since3 = 10 July 1985
| leaders_seat3 = Santarem
| last_election3 = New party
| seats3 = 45
| seat_change3 = N/A
| popular_vote3 = 1,038,893
| percentage3 = 17.9%
| swing3 = N/A
| image4 =
| colour4 = FF0000
| leader4 = Álvaro Cunhal
| party4 = PCP
| alliance4 = APU
| leader_since4 = 1979
| leaders_seat4 = Lisbon
| last_election4 = 44 seats, 18.1%
| seats4 = 38
| seat_change4 = {{Decrease}} 6
| popular_vote4 = 898,281
| percentage4 = 15.5%
| swing4 = {{decrease}} 2.6 pp
| image5 =
| leader5 = Lucas Pires
| party5 = CDS
| colour5 = 0093DD
| leader_since5 = 20 February 1983
| leaders_seat5 = Lisbon
| last_election5 = 30 seats, 12.6%
| seats5 = 22
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 8
| popular_vote5 = 577,580
| percentage5 = 10.0%
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 2.6 pp
| title = Prime Minister
| posttitle =
| before_election = Mário Soares
| before_party = Socialist Party (Portugal)
| after_election = Aníbal Cavaco Silva
| after_party = Social Democratic Party (Portugal)
}}{{Politics of Portugal small}}

The Portuguese legislative election of 1985 took place on 6 October. In June of the same year, the former Prime-Minister, Mário Soares, had resigned from the job due to the lack of parliamentary support, the government was composed by a coalition of the two major parties, the center-right Social Democratic and the center-left Socialist, in what was called the Central Bloc, however this was an unstable balance of forces and several members of each party opposed such alliance.

The new leader of the Social Democratic Party, Cavaco Silva, elected in May, was among those that never supported such alliance, and short after being elected leader of the party made the coalition fall in July.

A new election was called by the President and the Social Democrats won with a short majority and Cavaco became the Prime-Minister. The election was the first of three consecutive election victories for the Social Democratic Party. Meanwhile, a new party had been founded by supporters of the President Ramalho Eanes, the Democratic Renewal Party, led by Hermínio Martinho that surprisingly gained 45 MPs in the election and became the parliamentary support of the Cavaco's government until 1987, when it removed its support, making Cavaco fall.

The Communists and the Socialists lost votes and MPs, and the left would only return to the government ten years later, in 1995.

Electoral system

The Parliament of the Portuguese Republic consists of a single chamber, the Assembly of the Republic, composed of 250 members directly elected by universal adult suffrage for a maximum term of four years. Assembly members represent the entire country, rather than the constituencies in which they were elected. Governments require majority support in the Assembly in order to remain in office.

Each one of Portugal's eighteen administrative districts, as well as each one of the country's two autonomous regions - the Azores and Madeira - is an electoral constituency. Portuguese voters residing outside the national territory are grouped into two electoral constituencies - Europe and the rest of the world - each one of which elects two Assembly members. The remaining 246 seats are allocated among the national territory constituencies in proportion to their number of registered electors.

Political parties and party coalitions may present lists of candidates. The lists are closed, so electors may not choose individual candidates in or alter the order of such lists. Electors cast a ballot for a single list. The seats in each constituency are divided among parties according to the largest average method of proportional representation (PR), conceived by the Belgian mathematician Victor d'Hondt in 1899. Although there is no statutory threshold for participation in the allocation of Assembly seats, there is an effective threshold at the constituency level that depends on the district magnitude.^[3] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation method such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties.^[4]

Parties

The major parties involved and the respective leaders:

United People Alliance (APU), Álvaro Cunhal
Socialist Party (PS), Almeida Santos
Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Hermínio Martinho
Social Democratic Party (PSD), Cavaco Silva
Democratic and Social Center (CDS), Lucas Pires

Aníbal Cavaco Silva, leader of the Social Democratic Party, was nominated Prime Minister for the first time.

Opinion Polling

The following table shows the opinion polls of voting intention of the Portuguese voters before the election. Those parties that are listed are currently represented in parliament. Included is also the result of the Portuguese general elections in 1983 and 1985 for reference.

Date Released	Polling Firm	PS	PSD	CDU	CDS	PRD	Others	Lead
Date Released	Polling Firm						Others	Lead
6 Oct 1985	Leg. Election	20.8 57 seats	29.9 88 seats	15.5 38 seats	10.0 22 seats	17.9 45 seats	5.9 0 seats	9.1
6 Oct (22:50)	RTP1	22.0–26.9	26.8–29.7	15.0–18.1	9.3–10.8	14.5–16.5	–	2.8–4.8
6 Oct (21:10)	RTP1	23.8–26.9	28.0–29.8	17.3–18.1	9.8–10.7	11.1–14.9	–	2.9–6.0
6 Oct	Rádio Comercial	19.0–22.0	29.0–31.0	14.0–16.0	8.0–16.0	18.0–22.0	–	9.0–10.0
Exit polls
4 Oct	Expresso	28.0–32.0	27.0–31.0	15.0–17.0	9.0–12.0	8.0–11.0	–	1.0
1985
25 Apr 1983	Leg. Election	36.1 101 seats	27.2 75 seats	18.1 44 seats	12.6 30 seats	Did not exist	6.0 0 seats	8.9

National summary of votes and seats

{{Portuguese parliamentary election, 1985}}{{bar box
|title=Vote share
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars={{bar percent|PSD|{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}|29.87}}{{bar percent|PS|{{Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}|20.77}}{{bar percent|PRD|#00B233|17.92}}{{bar percent|APU|{{Portuguese Communist Party/meta/color}}|15.49}}{{bar percent|CDS|{{Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party/meta/color}}|9.96}}{{bar percent|UDP|{{Left Bloc/meta/color}}|1.27}}{{bar percent|PDC|#778833|0.72}}{{bar percent|PSR|red|0.61}}{{bar percent|Others|#777777|0.89}}{{bar percent|Blank/Invalid|#DDDDDD|2.51}}
}}{{bar box
|title=Parliamentary seats
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=600px
|barwidth=410px
|bars={{bar percent|PSD|{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}|35.20}}{{bar percent|PS|{{Socialist Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}|22.80}}{{bar percent|PRD|#00B233|18.00}}{{bar percent|APU|{{Portuguese Communist Party/meta/color}}|15.20}}{{bar percent|CDS|{{Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party/meta/color}}|8.80}}
}}

Distribution by constituency

{{electiontable|Portuguese legislative election, 1985 by constituency|Results of the 1985 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic
by constituency|sortable=yes}}
|- class="unsortable"

Constituency

Total
S
|- class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;"

PSD

PRD

APU

CDS
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Azores
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|48.3
| 3
| 20.1
| 1
| 15.2
| 1
| 4.4
| -
| 6.5
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Aveiro
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|38.4
| 6
| 23.0
| 4
| 13.4
| 2
| 6.5
| 1
| 13.5
| 2
| 15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Beja
| 13.7
| 1
| 20.1
| 1
| 11.6
| -
| style="background:red; color:white;"|44.9
| 3
| 2.2
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Braga
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|32.8
| 6
| 21.8
| 4
| 16.8
| 3
| 8.5
| 1
| 14.0
| 2
| 16
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Bragança
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|39.2
| 2
| 22.7
| 1
| 6.9
| -
| 5.3
| -
| 17.1
| 1
| 4
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Castelo Branco
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|31.2
| 3
| 18.5
| 1
| 24.4
| 2
| 8.9
| -
| 9.6
| -
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Coimbra
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|29.5
| 4
| 28.5
| 3
| 16.9
| 2
| 10.1
| 1
| 8.6
| 1
| 11
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Évora
| 19.1
| 1
| 14.3
| 1
| 15.8
| 1
| style="background:red; color:white;"|41.2
| 2
| 3.3
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Faro
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|28.4
| 3
| 22.3
| 2
| 20.5
| 2
| 15.4
| 2
| 6.1
| -
| 9
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Guarda
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|33.6
| 2
| 23.3
| 2
| 10.9
| -
| 5.2
| -
| 19.5
| 1
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Leiria
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|38.6
| 5
| 19.6
| 2
| 15.3
| 2
| 7.9
| 1
| 12.2
| 1
| 11
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Lisbon
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|25.6
| 15
| 19.8
| 12
| 21.3
| 13
| 20.1
| 12
| 8.1
| 4
| 56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Madeira
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|56.8
| 4
| 13.2
| 1
| 9.7
| -
| 3.2
| -
| 7.8
| -
| 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Portalegre
| 20.9
| 1
| 23.7
| 1
| 18.9
| -
| style="background:red; color:white;"|25.2
| 1
| 4.9
| -
| 3
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Porto
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|29.3
| 12
| 23.6
| 10
| 20.5
| 8
| 12.1
| 5
| 9.8
| 4
| 39
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Santarém
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|27.8
| 4
| 18.6
| 2
| 23.8
| 3
| 16.4
| 2
| 7.7
| 1
| 12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Setúbal
| 15.4
| 3
| 16.5
| 3
| 20.4
| 4
| style="background:red; color:white;"|38.2
| 7
| 3.8
| -
| 17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Viana do Castelo
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|33.5
| 3
| 18.4
| 1
| 16.2
| 1
| 8.2
| -
| 16.6
| 1
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Vila Real
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|42.2
| 3
| 23.0
| 2
| 8.6
| -
| 5.9
| -
| 12.5
| 1
| 6
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Viseu
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|37.7
| 5
| 20.0
| 2
| 10.9
| 1
| 5.0
| -
| 19.9
| 2
| 10
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Europe
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|24.3
| 1
| 24.2
| 1
| 7.1
| -
| 18.8
| -
| 17.3
| -
| 2
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Rest of the World
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|40.5
| 1
| 7.8
| -
| 3.3
| -
| 2.6
| -
| 37.9
| 1
| 2
|-
|- class="unsortable" style="background:#E9E9E9"
| style="text-align:left;" | Total
| style="background:{{Social Democratic Party (Portugal)/meta/color}}; color:white;"|29.9
| 88
| 20.8
| 57
| 17.9
| 45
| 15.5
| 38
| 10.0
| 22
| 250
|-
| colspan=12 style="text-align:left;" | Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições
|}

Maps

References

1. ^Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
2. ^Assembleia da República - Deputados e Grupos Parlamentares
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php |title=Effective threshold in electoral systems |publisher=Trinity College, Dublin |date= |accessdate=2015-10-21}}
4. ^Gallaher, Michael (1992). "[https://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/BJPS1992.pdf Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities]"

External links

Comissão Nacional de Eleições
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060818153627/http://www.iscsp.utl.pt/~cepp/abertura.php Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político]