| 词条 | Barrett's esophagus |
| 释义 |
| name = Barrett's esophagus | synonyms = Barrett's oesophagus, Allison-Johnstone anomaly, columnar epithelium lined lower oesophagus (CELLO) | image = Barretts esophagus.jpg | caption = Endoscopic image of Barrett's esophagus, which is the area of dark reddish-brown mucosa at the base of the | symptoms = Nausea | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = }}Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which there is an abnormal (metaplastic) change in the mucosal cells lining the lower portion of the esophagus, from normal stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells that are normally present only in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. This change is considered to be a premalignant condition because it is associated with a high incidence of further transition to esophageal adenocarcinoma, an often-deadly cancer.[1][2] The main cause of Barrett's esophagus is thought to be an adaptation to chronic acid exposure from reflux esophagitis.[3] Barrett's esophagus is diagnosed by endoscopy: observing the characteristic appearance of this condition by direct inspection of the lower esophagus; followed by microscopic examination of tissue from the affected area obtained from biopsy. The cells of Barrett's esophagus are classified into four categories: nondysplastic, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and frank carcinoma. High-grade dysplasia and early stages of adenocarcinoma may be treated by endoscopic resection or radiofrequency ablation.[4] Later stages of adenocarcinoma may be treated with surgical resection or palliation. Those with nondysplastic or low-grade dysplasia are managed by annual observation with endoscopy, or treatment with radiofrequency ablation. In high-grade dysplasia, the risk of developing cancer might be at 10% per patient-year or greater.[1] The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has increased substantially in the Western world in recent years.[1] The condition is found in 5–15% of patients who seek medical care for heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD), although a large subgroup of patients with Barrett's esophagus are asymptomatic. The condition is named after surgeon Norman Barrett (1903–1979). Despite this, the condition was originally described by Philip Rowland Allison in 1946.[5][5][9][6] Signs and symptomsThe change from normal to premalignant cells that indicate Barrett's esophagus does not cause any particular symptoms. Barrett's esophagus, however, is associated with these symptoms:
The risk of developing Barrett's esophagus is increased by central obesity (vs. peripheral obesity).[7] The exact mechanism is unclear. The difference in distribution of fat among men (more central) and women (more peripheral) may explain the increased risk in males.[8] PathophysiologyBarrett's esophagus occurs due to chronic inflammation. The principal cause of the chronic inflammation is gastroesophageal reflux disease, GERD (UK: GORD). In this disease, acidic stomach, bile, and small intestine and pancreatic contents cause damage to the cells of the lower esophagus. Recently, bile acids were shown to be able to induce intestinal differentiation, in gastroesophageal junction cells, through inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the protein kinase enzyme Akt.[9] This results in the eventual up-regulation of the p50 subunit of protein complex NF-κB (NFKB1), and ultimately activation of the homeobox gene CDX2, which is responsible for the expression of intestinal enzymes such as guanylate cyclase 2C.[10] This mechanism also explains the selection of HER2/neu (also called ERBB2) and the overexpressing (lineage-addicted) cancer cells during the process of carcinogenesis, and the efficacy of targeted therapy against the Her-2 receptor with trastuzumab (Herceptin) in the treatment of adenocarcinomas at the gastroesophageal junction. Researchers are unable to predict who with heartburn will develop Barrett's esophagus. While no relationship exists between the severity of heartburn and the development of Barrett's esophagus, a relationship does exist between chronic heartburn and the development of Barrett's esophagus. Sometimes, people with Barrett's esophagus have no heartburn symptoms at all. In rare cases, damage to the esophagus may be caused by swallowing a corrosive substance such as lye.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Some anecdotal evidence indicates those with the eating disorder bulimia are more likely to develop Barrett's esophagus because bulimia can cause severe acid reflux, and because purging also floods the esophagus with acid. However, a link between bulimia and Barrett's esophagus remains unproven. [11][12] DiagnosisBoth macroscopic (from endoscopy) and microscopic positive findings are required to make a diagnosis. Barrett's esophagus is marked by the presence of columnar epithelia in the lower esophagus, replacing the normal squamous cell epithelium—an example of metaplasia. The secretory columnar epithelium may be more able to withstand the erosive action of the gastric secretions; however, this metaplasia confers an increased risk of adenocarcinoma.[13] ScreeningScreening endoscopy is recommended among males over the age of 60 who have reflux symptoms that are of long duration and not controllable with treatment.[14] Among those not expected to live more than 5 years screening is not recommended.[14] Intestinal metaplasiaThe presence of goblet cells, called intestinal metaplasia, is necessary to make a diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. This frequently occurs in the presence of other metaplastic columnar cells, but only the presence of goblet cells is diagnostic. The metaplasia is grossly visible through a gastroscope, but biopsy specimens must be examined under a microscope to determine whether cells are gastric or colonic in nature. Colonic metaplasia is usually identified by finding goblet cells in the epithelium and is necessary for the true diagnosis.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} Many histologic mimics of Barrett's esophagus are known (i.e. goblet cells occurring in the transitional epithelium of normal esophageal submucosal gland ducts, "pseudogoblet cells" in which abundant foveolar [gastric] type mucin simulates the acid mucin true goblet cells). Assessment of relationship to submucosal glands and transitional-type epithelium with examination of multiple levels through the tissue may allow the pathologist to reliably distinguish between goblet cells of submucosal gland ducts and true Barrett's esophagus (specialized columnar metaplasia). Use of the histochemical stain Alcian blue pH 2.5 is also frequently used to distinguish true intestinal-type mucins from their histologic mimics. Recently, immunohistochemical analysis with antibodies to CDX-2 (specific for mid and hindgut intestinal derivation) has also been used to identify true intestinal-type metaplastic cells. The protein AGR2 is elevated in Barrett's esophagus[15] and can be used as a biomarker for distinguishing Barrett epithelium from normal esophageal epithelium.[16] The presence of intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus represents a marker for the progression of metaplasia towards dysplasia and eventually adenocarcinoma. This factor combined with two different immunohistochemical expression of p53, Her2 and p16 leads to two different genetic pathways that likely progress to dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus.[17] Also intestinal metaplastic cells can be positive for CK 7+/CK20-.[18] Epithelial dysplasiaAfter the initial diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is rendered, affected persons undergo annual surveillance to detect changes that indicate higher risk to progression to cancer: development of epithelial dysplasia (or "intraepithelial neoplasia").[19] Among all metaplastic lesions, around 8% were associated with dysplasia. particularly a recent study demonstrated that dysplastic lesions were located mainly in the posterior wall of the Oesophagus.[20] Considerable variability is seen in assessment for dysplasia among pathologists. Recently, gastroenterology and GI pathology societies have recommended that any diagnosis of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett be confirmed by at least two fellowship-trained GI pathologists prior to definitive treatment for patients.[13] For more accuracy and reproductibility, it is also recommended to follow international classification system as the "Vienna classification" of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia (2000).[21] ManagementMany people with Barrett's esophagus do not have dysplasia. Medical societies recommend that if a patient has Barrett's esophagus, and if the past two endoscopy and biopsy examinations have confirmed the absence of dysplasia, then the patient should not have another endoscopy within three years.[22][23][24] Endoscopic surveillance of people with Barrett's esophagus is often recommended, although little direct evidence supports this practice.[1] Treatment options for high-grade dysplasia include surgical removal of the esophaguses (esophagectomy) or endoscopic treatments such as endoscopic mucosal resection or ablation (destruction).[1] The risk of malignancy is highest in the U.S. in Caucasian men over fifty years of age with more than five years of symptoms. Current recommendations include routine endoscopy and biopsy (looking for dysplastic changes). Although in the past physicians have taken a watchful waiting approach, newly published research supports consideration of intervention for Barrett's esophagus. Balloon-based radiofrequency ablation, invented by Ganz, Stern, and Zelickson in 1999, is a new treatment modality for the treatment of Barrett's esophagus and dysplasia, and has been the subject of numerous published clinical trials.[25][26][27][28] The findings demonstrate radiofrequency ablation has an efficacy of 90% or greater with respect to complete clearance of Barrett's esophagus and dysplasia with durability up to five years and a favorable safety profile.[25][26][27][28] Anti-reflux surgery has not been proven to prevent esophageal cancer. However, the indication is that proton pump inhibitors are effective in limiting the progression of esophageal cancer. Laser treatment is used in severe dysplasia, while overt malignancy may require surgery, radiation therapy, or systemic chemotherapy. A recent five-year random-controlled trial has shown that photodynamic therapy using photofrin is statistically more effective in eliminating dysplastic growth areas than sole use of a proton pump inhibitor.[29] There is presently no reliable way to determine which patients with Barrett's esophagus will go on to develop esophageal cancer, although a recent study found the detection of three different genetic abnormalities was associated with as much as a 79% chance of developing cancer in six years.[30] Endoscopic mucosal resection has also been evaluated as a management technique.[31] Additionally an operation known as a Nissen fundoplication can reduce the reflux of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.[32]In a variety of studies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), like aspirin, have shown evidence of preventing esophageal cancer in people with Barrett's esophagus.[33][34] However, none of these studies have been randomized, placebo-controlled trials, which are considered the gold standard for evaluating a medical intervention. In addition, the best dose of NSAIDs for cancer prevention is not yet known.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} PrognosisBarrett's esophagus is a premalignant - not malignant - condition. Its malignant sequela, esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma, has a mortality rate of over 85%.[35] The risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma in people who have Barrett's esophagus has been estimated to be 6–7 per 1000 person-years,[36][37] however a cohort study of 11,028 patients from Denmark published in 2011 showed an incidence of only 1.2 per 1000 person-years (5.1 per 1000 person-years in patients with dysplasia, 1.0 per 1000 person-years in patients without dysplasia).[38] The relative risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma is approximately 10 in those with Barrett's esophagus, compared to the general population.[38] Most patients with esophageal carcinoma survive less than one year.[39] EpidemiologyThe incidence in the United States among Caucasian men is eight times the rate among Caucasian women and five times greater than African American men. Overall, the male to female ratio of Barrett's esophagus is 10:1.[40] Several studies have estimated the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population to be 1.3% to 1.6% in two European populations (Italian[41] and Swedish[42]), and 3.6% in a Korean population.[43] HistoryThe condition is named after Australian thoracic surgeon Norman Barrett (1903–1979), who in 1950 argued that ′ulcers are found below the squamocolumnar junction ... represent gastric ulcers within “a pouch of stomach … drawn up by scar tissue into the mediastinum” ... representing an example of a “congenital short esophagus”′.[44][45] In contrast, Philip Rowland Allison and Alan Johnstone argued that the condition related to the ″esophagus lined with gastric mucous membrane and not intra-thoracic stomach as Barrett mistakenly believed.″[46][47] Philip Allison, cardiothoracic surgeon and Chair of Surgery at the University of Oxford, suggested ″calling the chronic peptic ulcer crater of the esophagus a “Barrett’s ulcer″, but added this name did not imply agreement with ″Barrett’s description of an esophagus lined with gastric mucous membrane as stomach.”[46][47] A further association was made with adenocarcinoma in 1975.[48] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | vauthors = Shaheen NJ, Richter JE | title = Barrett's oesophagus | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9666 | pages = 850–61 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19269522 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60487-6 }} 2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Koppert LB, Wijnhoven BP, van Dekken H, Tilanus HW, Dinjens WN | title = The molecular biology of esophageal adenocarcinoma | journal = Journal of Surgical Oncology | volume = 92 | issue = 3 | pages = 169–90 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16299787 | doi = 10.1002/jso.20359 }} 3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stein HJ, Siewert JR | title = Barrett's esophagus: pathogenesis, epidemiology, functional abnormalities, malignant degeneration, and surgical management | journal = Dysphagia | volume = 8 | issue = 3 | pages = 276–88 | year = 1993 | pmid = 8359051 | doi = 10.1007/BF01354551 }} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Shaheen|first=Nicholas J.|last2=Falk|first2=Gary W.|last3=Iyer|first3=Prasad G.|last4=Gerson|first4=Lauren B.|last5=American College of Gastroenterology|date=January 2016|title=ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis and Management of Barrett's Esophagus|journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=111|issue=1|pages=30–50; quiz 51|doi=10.1038/ajg.2015.322|issn=1572-0241|pmid=26526079}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Allison PR | title = Peptic ulcer of the oesophagus | journal = Thorax | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 20–42 | date = March 1948 | pmid = 18904843 | pmc = 1018255 | doi = 10.1136/thx.3.1.20 }} 6. ^{{Cite book|date=2016-01-01|title=Genetics and Biomarkers in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128025116000041|journal=Barrett's Esophagus|pages=37–60|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-802511-6.00004-1|last1=Katz-Summercorn|first1=Annalise C.|last2=Frankell|first2=Alexander M.|last3=Fitzgerald|first3=Rebecca C.|isbn=9780128025116}} 7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Edelstein ZR, Farrow DC, Bronner MP, Rosen SN, Vaughan TL | title = Central adiposity and risk of Barrett's esophagus | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 133 | issue = 2 | pages = 403–11 | date = August 2007 | pmid = 17681161 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.026 }} 8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Reid BJ, Li X, Galipeau PC, Vaughan TL | title = Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: time for a new synthesis | journal = Nature Reviews. 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Oncology | volume = 6 | issue = 12 | pages = 945–52 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16321762 | doi = 10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70431-9 }} 35. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Holmes RS, Vaughan TL | title = Epidemiology and pathogenesis of esophageal cancer | journal = Seminars in Radiation Oncology | volume = 17 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–9 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17185192 | doi = 10.1016/j.semradonc.2006.09.003 }} 36. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas T, Abrams KR, De Caestecker JS, Robinson RJ | title = Meta analysis: Cancer risk in Barrett's oesophagus | journal = Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics | volume = 26 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 1465–77 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17900269 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03528.x }} 37. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Yousef F, Cardwell C, Cantwell MM, Galway K, Johnston BT, Murray L | title = The incidence of esophageal cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 168 | issue = 3 | pages = 237–49 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18550563 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwn121 }} 38. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Hvid-Jensen F, Pedersen L, Drewes AM, Sørensen HT, Funch-Jensen P | title = Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett's esophagus | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 365 | issue = 15 | pages = 1375–83 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21995385 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa1103042 }} 39. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Polednak AP | title = Trends in survival for both histologic types of esophageal cancer in US surveillance, epidemiology and end results areas | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 105 | issue = 1 | pages = 98–100 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 12672037 | doi = 10.1002/ijc.11029 }} 40. ^{{cite journal|last1=Zajac|first1=P|last2=Holbrook|first2=A|last3=Super|first3=ME|last4=Vogt|first4=M |title=An overview: Current clinical guidelines for the evaluation, diagnosis, treatment, and management of dyspepsia|journal=Osteopathic Family Physician |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=79–85 |date=March–April 2013 |doi=10.1016/j.osfp.2012.10.005}} 41. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Zagari RM, Fuccio L, Wallander MA, Johansson S, Fiocca R, Casanova S, Farahmand BY, Winchester CC, Roda E, Bazzoli F | display-authors = 6 | title = Gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms, oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus in the general population: the Loiano-Monghidoro study | journal = Gut | volume = 57 | issue = 10 | pages = 1354–9 | date = October 2008 | pmid = 18424568 | doi = 10.1136/gut.2007.145177 }} 42. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, Johansson SE, Lind T, Bolling-Sternevald E, Vieth M, Stolte M, Talley NJ, Agréus L | display-authors = 6 | title = Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 129 | issue = 6 | pages = 1825–31 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16344051 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.053 }} 43. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim JY, Kim YS, Jung MK, Park JJ, Kang DH, Kim JS, Song CW, Lee SW, Bak YT | display-authors = 6 | title = Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in Korea | journal = Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 633–6 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15836715 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03749.x }} 44. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Barrett NR | title = Chronic peptic ulcer of the oesophagus and 'oesophagitis' | journal = The British Journal of Surgery | volume = 38 | issue = 150 | pages = 175–82 | date = October 1950 | pmid = 14791960 | doi = 10.1002/bjs.18003815005 }} 45. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = DeMeester SR, DeMeester TR | title = Columnar mucosa and intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus: fifty years of controversy | journal = Annals of Surgery | volume = 231 | issue = 3 | pages = 303–21 | date = March 2000 | pmid = 10714623 | pmc = 1421001 | doi = 10.1097/00000658-200003000-00003 }} 46. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Allison PR, Johnstone AS | title = The oesophagus lined with gastric mucous membrane | journal = Thorax | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–101 | date = June 1953 | pmid = 13077502 | pmc = 1019247 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05386.x }} 47. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Bani-Hani KE, Bani-Hani BK | title = Columnar-lined esophagus: time to drop the eponym of "Barrett": Historical review | journal = Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 707–15 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18410605 | doi = 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05386.x }} 48. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Naef AP, Savary M, Ozzello L | title = Columnar-lined lower esophagus: an acquired lesion with malignant predisposition. Report on 140 cases of Barrett's esophagus with 12 adenocarcinomas | journal = The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery | volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 826–35 | date = November 1975 | pmid = 1186274 }} External links{{Medical resources| ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|22|7|k|20}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|530.85}} | ICDO = | OMIM = 109350 | MedlinePlus = 001143 | eMedicineSubj = radio | eMedicineTopic = 73 | DiseasesDB = 1246 | MeshID = D001471 }}{{Commons category|Barrett's esophagus}}
1 : Esophagus disorders |
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