| 词条 | Barrow Island (Western Australia) |
| 释义 |
| name = Barrow Island | image_name = NW Coast 1897.JPG | image_caption = Barrow Island from an 1897 map, showing the Australian mainland on the bottom right (south-east) and the Montebello Islands to the north | map = Western Australia | map_caption = Barrow Island (Western Australia) | location = Indian Ocean, off the Pilbara coast of Western Australia | coordinates = {{coord|20.798|S|115.406|E|region:AU-WA_type:isle|display=inline,title|notes=[1]}} | archipelago = | area_km2 = 202 | length_km = 27 | width_km = 11.5 | coastline_km = 72 | highest_mount = | elevation_m = | country = Australia | country_admin_divisions_title = State | country_admin_divisions = Western Australia | population = | population_as_of = | additional_info = }}Barrow Island is a {{convert|202|km2|abbr=on}} island {{convert|50|km|mi|0}} northwest off the Pilbara coast of Western Australia. The island is the second largest in Western Australia after Dirk Hartog Island.[2] Discovery and early historyNavigators had noted its existence since the early 17th century, and Nicholas Baudin sighted it in 1803, mistakenly believing it to be part of mainland Australia.[3] Phillip Parker King named the island in 1816 after Sir John Barrow, a Secretary of the Admiralty and founder of the Royal Geographical Society. The island was visited by indigenous Australians approximately 46,000 or more years ago, and was occupied from about 10Kya until its separation from the mainland, approximately 6,800 years ago.[4][5] Stone artefacts including several weathered flakes and fragments made of igneous and metamorphic rocks and chert were collected from Barrow Island in the 1960s.[5] Thevenard Island also has evidence of Aboriginal visitation,[5] and it is likely that the nearby Montebello Islands were utilized as well; however, there have been no archaeological finds from these islands. Whalers were known to operate in the area from about 1800 onwards. The first recorded visit by whalers was in 1842 with continued visits occurring until 1864. The island was used as a slave trading centre for Aborigines during the 1870s by Captain William Cadell until he was arrested and removed from the colony in 1876. Slave labour was used in the nearby mainland pearling industry.[6]Guano was found on the island and mining began in 1883. It was mined for the remainder of the 1880s and sold to markets in Perth.[7]EnvironmentBarrow Island is noted for its flat spinifex grasslands spotted with termite mounds. While the main feature of Barrow Island’s geography is the undulating limestone uplands, the island is surrounded by a mixture of sandy beaches and rocky shores, low cliffs, dunes, salt flats, and reefs. Due to its isolation from mainland Australia and protection afforded under its statutory status, Barrow Island is one of the most important conservation reserves in Western Australia.[8] It is an "A-class" reserve, the highest level of conservation protection available for Crown land in Australia.[9] Once a national park or class A nature reserve is made, mining leases and general purpose leases cannot be granted over them without the consent of both Houses of Parliament, and actual mining cannot take place within them without specific permission of the Minister for Environment. This occurred in 2003, when a portion of the reserve was excised in order to facilitate the Gorgon gas development program.[10] The island is known for its diversity of mammalian fauna, including several species now extinct or greatly reduced on mainland Australia. 13 mammal species exist on the island, including the spectacled hare-wallaby, burrowing bettong (or boodie), golden bandicoot, black-flanked rock-wallaby, Barrow Island euro and Barrow Island mouse (Pseudomys nanus ferculinus).[11] The island is also home to 43 species of terrestrial reptiles including a variety of dragons, legless lizards, geckos, skinks, snakes and monitors.[11] The most recognisable of these is probably the perentie, Australia's biggest lizard and the island's top predator. The island represents important turtle nesting habitat for the green turtle and flatback sea turtle. Some exotic species exist on the island (e.g. the American cockroach[12]) but the island fauna is largely intact. Black rats (Rattus rattus) were discovered to have established in 1990, but were eradicated by the Department of Parks and Wildlife (then CALM).[13] Current threats include invasive species (including weeds, feral cats, common house gecko, etc.) establishing on the island, clearing for development, fire and disease. Limestone caves on Barrow Island support subterranean ecological communities. These include endemic and vulnerable species. Invertebrate species include Stygofauna, amphipod crustaceans, of Nedsia, Liagoceradocus and other genera. These mostly inhabit an anchialine system, a 'lens' of fresh water above the saline ground water, which they share with species such as Milyeringa veritas—the Blind gudgeon. Troglofauna have also been discovered within the cave systems; these include the schizomid Draculoides bramstokeri and perhaps the only troglobitic reptile—Ramphotyphlops longissimus. Hydrogen sulphide produced by the "Barrow fault" may sustain this diverse community through chemoautotrophic energy production.[14] BirdsBarrow Island has been classified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area. Birds include the Barrow Island black-and-white fairy-wren (Malurus leucopterus edouardi), an endemic subspecies of the white-winged fairy-wren which is regarded as vulnerable to extinction.[15] The island also supports over 1% of the world populations of grey-tailed tattler, red-necked stint, pied oystercatcher, and fairy tern, as well as an isolated population of the spinifexbird.[16] ConservationThe Western Shield project has sought to reduce the impact of introduced species to the region. Corporate and state government cooperation on programs has produced studies into the little-known subterranean fauna of the island. Energy reservesOilOil was discovered on the island in commercial quantities in 1964 by West Australian Petroleum Pty Ltd (WAPET), and the first oil field was established shortly after.[17] In 1995, there were 430 wells producing oil and natural gas across most of the southern half of the island.[18] The site has been Australia's leading producer of oil. Oil tankers are filled by a submarine pipeline that extends 10 km offshore. WAPET established a 200-room apartment complex for workers on the island.[19] A private airport facility known as Barrow Island Airport {{airport codes|BWB|YBWX}} was also established to transport workers and equipment from Karratha and Perth. Gas{{Main article|Gorgon gas project}}In December 2009, a development consortium between the Australian subsidiaries of Chevron, ExxonMobil, and Shell received environmental approvals from the Government of Western Australia to develop natural gas reserves 60 km north of the island. Known as the Gorgon gas project, it was completed in 2017. It was said that it would become Australia's largest resource project, mining {{convert|40|Tcuft|km3}} of gas.[20] Climate{{Weather box|location=Barrow Island Airport, 1999–2013 ||metric first=yes ||single line=yes |Jan high C = 33.3 ||Feb high C = 33.4 ||Mar high C = 33.1 ||Apr high C = 31.1 ||May high C = 27.5 ||Jun high C = 24.2 |Jul high C = 23.7 ||Aug high C = 25.1 ||Sep high C = 26.7 ||Oct high C = 29.3 ||Nov high C = 30.4 ||Dec high C = 32.0 ||year high C = 29.1 |Jan low C = 26.0 ||Feb low C = 26.2 ||Mar low C = 26.5 ||Apr low C = 24.5 ||May low C = 21.2 ||Jun low C = 18.6 |Jul low C = 17.5 ||Aug low C = 17.8 ||Sep low C = 19.3 ||Oct low C = 21.6 ||Nov low C = 22.8 ||Dec low C = 24.3 ||year low C = 22.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 24.8 ||Feb precipitation mm = 57.1 ||Mar precipitation mm = 56.4 ||Apr precipitation mm = 41.8 |May precipitation mm = 55.4 ||Jun precipitation mm = 38.8 ||Jul precipitation mm = 12.8 ||Aug precipitation mm = 3.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.8 ||Oct precipitation mm = 2.5 ||Nov precipitation mm = 2.0 ||Dec precipitation mm = 6.6 ||year precipitation mm = 308.7 |unit rain days = 1 mm |Jan rain days = 2.1 ||Feb rain days = 2.5 ||Mar rain days = 2.6 ||Apr rain days = 1.4 ||May rain days = 2.3 ||Jun rain days = 1.9 |Jul rain days = 1.1 ||Aug rain days = 0.5 ||Sep rain days = 0.1 ||Oct rain days = 0.1 ||Nov rain days = 0.1 ||Dec rain days = 0.4 ||year rain days = 15.1 |source = Australian Bureau of Meteorology }} Highest wind recordThe World Meteorological Organization established Barrow Island as the location of the highest non-tornado related wind gust at 408 km/h (253 mph).[21] The gust occurred on 10 April 1996, during Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia and is documented in the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal.[22] The previous record was a 372 km/h (231 mph) gust at Mount Washington, New Hampshire, USA in April 1934.[21] See also{{Portal|Western Australia|Energy}}
References1. ^{{Gazetteer of Australia|name=Barrow Island, Western Australia (Towns & Localities)|id=307788}} Retrieved 28 December 2009. 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/corporate.nsf/web/Interesting+facts+about+Western+Australia |title=Landgate - Interesting facts about Western Australia |year=2009 |accessdate=2009-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412105305/http://www.landgate.wa.gov.au/corporate.nsf/web/Interesting%2Bfacts%2Babout%2BWestern%2BAustralia |archivedate=12 April 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gorgon.com.au/03moe_barrow.html|title=Barrow Island|work=gorgon.com.au|accessdate=2006-12-13}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Evidence of the earliest occupation of the coasts of Australia from Barrow Island, Northwest Australia|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-05-evidence-earliest-occupation-coasts-australia.html|website=Phys.org|accessdate=19 May 2017}}Research by Barrow Island Archaeology Project. 5. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Dortch|first=C|author2=Morse|title=Prehistoric stone artefacts on some offshore islands in Western Australia|journal=Australian Archaeology|year=1984|pages=31–47|url=https://www.library.uq.edu.au/ojs/index.php/aa/article/view/1769/1752|access-date=25 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130254/https://www.library.uq.edu.au/ojs/index.php/aa/article/view/1769/1752|archive-date=2 April 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://members.westnet.com.au/caladenia/ghosttowns/B.pdf|title=Morowa Historical Society - Ghosttowns of Western Australia|year=2000|accessdate=2010-11-07|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312055951/http://members.westnet.com.au/caladenia/ghosttowns/B.pdf|archivedate=12 March 2011|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3117009|title=The West Australian|year=1888|accessdate=2010-11-07}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dpaw.wa.gov.au/news/media-statements/minister-for-environment/item/1382-10-year-plan-for-pilbara-islands-released| title = 10-year plan for Pilbara islands released | date = 24 February 2015 | access-date = 15 December 2015}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Conservation Reserves|url=http://www.edowa.org.au/files/factsheets/bhpl_reserves.pdf}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Barrow Island Bill 2003|url=http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/parliament/bills.nsf/BillProgressPopup?openForm&ParentUNID=6ECF866731F4656148256DA3000D5763|publisher=Parliament of Western Australia}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|title=Technical Appendix C2: mammals and reptiles|url=http://www.chevronaustralia.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/c2_mammals_and_reptiles.pdf?sfvrsn=0}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last=Callan|first=Shae K |author2=Jonathan D Majer |author3=Karl Edwards |author4=Dorian Moro |title=Documenting the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island, Western Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Entomology|year=2011|volume=50|issue=4|pages=323–343|doi=10.1111/j.1440-6055.2011.00818.x}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Keith|title=Turning the Tide: the eradication of Invasive Species|year=2002|publisher=IUCN|pages=219–225|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CI8531CO-dsC&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=rats+eradication+barrow+island&source=bl&ots=B7Fpw7Geve&sig=tmtYVnMh0VXFzqSwJ-qKxxSnKSE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BVMMU4K4Hsa9kAWjo4CICg&ved=0CFcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=rats%20eradication%20barrow%20island&f=false|editor=Veitch |editor2=Norman |editor3=Clout}} 14. ^{{cite book |last=Burbidge |first=Andrew A |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Threatened animals of Western Australia |origyear= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |year=2004 |publisher=Department of Conservation and Land Management |location= |language= |isbn=0-7307-5549-5 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages= |chapter=4, 5, 8, 9. |chapterurl= |quote=Threats: The production of oil since the 1960s has resulted in considerable pollution of the ground water ... effect this pollution has had, if any, is not known.}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Technical Appendix C3: Avifauna|url=http://www.chevronaustralia.com/docs/default-source/default-document-library/c3_avifauna.pdf?sfvrsn=0}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.birdata.com.au/iba.vm |title=IBA: Barrow Island|accessdate=2011-05-19 |work= Birdata |first= |last= |publisher=Birds Australia }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/tia/773.html#3073 |title = Technology in Australia 1788-1988: North West Shelf |accessdate=2007-10-12 |publisher = Australian Science and Technology Heritage Centre}} 18. ^Mitch Reardon. The Good Oil on Conservation in Australian Geographic. #37, Jan - Mar 1995. p. 94 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=-20826556&x=115444969&z=18&l=0&m=a|title=Satellite image of workers housing complex|work=Wikimapia|accessdate=2006-12-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061214000013/http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=31112861&x=30944656&z=18&l=10&m=a&v=2| archivedate= 14 December 2006 | deadurl= no}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gorgon.com.au/01gp_project.html|title=Gorgon Project|work=gorgon.com.au|accessdate=2014-07-10}} 21. ^1 World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120065504/http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/infonotes/info_58_en.html |date=20 January 2013 }}. World Meteorological Organization. 22. ^Courtney et. al. 2012, Documentation and verification of the world extreme wind gust record: 113.3 m/s on Barrow Island, Australia, during passage of tropical cyclone Olivia, AMOJ 62,p1-9. Further reading
6 : Islands of the Pilbara|Oil fields of Australia|Geology of Western Australia|Important Bird Areas of Western Australia|Energy in Western Australia|North West Shelf |
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