| 释义 |
- Life and works
- Legacy
- References
- Sources
- Catalogs of manuscripts
- External links
{{Infobox person
| name = Bartolus de Saxoferrato
| native_name = Bartolo de Sassoferrato
| native_name_lang = ita
| image = Bartolo da sassoferrato.jpg
| image_size = 220
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1313
| birth_place = Venatura, Marche, Italy
| death_date = 13 July 1357
| death_place = Perugia, Italy
| nationality = Italian
| other_names =
| occupation = Law professor
| known_for =
}}Bartolus de Saxoferrato (Italian: Bartolo da Sassoferrato) (1313{{snd}}13 July 1357) was an Italian law professor and one of the most prominent continental jurists of Medieval Roman Law. He belonged to the school known as the commentators or postglossators. The admiration of later generations of civil lawyers is shown by the adage nemo bonus íurista nisi bartolista — no one is a good jurist unless he is a Bartolist (i.e. a follower of Bartolus). Life and worksBartolus was born in the village of Venatura, near Sassoferrato, in the Italian region of Marche. His father was Franciscus Severi, and his mother was of the Alfani family. He read civil law at the universities of Perugia under Cinus, and Bologna under Oldradus and Belviso, and graduated to doctor of law in 1334. In 1339 he started teaching himself first in Pisa, then in Perugia. He raised the character of Perugia's law school to a level with that of Bologna, and this city made him an honorary citizen in 1348. In 1355, Emperor Charles IV appointed him as his consiliarius. In Perugia Baldus de Ubaldis and his brothers Angelus and Petrus became pupils of Bartolus. Bartolus died in Perugia at the age of 43, and was interred in the church of San Francisco with a monument inscribed with "Ossa Bartoli".[1] Despite his short life, Bartolus left an extraordinary number of works. He wrote commentaries on all parts of the Corpus Juris Civilis (except Justinian's Institutes). He is also the author of a large number of treatises on specific subjects. Among these treatises is his famous book on the law relating to rivers (De fluminibus seu Tyberiadis). There are also almost 400 legal opinions (consilia) written at the request of judges or private parties seeking legal advice. Bartolus developed many novel legal concepts, which became part of the civil law tradition. Among his most important contributions were those to the area of conflict of laws — a field of great importance in 14th century Italy, where every city-state had its own statutes and customs. Bartolus also dealt with a variety of constitutional law issues. In his treatise De insigniis et armis he discussed not only the law of Arms but also some problems of trademark law. Bartolus also wrote on political issues, including the legitimacy of city governments, partisan divisions and the regimes of Italy's petty tyrants. His political thought balanced respect for the Empire with defense of the legitimacy of local Italian governments. {{infobox
| bodystyle=width:auto
| bodyclass=plainlist
| title = Academic Genealogy
| header1 = Notable teachers
| data2 =- Cino da Pistoia (in Perugia)
- Jacobus Buttigrarius
- Rainerius de Arisendis
| header3 = Notable students
| data4 =
}}LegacyAlready famous at his lifetime, Bartolus was later regarded as the greatest jurist after the renaissance of Roman law. This is not only evident from the above-quoted saying, but also from the fact that statutes in Spain 1427/1433 and Portugal 1446 provided that his opinions should be followed where the Roman source texts and the Accursian gloss were silent. Lorenzo Valla was driven out of the university of Pavia in 1431 for his critique of Bartolus' Latin style. Even in England, where the civil law he had worked on was not applicable, Bartolus was held in high esteem. He influenced civilian writers such as Alberico Gentili and Richard Zouch. Due to Bartolus' fame, his name was used for the character of a lawyer in many Italian plays. A well-known example is Dr. Bartolo in Pierre Beaumarchais' The Barber of Seville (play), Gioachino Rossini's opera The Barber of Seville and in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. References1. ^{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bartolus|volume=3|pages=451-452}}
SourcesPrimary Sources - Diego Quaglioni, Politica e diritto nel trecento italiano. Il "De tyranno" di Bartolo da Sassoferrato (1314–1357). Con l'edizione critica dei trattati "De Guelphis et Gebellinis", "De regimine civitatis", e "De tyranno", Olschki, Firenze, 1983.
Secondary Sources - Maria Ada Benedetto (1958). Bartolo da Sassoferrato. In Novissimo Digesto Italiano. Vol 2. {{ISBN|88-02-01797-2}}. pp. 279–280.
- Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1850). Geschichte des römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. Vol. 6. pp. 137–184.
- Walter Ullmann (1962). Bartolus and English Jurisprudence. In Bartolo da Sassoferrato. Studi e Documenti per il VI centenario. Vol. 1. pp. 47–73.
- Ephraim Emerton, Humanism and Tyranny (Gloucester, Mass., P. Smith, 1964 [c1925]). Includes translations of Bartolus, "De tyrannia" and "De Guelphis et Gebellinis".
- Osvaldo Cavallar et al., A grammar of signs: Bartolo da Sassoferrato's Tract on insignia and coats of arms (Berkeley, CA: Robbins Collection, University of California at Berkeley, 1994).
- Osvaldo Cavallar,"River of Law," in A Renaissance of conflicts: visions and revisions of law and society in Italy and Spain, ed. John A Marino and Thomas Kuehn (Toronto, Ont.: Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, 2004), pp. 31–129. (Includes editions of parts of the Tyberiadis and of a consilium.)
- Anna T. Sheedy, Bartolus on Social Conditions in the Fourteenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942).
- C. N. S. Woolf, Bartolus of Sassoferrato: His Position in the History of Medieval Political Thought (Cambridge, 1913).
Catalogs of manuscriptsCatalogs: - Casamassima, Emanuele, Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti 1, Iter Germanicum (Firenze: Olschki, 1971).
- Dolezalek, Gero, Verzeichnis der Handschriften zum römischen Recht bis 1600, 4 vols. (Frankfurt: Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte, 1972).
- García y García, Antonio, Codices operum Bartoli a Saxoferrato recensiti 2, Iter Hispanicum (Firenze: Olschki, 1973).
- Izbicki, Thomas M., and Patrick Lally, "Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," Manuscripta 35 (1991): 146-155.
- Izbicki, Thomas M., "Additional Texts Attributed to Bartolus de Saxoferrato in North American Manuscript Collections," Manuscripta 55 (2011): 146-155.
- Izbicki, Thomas M., "Manuscript Works of Bartolus de Saxoferrato in the Vatican Library," Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Comune 23 (2012): 147-210.
- Krafzik, Sebastian: Die Herrschereinsetzung aus der Sicht des Bartolus von Sassoferato In: Journal on European History of Law, London: STS Science Centre, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 39–43, (ISSN 2042-6402).
- Kuttner, Stephan, and Reinhard Elze, A Catalogue of Canon and Roman Law Manuscripts in the Vatican Library, 2 vols. (Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1986–1987). Volume 1: Codices Vaticani latini 541-2299; volume 2: Codices Vaticani latini 2300-2746.
External links- {{cite book |last= Rattigan |first= William |author-link= William Henry Rattigan |chapter= BARTOLUS |editor1= Macdonell, John |editor1-link = John_Macdonell_(judge)|editor2= Manson, Edward William Donoghue |title= Great Jurists of the World |place= London |publisher= John Murray |year= 1913 |pages= 45-57 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13326/page/n57|accessdate= 9 March 2019 |via= Internet Archive}}
- In primam, secundam Codicis partem commentaria
- In primam, secundam Infortiati partem commentaria
- Bartolo's De Insigniis et Armis
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606211754/http://www.historia.unimi.it/scripts/diglib/diglib3.php?cod=19674 Commentary on Digestum Vetus part 1]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606220252/http://www.historia.unimi.it/scripts/diglib/diglib3.php?cod=19698 Commentary on Digestum Vetus, part 2]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606212721/http://www.historia.unimi.it/scripts/diglib/diglib3.php?cod=19700 Commentary on Digestum Novum, part 1]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606223905/http://www.historia.unimi.it/scripts/diglib/diglib3.php?cod=19705 Commentary on Digestum Novum, part 2]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606210025/http://www.historia.unimi.it/scripts/diglib/diglib3.php?cod=20835 Commentary on three books of Codex]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606225130/http://www.historia.unimi.it/scripts/diglib/diglib3.php?cod=19706 Commentary on Codex, part 1]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070606222020/http://www.historia.unimi.it/scripts/diglib/diglib3.php?cod=19667 Commentary on Codex, part 2]
- Translations of his tracts On Guelphs and Ghibellines and On the Government of a City
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bartolus de Saxoferrato}} 12 : 1313 births|1357 deaths|People from the Province of Ancona|Italian jurists|Italian heraldists|14th-century Latin writers|University of Perugia alumni|University of Bologna alumni|University of Pisa faculty|University of Perugia faculty|14th-century Italian writers|14th-century jurists |