| 词条 | Blue economy |
| 释义 |
Blue economy is a term in economics relating to the exploitation and preservation of the marine environment. Its scope of interpretation varies among organizations. DefinitionsAccording to the World Bank,[1] the blue economy is the "sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystem." European Commission defines it as "All economic activities related to oceans, seas and coasts. It covers a wide range of interlinked established and emerging sectors."[2]The Commonwealth of Nations considers it "an emerging concept which encourages better stewardship of our ocean or 'blue' resources."[3] Conservation International adds that "blue economy also includes economic benefits that may not be marketed, such as carbon storage, coastal protection, cultural values and biodiversity."[4]The Center for the Blue Economy says "it is now a widely used term around the world with three related but distinct meanings- the overall contribution of the oceans to economies, the need to address the environmental and ecological sustainability of the oceans, and the ocean economy as a growth opportunity for both developed and developing countries."[5]World Wildlife Fund begins its report[6] Principles for a Sustainable BLUE ECONOMY with two senses given to this term: "For some, blue economy means the use of the sea and its resources for sustainable economic development. For others, it simply refers to any economic activity in the maritime sector, whether sustainable or not." As the WWF reveals in its purpose of the report, there is still no widely accepted definition of the term blue economy despite increasing high-level adoption of it as a concept and as a goal of policy-making and investment.[6] Related termsOcean economyA related term of blue economy is ocean economy and we see some organizations using the two terms interchangeably. However, these two terms represent different concepts. Ocean economy simply deals with the use of ocean resources and is strictly aimed at empowering the economic system of ocean.[7] Blue economy goes beyond viewing the ocean economy solely as a mechanism for economic growth.[3] It focuses on the sustainability of ocean for economic growth. Therefore, blue economy encompasses ecological aspects of the ocean along with economic aspects. Green economyThe green economy is defined as an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics. Therefore, blue economy is a part of green economy. During Rio+20 Summit in June 2012, Pacific small island developing states stated that, for them, "a green economy was in fact a blue economy".[8] Blue growthA related term is blue growth, which means "support to the growth of the maritime sector in a sustainable way."[9] The term is adopted by the European Union as an integrated maritime policy to achieve the goals of the Europe 2020 strategy.[10] PotentialOn top of the traditional ocean activities such as fisheries, tourism and maritime transport, blue economy entails emerging industries including renewable energy, aquaculture, seabed extractive activities and marine biotechnology and bioprospecting.[11] Blue economy also attempts to embrace ocean ecosystem services that are not captured by the market but provide significant contribution to economic and human activity. They include carbon sequestration, coastal protection, waste disposal, and the existence of biodiversity.[11] The 2015 WWF briefing puts the value of key ocean assets over US$24 trillion.[8] Fisheries are now overexploited, but there is still plenty of room for aquaculture[12] and offshore wind power.[13] Aquaculture is the fastest growing food sector with the supply of 58 percent of fish to global markets.[11] Aquaculture is vital to food security of the poorest countries especially. Only in the European Union the blue economy employed 3,362,510 people in 2014.[9] ChallengesThe World Bank specifies three challenges that limit the potential to develop a blue economy.[11]
Sectors
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=What is the Blue Economy?|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infographic/2017/06/06/blue-economy|website=THE WORLD BANK|accessdate=14 May 2018|date=6 June 2017}} {{Sustainability}}{{Portal bar|Energy|Environment|Sustainable development|Ecology|Earth sciences|Systems science}}2. ^{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2018|title=The 2018 Annual Economic Report on EU Blue Economy|url=https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/sites/maritimeaffairs/files/2018-annual-economic-report-on-blue-economy_en.pdf|journal=European Union|volume=|pages=5|via=}} 3. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://thecommonwealth.org/blue-economy|title=Blue economy {{!}} The Commonwealth|last=(http://www.hydrant.co.uk)|first=Site designed and built by Hydrant|website=thecommonwealth.org|language=en|access-date=2018-10-11}} 4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://blog.conservation.org/2018/03/what-on-earth-is-the-blue-economy/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwl9zdBRDgARIsAL5Nyn3xGXHsApcgFjjO6CvN0Zg602NYYuJw2LPvqa_nDpKKxPtNDJWQxLYaAvSLEALw_wcB|title=What on Earth is the ‘blue economy’? – Human Nature - Conservation...|last=Bertazzo|first=Sophie|date=2018-03-07|work=Human Nature – Conservation International Blog|access-date=2018-10-11|language=en-US}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/center-blue-economy/about/history|title=Our History and Methodology|website=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey|language=en|access-date=2018-10-11}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|url=http://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/15_1471_blue_economy_6_pages_final.pdf|title=Principles for a Sustainable BLUE ECONOMY|last=|first=|publisher=World Wildlife Fund|year=|isbn=|location=|page=2|pages=|accessdate=14 May 2018}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.examrace.com/Current-Affairs/NEWS-Blue-Economy-Versus-Ocean-Economy.htm|title=Blue Economy versus Ocean Economy- Translation in Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Sindhi, Tamil, Telgu - Examrace|last=Examrace|website=www.examrace.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-11}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://wwf.panda.org/homepage.cfm?249111/What-a-blue-economy-really-is|title=What a 'blue economy' really is – WWF’s perspective|date=10 July 2015|website=WWF|accessdate=14 May 2018}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=BLUE GROWTH|url=http://ec.europa.eu/assets/mare/infographics/|website=Mare|publisher=European Commission|accessdate=14 May 2018|date=2014}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/maritimeaffairs/policy/blue_growth_en|title=Blue growth - Maritime Affairs - European Commission|last=Anonymous|date=2016-09-28|website=Maritime Affairs - European Commission|language=en|access-date=2018-10-11}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2017|title=The Potential of the Blue Economy : Increasing Long-term Benefits of the Sustainable Use of Marine Resources for Small Island Developing States and Coastal Least Developed Countries|url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/26843/115545.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=World Bank|volume=|pages=ix|via=}} 12. ^{{cite web|last1=Fujita|first1=Rod|title=FAO Reports 87% of the World’s Fisheries are Overexploited or Fully Exploited|url=http://blogs.edf.org/edfish/2012/07/11/fao-reports-87-of-the-worlds-fisheries-are-overexploited-or-fully-exploited/|website=FAO|accessdate=14 May 2018|date=11 July 2012}} 13. ^{{cite book|last1=Wind EUROPE|last2=BVGassociates|title=Unleashing Europe’s offshore wind potential|date=June 2017|location=Brussels, Belgium|page=16|url=https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/Unleashing-Europes-offshore-wind-potential.pdf|accessdate=14 May 2018}} 4 : Schools of economic thought|Industrial ecology|Natural resources|Resource economics |
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