“Catholicisation”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The term is also used for the communion of Eastern Christian churches into the Roman Catholic Church; the Eastern Catholic Churches that follow the Byzantine, Alexandrian, Armenian, East Syrian, and West Syrian Rites, as opposed to the Roman Catholic Latin Rite.

Catholic doctrine

Propaganda

The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples ({{lang-la|Congregatio pro Gentium Evangelizatione}}), formerly Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ({{lang-la|Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide}}) is the congregation of the Roman Curia responsible for missionary work and related activities.

In 1439 in Florence, the Declaration of Union was adopted, according to which "the Roman Church firmly believes that nobody, who does not belong to the Catholic Church, not only unbelievers, but Judeans (Jews), nor heretics, nor schismatics, cannot enter the kingdom of heaven, but all will go to the eternal fire, which is saved for devils and their angels, if they not before death turn to that church".{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}} The Council of Trent (1545–63) had the mission to gain, apart from "stray" Protestants, also the numerous "schismatics" in southeastern Europe.{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}}

Catholicisation and Uniatism

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

During the period from the 16th up to the 18the century, in eastern regions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Kingdom of Hungary several successive campaigns of Catholicization were undertaken in order to convert local Eastern Orthodox Christians into Catholicism.{{sfn|Litwin|1987|p=57–83}}{{sfn|Tóth|2002|p=587-606}}{{sfn|Kornél|2011|p=33-56}}

Serbs

The Catholic Church had notable privileges in the Ottoman Empire, and already since the 15th century Bosnian Franciscans were allowed to freely propagate their religious doctrine and work on gaining adherents.{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}} The Council of Trent (1545–63) had the mission to gain both Protestants, and Orthodox Christians in southeastern Europe.{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}} The Serbian Orthodox Church became targeted, the strongest pressure during the term of Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605), who used the difficult position of the Orthodox in the Ottoman Empire and conditioned the Serbian Patriarch to Uniatize in return for support against the Turks.{{sfn|Vuković|2004|p=424}}

Since the many migrations of Serbs into the Habsburg Monarchy beginning in the 16th century, there were efforts to Catholicize the community. The Orthodox Eparchy of Marča became the Catholic Eparchy of Križevci after waves of Uniatization in the 17th and 18th centuries.^[2] Notable individuals active in the Catholicisation of Serbs in the 17th century include Martin Dobrović, Benedikt Vinković, Petar Petretić, Rafael Levaković, Ivan Paskvali and Juraj Parčić.^[2]^[3]^[4] Catholic bishops Vinković and Petretić wrote numerous inaccurate texts meant to incite hatred against Serbs and Orthodox Christians, some of which included advice on how to Catholicize the Serbs.^[5]

During World War II, the Axis Ustashe in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) persecuted Orthodox Serbs. An estimated 200–250,000 were converted to Catholicism, most temporarily.

Albanians

All Albanians were Orthodox Christians until the mid-13th century^[6] when the Ghegs converted to Catholicism as a mean to resist the Orthodox Serbs.^[7]

Recatholicisation during Counter-Reformation

See also

Christianization by the Papacy

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Peter Hamish Wilson|title=The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XgtpAl8HzjcC&pg=PA357|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03634-5|page=357}}
2. ^¹{{cite book|last=Kašić|first=Dušan Lj|title=Srbi i pravoslavlje u Slavoniji i sjevernoj Hrvatskoj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7oNIAAAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Savez udruženja pravosl. sveštenstva SR Hrvatske|p=49}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Kolarić|first=Juraj|title=Povijest kršćanstva u Hrvata: Katolička crkva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThQsAQAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Hrvatski studiji Sveučilišta u Zagrebu|isbn=978-953-6682-45-4|pp=77}}
4. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Dimitrijević|first=Vladimir|title=Pravoslavna crkva i rimokatolicizam: (od dogmatike do asketike)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugeQAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=LIO|p=337}}
5. ^{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Gavrilović|first=Slavko|title=Iz istorije Srba u Hrvatskoj, Slavoniji i Ugarskoj: XV-XIX vek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oJpAAAAMAAJ|year=1993|publisher="Filip Višnjić"|p=30}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Hugh Chisholm|title=Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PgtAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=18 July 2013|year=1910|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|page=485|quote= The Roman Catholic Ghegs appear to liave abandoned the Eastern for the Western Church in the middle of the 13th century}}{{better source|date=November 2016}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=Leften Stavros Stavrianos|title=The Balkans Since 1453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC&pg=PA497|accessdate=17 July 2013|date=January 2000|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-551-0|page=498|quote=Originally, all Albanians had belonged to the Eastern Orthodox Church... Then the Ghegs in the North adopted ... to better resist the pressure of Orthodox Serbs.}}