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Beno Gutenberg

释义

Early life
Professor
Research
Works
See also
Notes
External links

{{Infobox scientist
|name = Beno Gutenberg
|image = Beno Gutenberg.jpg
|birth_date = June 4, 1889
|birth_place = Darmstadt, German Empire
|death_date = {{d-da|January 25, 1960|June 4, 1889}}
|death_place = Pasadena, California
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = Germany
|ethnicity =
|field = seismology
|work_institutions = California Institute of Technology
|alma_mater = University of Göttingen
|doctoral_advisor = Emil Wiechert
|doctoral_students =
|known_for =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes = William Bowie Medal {{small|(1953)}}
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}

Beno Gutenberg ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|uː|t|ən|b|ɜr|ɡ}}; June 4, 1889 – January 25, 1960) was a German-American seismologist who made several important contributions to the science. He was a colleague and mentor of Charles Francis Richter at the California Institute of Technology and Richter's collaborator in developing the Richter magnitude scale for measuring an earthquake's magnitude.

Early life

Gutenberg was born in Darmstadt, Germany, and obtained his doctorate in physics from the University of Göttingen in 1911. His advisor was Emil Wiechert. During World War I, Gutenberg served in the German army as a meteorologist in support of gas warfare operations.^[1]

Gutenberg held positions at the University of Strasbourg, which he lost when Strasbourg became French in 1918. After some years during which he had to sustain himself with managing his father's soap factory, he obtained in 1926 a junior professorship at University of Frankfurt-am-Main, which was poorly paid.

Although he was already, in the 1920s, one of the leading seismologists worldwide and definitely the leading seismologist in Germany, he was still dependent on the position in his father's factory; however, he continued his research in his spare time.

Professor

In 1928, the attempt to become the successor of his academic teacher, Emil Wiechert, in Göttingen, failed. There are hints that Gutenberg's Jewish^[2] background might have played a role because, already in the 1920s, there were strong antisemitic tendencies in German universities. For similar reasons, he was also not accepted for a professorship in Potsdam to become the successor of Gustav Angenheister.

Since Gutenberg could not sustain a career of scientific work in Germany, he accepted a position as Professor of Geophysics at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena in 1930,^[3] becoming founding director of the Seismological Laboratory when it was transferred to Caltech from Carnegie. Even if he had obtained a full professorship in Germany, he would have lost it in 1933 anyway like so many other scientists of Jewish ancestry, at least 30 of whom emigrated to the United States under Gutenberg's sponsorship.

Research

Gutenberg, especially in his collaboration with Charles Francis Richter, made the California Institute of Technology Seismological Laboratory the leading seismological institute worldwide. Collaborating with Richter, Gutenberg developed a relationship between seismic magnitude and energy, represented in this equation:

It gives the energy given from earthquakes from seismic waves in ergs. Another famous result, known as Gutenberg–Richter law, provides probability distribution of earthquakes for a given energy.

He also worked on determining the depth of the core-mantle boundary as well as other properties of the interior of the earth.

In 1952, Gutenberg received the Prix Charles Lagrange from the Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. Gutenberg remained director of the Seismological Laboratory until 1957, when he was succeeded by Frank Press.

Works

{{Citation

|pmid = 17756389
|last=Gutenberg
|first=
|author-mask=1
|publication-date=Apr 1, 1960
|year=1960
|title=Low-Velocity Layers in the Earth, Ocean, and Atmosphere.
|volume=131
|issue=3405
|periodical=Science
|pages=959–965
|doi = 10.1126/science.131.3405.959
|first1 = B
|bibcode = 1960Sci...131..959G }}

{{Citation

|pmid = 17769434
|last=Buwalda
|first=
|last2=—
|first2=
|publication-date=Apr 19, 1935
|year=1935
|title=Investigation of overthrust faults by seismic methods
|volume=81
|issue=2103
|periodical=Science
|pages=384–386
|doi = 10.1126/science.81.2103.384
|first1 = JP
|bibcode = 1935Sci....81..384B }}

Notes

1. ^Biographical Memoirs of the NAS, vol. 76, p. 121
2. ^{{cite news |author=Gary Shapiro|authorlink=Gary Shapiro (journalist)|title=Scientist Who Fled Nazis Helped Create Scale for Measuring Earthquakes|newspaper=The Jewish Daily Forward|date=August 26, 2011|url=http://forward.com/articles/141953/scientist-who-fled-nazis-helped-create-scale-for-m/|accessdate=2015-04-18}}
3. ^{{cite news|title=Obituary: Beno Gutenberg, Seismologist, 70|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0604.html|date=January 28, 1960|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=2012-01-24}}

External links

Biography at the American Geophysical Union website
[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005071830/http://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/awards-and-medals/award/portrait-beno-gutenberg.html Biography at the European Geosciences Union website]
Leon Knopoff on Gutenberg, National Academy of Science
Hertha Gutenberg Oral History, Caltech Archives
Biography of Beno Gutenberg by Leon Knopoff at Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 76 (1999)

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