词条 | Adviser |
释义 |
An adviser or advisor is normally a person with more and deeper knowledge in a specific area and usually also includes persons with cross-functional and multidisciplinary expertise. An adviser's role is that of a mentor or guide and differs categorically from that of a task-specific consultant. An adviser is typically part of the leadership, whereas consultants fulfill functional roles.[1] The spellings adviser and advisor have both been in use since the sixteenth century.[2] Adviser has always been the more usual spelling, though advisor has gained frequency in recent years and is a common alternative, especially in North America.[3][4] EtymologyThe use of adviser is of English origin, with "er" as a noun ending, and advisor of Latin origin.[5] The words are etymological twin cognates and are considered interchangeable. Word usageUsage of the two words is normally a matter of choice but they should not be used together in the same document. The Associated Press prefers (AP Stylebook) the use of "adviser" but Virginia Tech (style guide) gives preference to "advisor" stating, "which is used more commonly in academe" and "Adviser is acceptable in releases going to organizations that follow AP style."[6] Purdue University Office of Marketing and Media's Editorial Style Guide gives preference to "advisor".[7] The European Commission uses "adviser(s)",[8] the UK has Special advisers, as well as the Scottish Government,[9] and the United Nations uses Special Advisers. The US government uses both; Council of Economic Advisers, Office of the Legal Adviser, Deputy National Security Advisor (deputy to the President's NSA), Legal "Advisor" (Office for the Administrative Review of the Detention of Enemy Combatants), that was part of the team tasked to conduct Combatant Status Review Tribunals of captives detained in Guantanamo Bay, and laws Investment Advisers Act of 1940. The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs's Fulbright Program has "advisers". Other usesFinances
Government positions
Publications
Specific advisory companies
Specific advisory services
MediaExamples of the use of adviser and advisor in the media on a particular subject.
BooksUse of "advisor" appeared in print in the United States in 1889, with The Tennessee Justice and Legal Advisor by William C. Kain and Horace N. Hawkins.[18] The Department of Justice of the United States, Issue 15, printed 1927, by The Institute For Government Research uses both, "1. Political adviser and assistant to the President" and "Legal Advisor. Like all the other cabinet officers, the Attorney General is a political advisor of the President.".[19] Other
See also
Notes1. ^Definition agreed on by both professional advisors and consultants in business magazine along with functional workflow graphic."The Difference Between Consultants and Advisors" 2. ^Oxford English Dictionary, s.vv. "adviser" and "advisor" (subscription required). 3. ^Google Ngram Viewer, "[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=adviser%2Cadvisor&year_start=1700&year_end=2000&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cadviser%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Cadvisor%3B%2Cc0 adviser, advisor]". 4. ^Oxford Dictionaries, s.v. "adviser". 5. ^Adviser versus advisor- Retrieved 2014-05-25 6. ^Virginia Tech usage {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526070450/http://www.branding.unirel.vt.edu/custom-search.php?vt_search_type=cse&cx=006357594167496558312%3Aelddpyq9m2u&q=adviser&sa.x=0&sa.y=0&cof=FORID%3A11&ie=UTF-8&sa=Search |date=May 26, 2014 }}- Retrieved 2014-05-14 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.purdue.edu/brand/writing/style_guide.html|title=Editorial Style Guide|website=Purdue University|accessdate=2016-10-15|date=2014-11-24|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115064430/https://www.purdue.edu/brand/writing/style_guide.html|archivedate=2016-01-15}} 8. ^European Commission- Retrieved 2014-05-25 9. ^Scottish government- Retrieved 2014-05-25 10. ^[https://www.npr.org/2014/03/03/285334799/deputy-national-security-adviser-lays-out-u-s-plan-in-ukraine NPR.org]-Retrieved 2014-05-25 11. ^[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/in-the-loop/wp/2014/04/29/white-house-email-reinforces-benghazi-talking-points/ Washington Post]-Retrieved 2014-05-25 12. ^[https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303738504575568083406103378 WSJ online]- Retrieved 2014-05-25 13. ^Office of the Press Secretary-Retrieved 2014-05-25 14. ^Wikipedia- Retrieved 2014-05-25 15. ^The Heritage Foundation- Retrieved 2014-05-25 16. ^[https://news.yahoo.com/rice-obama-disgusted-anti-semitic-leaflets-180248964.html Yahoo News]- Retrieved 2014-05-25 17. ^IU Bloomington Newsroom- Retrieved 2014-05-25 18. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=hFIvHQAACAAJ&dq=%22advisor%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jHyCU9ruN82kqAapzoLICw&ved=0CHMQ6AEwCQ Google books; title]- Retrieved 2014-05-25 19. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=81Rqx2UZD7wC&pg=PA18&dq=%22advisor%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yoKCU5_zDM-OqAac1IHICw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=%22advisor%22&f=false Google books; p.18]- Retrieved 2014-05-25 1 : Occupations |
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