| 词条 | Bibb Graves |
| 释义 |
|name = David Bibb Graves |image = Bibb Graves.jpg |order = 38th Governor of Alabama |term_start = January 17, 1927 |term_end = January 19, 1931 |lieutenant = William C. Davis |predecessor = William W. Brandon |successor = Benjamin M. Miller |term_start2 = January 14, 1935 |term_end2 = January 17, 1939 |lieutenant2 = Thomas E. Knight |predecessor2 = Benjamin M. Miller |successor2 = Frank M. Dixon |birth_date = {{birth date|1873|4|1|mf=y}} |birth_place = Hope Hull, Alabama, U.S. |death_date = {{death date and age|1942|3|14|1873|4|1|mf=y}} |death_place = Sarasota, Florida, U.S. |restingplace = Greenwood Cemetery |party = Democratic |alma_mater = University of Alabama, Yale Law School |spouse = Dixie Bibb Graves |children = |profession = Teacher, lawyer |religion = Christian |branch= United States Army |battles= World War I }} David Bibb Graves (April 1, 1873 – March 14, 1942) was an American Democratic politician and the 38th Governor of Alabama 1927-1931 and 1935–1939, the first Alabama governor to serve two four-year terms. Early lifeGraves was born in Hope Hull, Alabama, son of David and Mattie Bibb Graves and a descendant of Alabama's first governor William Wyatt Bibb. Graves' father died when he was one year old, and he was reared first by his paternal grandfather on an Alabama farm and then by an uncle in Texas. Graves attended the University of Alabama, where he was a member of the school's inaugural football team. After graduating with a degree in civil engineering (1893), Graves earned a degree from Yale Law School (1896). Graves was then elected to the Alabama legislature and later served as the city attorney in Montgomery. As adjutant general of the Alabama National Guard, he helped organize the 1st Alabama Cavalry and served on the Mexican border in 1916. In World War I, Graves commanded as a colonel the 117th U.S. Field Artillery in France, and upon his return to Alabama, he helped organize the state section of the American Legion. Political lifeGraves lost his first campaign for governor in 1922, but four years later, with the secret endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan, he was elected to his first term as governor. Almost certainly Graves was the Exalted Cyclops (chapter president) of the Montgomery chapter of the Klan, but both Graves and U.S. Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black, another Alabama Klan member, were more opportunists than ideologues, politicians who used the temporary strength of the Klan to further their careers.[1] After receiving solid gold "passports" from the Klan, Graves and Black were collectively known in some Alabama circles as "The Gold Dust Twins."[2] As governor, Graves earned a reputation as a reformer, abolishing the convict leasing system and raising taxes on public utilities, railroads, and coal and iron companies. The new revenue was used to expand educational and public health facilities, increase teachers' salaries and veterans' pensions, fund an ambitious road-building program, and improve port facilities in Mobile. "To maintain his popularity among the farmers in northern Alabama and the working classes, Graves made good on his commitment to New Deal legislation, winning a reputation as one of the most progressive governors in the South."[3] During his second gubernatorial administration he supported Franklin D. Roosevelt's "court packing" plan and Hugo Black's nomination to the U.S. Supreme Court. In 1937, when Black's ties to the Klan were debated in Congress, Graves noted his own previous membership as well, a membership that had been publicly revealed when he resigned from the organization in 1928.[4] Graves appointed his own wife, Dixie Bibb Graves, to serve the remainder of Black's term. She thus became Alabama's first woman U.S. senator.[5] Graves made many successful trips to Washington to secure funds for Alabama, which he called "plum-tree-shaking expeditions," and President Roosevelt appointed him to a national advisory committee on agriculture and to an inter-regional highway committee. Graves was a strong opponent of eugenic sterilization; and in 1938, he was on hand to greet 1,200 delegates to the founding session of the Southern Conference on Human Welfare, a meeting of southern liberals, who addressed labor relations, farm tenancy, the poll tax, and constitutional rights and who condemned "enforced segregation within Birmingham." A fourth of the delegates were black.[6] Personal lifeGraves was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and an elder of the Christian Church. He was a founding member of the board of trustees of Bob Jones College and a personal friend of the founder, evangelist Bob Jones, Sr. Bibb Graves died in Sarasota, Florida while preparing for another gubernatorial campaign. LegacyThe University of Montevallo has a Bibb Graves Hall, the University of West Alabama has a Bibb Graves Hall and a Bibb Graves Auditorium, the University of North Alabama has a Bibb Graves Hall, Auburn University has both a Bibb Graves Amphitheatre and a Bibb Graves Drive, the School of Education at the University of Alabama is named for him, and the building housing the Sorrell College of Business at Troy University is named Bibb Graves Hall. The historically black Alabama A&M University has a Bibb Graves Hall that houses its School of Social Work and Department of Criminal Justice; and the historically black Alabama State University has a women's dormitory named Bibb Graves Hall. Jacksonville State University also has an administrative building named Bibb Graves Hall. Bob Jones University had a residence hall named for Graves until 2011, when it was renamed for H. A. Ironside.[7] Bibb Graves High School in Millerville, Clay County, Alabama, closed in 2003. A bridge in Wetumpka, Elmore County, Alabama, built in 1937, is named for Graves.[8] Footnotes1. ^Glenn Feldman,Politics, Society and the Klan in Alabama, 1915-1949 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); Rice, 138. 2. ^Gerald T. Dunne, Hugo Black and the Judicial Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977), 61. 3. ^Dictionary of American Biography (Supplement 3: 318, 1973) 4. ^John Craig Stewart, The Governors of Alabama (Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company, 1975), 177. Steward notes that although Graves "prompted his law enforcement agencies to crush violence and lawlessness wherever it was encountered," he "never took the leadership" in the fight against the Klan. 5. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Newton|title=White Robes and Burning Crosses: A History of the Ku Klux Klan from 1866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_4-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|date=April 14, 2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-1719-0|pages=82–}} 6. ^Harry S. Ashmore, Civil Rights and Wrongs (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1997); "Southern Conference for Human Welfare," Encyclopedia of Alabama "The conference was interrupted on its second day by Birmingham's police commissioner, Eugene "Bull" Connor, who famously informed attendees that they were forbidden to "segregate together." 7. ^BJU website {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625034739/http://www.bju.edu/welcome/visit/map/residence-halls/ |date=June 25, 2011 }}. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM3P45|title=Bibb Graves Bridge - Wetumpka, Alabama - Arch Bridges on Waymarking.com|website=www.waymarking.com|accessdate=August 1, 2018}} References
External links{{Portal|Biography}}
14 : 1873 births|1942 deaths|Alabama lawyers|Alabama Crimson Tide football players|Politicians from Montgomery, Alabama|Governors of Alabama|University of Alabama alumni|Yale Law School alumni|American military personnel of World War I|Alabama Democrats|Democratic Party state governors of the United States|Ku Klux Klan members|Spouses of United States Senators|Lawyers from Montgomery, Alabama |
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