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词条 Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–17)
释义

  1. Background

  2. The siege

     2014: Offensives and counter-offensives  2015: The siege continues  2016: ISIL advances  2017: New assaults on besieged areas  Summer 2017: Breaking the siege 

  3. Aftermath – Battle for Deir ez-Zor city

  4. Impact on civilians

  5. See also

  6. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Deir ez-Zor (2014–17)
| width =
| partof = the Syrian Civil War
| image = Republican-Guard-Deir-Ezzor.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Syrian Republican Guard T-72 tank in Deir ez-Zor
| date = 14 July 2014 – 10 September 2017
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=14|year1=2014|month2=09|day2=10|year2=2017}})
| place = Deir ez-Zor, Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria
| result = Decisive Syrian Government victory
  • ISIL besieges Syrian Government forces in July 2014 (after expelling Syrian rebel forces from the province)
  • ISIL forces split the Syrian Government-held Deir ez-Zor pocket in January 2017
  • Syrian Government forces reach the Brigade 137 base, thus meeting with besieged army forces, and lifting the ISIL siege of the city[1][2][2]
  • Siege of the government-held airbase ends on 9 September 2017, with all surrounding points recaptured by 10 September[3]

| territory =
| combatant1 = {{flag|Syria}}
{{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} Hezbollah[4]
{{flagicon image|Shiism arabic blue.svg}} PMF-affiliated militias[4]
{{flag|Russia}} ({{small|since Sep. 2015}})
| combatant2 = {{flag|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} (ISIL)
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Syria}} Issam Zahreddine{{KIA}}

({{small|Republican Guard}})

{{Flagicon|Syria}} Yarob Zahreddine[5]

({{small|104th Airborne Brigade}})

{{flagicon|Syria}} Hassan Mohammad
({{small|17th Division; since July 2016}})[6]
{{flagicon|Syria}} Mohammad Khaddour
({{small|17th Division; until July 2016 & returned Jan. 2017}})[7]
{{flagicon|Syria}} Omar al-Alawi{{WIA}}[8]
(Head of Deir ez-Zor NDF)
{{flagicon|Syria}} Mudar Makhlouf[9]
(Military Intelligence militia commander)
| commander2 = {{flagicon|ISIL}} Gulmurod Khalimov{{KIA}}[10]
(ISIL war minister)
{{flagicon|ISIL}} Abu Khadijah al-Masri{{KIA}}[11]
(ISIL Governor of Deir ez-Zor)
{{flagicon|ISIL}} Amer al-Rafdan{{KIA}}[12][13]
(ISIL top commander)
{{flagicon|ISIL}} Abu Hamza al-Ansari{{KIA}}
(ISIL Deir ez-Zor emir)[14]
{{flagicon|ISIL}} Abu al Faruq{{KIA}}[15][16]
(ISIL Deir ez-Zor commander)[17]
{{flagicon|ISIL}} Abu Jandal al-Kuwaiti{{KIA}}[18]
(ISIL top commander)
{{flagicon|ISIL}} Abu Hadhefah al-Maghrabi{{KIA}}[19]
(ISIL field commander)
| units1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.svg}} Syrian Armed Forces
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Arab Army.svg}} Syrian Arab Army
    • Republican Guard
    • 104th Airborne Brigade
    • {{flagicon image|Syrian-17thDIV-trf.svg}} 17th Reserve Division
    • 137th Mechanized Brigade
  • {{flagicon image|Syrian Air Force Flag.svg}} Syrian Arab Air Force
  • {{flagicon image|InfoboxNDF.png}} National Defense Forces (Deir ez-Zor branch)[8]
    • Arab Socialist Movement forces[8]
Military Intelligence Directorate
  • {{Flagicon image|Emblem of Quwat Dir al-Amn al-Askari (The Military Security Shield Forces).svg|border=no}} Military Security Shield Forces
  • Forces of the Fighters of the Tribes[20]
{{flagicon image|Logo_of_the_Gozarto_Protection_Forces.jpg}} Sootoro[21][22]
{{flagicon image|Banner of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (obverse).svg}} Russian Armed Forces (since Oct. 2015)
  • {{flagicon image|Flag of the Russian Air Force.svg}} Russian Air Force
  • {{flagicon image|Naval Ensign of Russia.svg}} Russian Navy

| units2 = {{flagicon|ISIL}} Military of ISIL
  • Wilayat Deir ez-Zor

| strength1=4,000–5,000 (Besieged, pro-gov. claim)[23][28]
50,000 (Relief force, pro-government claim)[24]
| strength2=7,000–14,000 (pro-gov. claim)[28][25]
| casualties1 = 460–484+ killed[26]
| casualties2 = 1,430–1,869+ killed[27]
| casualties3 = 329–500+ civilians killed, ~400 civilians kidnapped[28][29][36][37]
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Syrian Civil War}}
}}

The Siege of Deir ez-Zor was a siege imposed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) against districts in the city of Deir ez-Zor held by the Syrian Army, in an attempt to capture the city and secure full control of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate. The ISIL siege of the city lasted for almost 3 years and 2 months, after which the Syrian Army launched a successful offensive that fully recaptured the city nine weeks later.

In April 2014, ISIL launched a large-scale offensive against Syrian rebel forces in Deir ez-Zor province. This resulted in the total defeat of rebel groups in the area, and ISIL gained control of almost all of Deir ez-Zor Governorate in July 2014. Syrian Government forces remained besieged in the pocket of territory they continued to control.[30] On 10 September 2017, the siege was fully broken by Government forces.[31] After another two months of fighting, the Syrian Army fully recaptured the ISIL-held parts of Deir ez-Zor city and its environs, by 17 November 2017.[40][41][42]

Background

{{Main|Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)}}

Since the end of 2013, rebel forces surrounded Deir ez-Zor and captured half of the city and almost the entire province. ISIL became increasingly involved in the battle. The following rebel infighting in and near the city resulted in ISIL retreating from Deir ez-Zor in February 2014.

In April 2014, following their defeat at the hands of the rebels, ISIL returned and launched a large-scale offensive against the Syrian rebel groups in the Deir ez-Zor Province, expelling them from the area, and allowing ISIL to gain control of most of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate and besiege the remaining Syrian Government forces, in July 2014.

The siege

2014: Offensives and counter-offensives

{{main|Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)|Deir ez-Zor offensive (December 2014)}}

From early to mid-September 2014, ISIL made several unsuccessful attempts to breach the Deir ez-Zor military air base. During the fighting on 15 September 2014, the Siasiyya Bridge that links the rural countryside and the city was destroyed. It was initially unclear who destroyed it,[32][33] but later confirmed it was blown up by Syrian Army combat engineers.[34]

In late October 2014, the Army launched an offensive on the Sakr Island and within days made several advances, capturing 90 percent of the island, with ISIL forces left in control of only its northern part.[35][36] One month later, the Army resumed its offensive on the island.[37]

In early December 2014, ISIL launched an offensive in the direction of the Deir ez-Zor military air base. During three days of fighting, 68–200 militants and 43–51 soldiers were reported killed.[38][39][40] Despite ISIL managing to penetrate the air base,[41] as well as seize the mountain overlooking the city[38] and two nearby villages,[42][43] the Army eventually pushed ISIL's forces back and repelled the offensive.[44]

2015: The siege continues

On 5 January 2015, ISIL closed all roads, and cut off all optical fiber cables and other electric wires and cables leading to government-held districts of Deir ez-Zor.[45]

By May 2015, fierce back-and-forth fighting raged in the city, with the Syrian Army and ISIL launching a series of attacks and counterattacks against each other.[46] Early that month, ISIL forces captured Sakr Island. Two weeks later, the Syrian Army claimed that it was able to recapture most of it.[47] However, it was confirmed that the island was still under ISIL control.[48][49] At this point, due to ISIL's capture of the city of Palmyra, rumors started circulating that Syrian Government forces were preparing to abandon Deir ez-Zor.[46]

In September 2015, ISIL started regularly to shell the airbase, severing the air bridge that had supplied the city with food and other goods.[50]

In early November 2015, a new ISIL attack on the airbase was repelled.[51]

2016: ISIL advances

{{main|Deir ez-Zor offensive (January 2016)|September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid}}

On 16 January 2016, ISIL launched an offensive on Deir ez-Zor. Several assaults were conducted during the day, which included six ISIL suicide bombers in attempts to break into military positions.[52] After a few days of heavy fighting, ISIL overran the Baghiliya and Ayyash neighborhoods,[53] after which pro-government fighters and their families were among those targeted in the seized areas. The Syrian government and state media said that 250[67]–300[68] people were killed, including some by beheading;[67] the British-based SOHR had differing numbers, reporting 135 fatalities,[54] of which 85 were civilians and 50 soldiers.[55] {{anchor|Ayyash}}ISIL also captured an army weapons depot and seized tanks.[56] SOHR added that ISIL kidnapped about 400 civilians from families of pro-government fighters. Subsequently, ISIL forces captured areas south and west of Baghiliya.[57] Overall, according to SOHR, about 440 people were killed in the five-day ISIL offensive, including: 200 soldiers, 110 ISIL fighters and 127 civilians. 30 of the ISIL militants were suicide-bombers, while 85 civilians and 48 soldiers were executed by ISIL. 42 civilians died in government air-strikes and shelling.[29][55]

In mid-March 2016, the Army launched an attack toward the Thayyem Oil Fields, south of Deir ez-Zor. On the first day of their assault, government forces captured Tharda Mountain.[58] After four days of fighting, the military managed to capture the oil fields.[59]

Between April and May 2016, back-and-forth fighting took place as ISIL attempted to advance against government troops in the Industrial and al-Sina'ah districts of Deir ez-Zor city. The Army eventually managed to retain their positions.[60]

In June 2016, Hezbollah sent elite reinforcements to help protect the provincial capital of Deir Ezzor.[4] Later on the same month, the Thayyem Oil Fields were once again under ISIL control and the militants were positioned alongside the government-held Tharda Mountain. Late that month, a two-day long ISIL attack on the mountain was repelled.[61][62] In July 2016, heavy Russian air-strikes against ISIL managed to relieve the pressure on Syrian Army troops stationed on the mountain.[63][64]

On 17 September 2016, a series of 37 U.S.-led Coalition airstrikes near the Deir ez-Zor Airport,[65] lasting from 3:55 to 4:56 p.m. (Damascus time),[66] killed between 90 and 106 Syrian Army soldiers and wounded 110 more. The attack triggered "a diplomatic firestorm" with Russia calling a (then rare) emergency United Nations Security Council meeting[67] as well as leading to the Syrian government calling off a nationwide ceasefire that had been the result of months of intense diplomatic efforts by the U.S. and Russian governments.[68] The Syrian Army positions that were struck were on the Tharda Mountain and at a nearby artillery base.[69] The airstrikes led to ISIL capturing the Tharda Mountain.[70] Initially, the US Armed Forces did not outright admit that Coalition planes hit Syrian troops,[71] but later the Coalition admitted their planes carried out the attack. The US stated that they halted the strikes as soon as they became aware of the Syrian Army's presence and regretted the unintentional loss of life.[72][73]

2017: New assaults on besieged areas

{{main|Deir ez-Zor offensive (January–February 2017)}}

In mid-January 2017, a new ISIL offensive was launched with the aim to cut the road between Deir ez-Zor Airport and the city.[74] After two days of fighting, ISIL succeeded in cutting the road linking the air base to the city,[75] leaving the government enclave split in two.[76] During their advances, ISIL captured multiple positions, including the Sakan al-Jahiziya neighborhood on the highway between the city and Damascus,[77] and a strategic mountain overlooking the city.[78] Back-and-forth fighting continued for one month with the Army unsuccessfully attempting to reopen the supply line between the airport and the city. The clashes left more than 470 dead, including: 241 ISIL militants, 127 soldiers and 105 civilians.[79]

As the siege of Deir ez-Zor intensified, fears rose that ISIL would commit a large massacre if it ever captured the city.[80] ISIL attempts to breach the Army defenses of the Deir ez-Zor Airport continued well into March 2017.[81][82] Also, late that month, ISIL conducted a tank assault on the government-held Al-Fourat university, located on the N7 Highway leading to the provincial capital. The same day, ISIL seized a large amount of ammunition and weapons that was intended for the Syrian Army but miss-dropped into ISIL territory by the Russian Air Force.[83]

In early April, the Syrian Army made multiple attempts to reopen the supply line between the city and the airport. The fighting was primarily concentrated on the Cemetery Area.[84][85][86] Towards the end of May, Army forces were still staving off attacks by ISIL fighters, while 100,000 civilians were surrounded and living without adequate food, services or safety. The UN's World Food Programme, in conjunction with the Syrian government and the Syrian Arab Red Crescent, regularly airdropped food and aid to the encircled pockets. Frequent fighting was also taking place in the Cemetery Area.[87]

On 3 June, ISIL advanced near Deir ez-Zor,[88] capturing positions near the Panorama roundabout and thus further increasing pressure on the 137th regiment military base.[89] Heavy fighting continued the next day for control of two hilltops at the southern entrance to the city.[90] On 5 June, ISIL managed to capture one of the hills, but were forced to withdraw due to heavy airstrikes.[91] Later that night, a new ISIL attack against the Panorama roundabout was launched that was preceded by a suicide car-bomber. ISIL managed to capture several checkpoints near the roundabout, forcing Army units to withdraw to their second line of defense. ISIL attacks against the two hills also continued, but without any gains.[92] The following evening, ISIL made another push but were repelled.[93] Between 9 and 13 June, ISIL conducted waves of attacks on a daily basis, which were ultimately all repelled.[94][95][96][97]

Between 7 and 11 July, a new series of ISIL attacks on Syrian Army positions around the city were repelled.[98][99][100] One week later, Syrian Army troops themselves conducted attacks against ISIL positions.[101] At the end of the month, another ISIL attack on Army positions was repelled.[102] At the start of August, after managing to capture a 280 meter long ditch, the Army managed to impose fire-control over ISIL's supply line leading from Tharda Mountain through the Cemetery Area into ISIL-held suburbs of the city.[103][104] This was followed by several new unsuccessful attempts by ISIL to breach Army lines between 6 and 12 August.[105][106][107]

Summer 2017: Breaking the siege

{{main|Central Syria campaign (2017)}}

During May and June 2017, the Syrian Arab Army established control over most of the southern part of Raqqa province, as well as the Eastern Qalamun mountains. In mid-July, Syrian forces launched a campaign in Central Syria targeting ISIL strongholds in the provinces of Homs and Hama. On 27 August, the Army launched a major offensive along the Sukhnah-Deir ez-Zor highway.[108] The next day, the Army, with the help of Russian air strikes, came within 66 kilometers of the surrounded city.[108] In the morning of 29 August, the Syrian forces launched a surprise attack in the western part of Deir ez-Zor, directing ISIL's position in the strategic Panorama area.[109] On 31 August, the Syrian Arab Army established full control over the strategic mountain of Bishiri, west of Deir ez-Zor city. The offensive was accompanied by comparable Russian air strikes on ISIL positions.[110] Syrian and Russian aviation carried out a joint air attack on an ISIL command center in the al-Rashdiyah district of Deir Ezzor.[111] By 31 August, the Syrian Army, headed by elite Tiger Forces, reached 50 kilometers towards Deir ez-Zor from Sukhna in the east.[112]

During the first days of September 2017, the Syrian Army and its allies had reached the 137th Brigade base and were battling to reach the troops besieged inside.[113] It was later reported that they had come within {{convert|3|km|mi}} of reaching the nearest army positions around the base.[114] The siege was broken on 5 September 2017, at around 14:00 local time, when government forces met with elements of the 137th Brigade.[115][3] The Deir ez-Zor airport continued to be besieged until it was relieved four days later, on 9 September.[116]

The breaking of the ISIL siege of the city was met with scenes of celebration as civilians exchanged congratulations and fired celebratory gunshots into the air. According to one resident, people would "prefer the regime over Daesh" in the hopes that breaking of the siege could mean the gradual return of life to Deir ez-Zor, and along with it basic supplies.[117]

Aftermath – Battle for Deir ez-Zor city

{{main|Battle of Deir ez-Zor (September–November 2017)|Deir ez-Zor campaign (September 2017–present)}}

On 14 September 2017, the Syrian Army launched an offensive to recapture the remaining ISIL-held districts of Deir ez-Zor city, capturing the district of Al-Baghiliyah.[118][119] On 17 October, the Syrian Army secured a perimeter surrounding the ISIL-controlled half of the city, encircling the remaining ISIL forces in eastern Deir ez-Zor.[120] Subsequently, the Syrian Army launched an operation to recapture the entire city from ISIL.[121] On 3 November 2017, the Syrian Army fully recaptured Deir ez-Zor city and its surroundings from ISIL.[122] On 17 November, Syrian Government forces captured Hawijat Kati Island, to the north of Deir ez-Zor city, fully bringing the rest of Deir ez-Zor and its outskirts under their control.[123][124]

Impact on civilians

ISIL cut off the power supply to the city.[125] As of February 2016, around 200,000 people resided in Deir ez-Zor. The siege resulted in widespread malnutrition and starvation of the civilians in the city.[126] In response, the United Nations' World Food Programme has conducted 177 airdrops of food and other humanitarian aid to the besieged districts of the city since April 2016. 110,000–120,000 civilians remained as of January 2017, when an ISIL offensive on the airport forced the airdrops to be suspended.[127][128] In November 2017, the UN estimated that at the start of the siege, around 200,000 civilians were besieged in the Syrian Government-held districts of Deir ez-Zor, which decreased to 90,000 near the end of the siege, with most of those civilians escaping or being smuggled out of the city during ISIL's siege.[129]

As a result of the cut in electricity, only one electric generator-powered water pump was available, and the water was not treated. The Syrian Arab Red Crescent has installed several water tanks in response.[45]

Between February 2015 and March 2016, more than 63 civilians were killed by ISIL bombardment on government-held neighbourhoods in Deir ez-Zor, in addition to 32 civilians who died of malnutrition and related diseases.[130]

See also

{{Portal|Syrian Civil War}}{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
  • Battle of Damascus (2012)
  • Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)
  • Siege of Nubl and Al-Zahraa
  • Deir ez-Zor clashes
  • 2014 Eastern Syria offensive
  • Siege of al-Fu'ah and Kafriya
  • Palmyra offensive (May 2015)
  • Palmyra offensive (March 2016)
  • Palmyra offensive (December 2016)
  • Palmyra offensive (2017)
  • Siege of Kobanî
  • Raqqa campaign (2016–2017)

}}

References

1. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria/syrian-army-allies-break-islamic-state-siege-in-eastern-city-idUSKCN1BG1G6 Reuters]
2. ^[https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-army-lifts-siege-deir-ezzor/ Breaking: Syrian Army lifts the siege on Deir Ezzor]
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-41162683|title=Syrian army breaks three-year siege of Deir ez-Zor}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/hezbollah-sends-elite-units-deir-ezzor/|title=Hezbollah sends elite forces to Deir Ezzor|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=18 June 2016|publisher=Al-Masdar News}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-downs-isis-drone-deir-ezzor-military-airport/|title=Syrian Army Downs an ISIS Drone at Deir Ezzor Military Airport|work=Al-Masdar News|author=Leith Fadel|date=9 December 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-replaces-top-commander-east-syria/|title=Syrian Army replaces top commander in east Syria|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=14 July 2016|publisher=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/high-ranking-syrian-general-arrives-deir-ezzor/|title=High-ranking Syrian general arrives in Deir Ezzor|work=Al-Masdar News|author=Leith Fadel|date=18 January 2017}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2019/02/the-arab-socialist-movement-interview |title=The Arab Socialist Movement: Interview |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |work= |date=4 February 2019 |accessdate=13 February 2019 }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/quwat-dir-al-amn-al-askari-another-regime-intelligence-militia/|title=Quwat Dir' Al-Amn Al-Askari: A Latakia Military Intelligence Militia|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|work=Syria Comment|date=3 September 2016|accessdate=3 September 2016}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/minister-war-killed-syria-air-attack-says-russia-1141444390 |title=IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia |author= |publisher=Middle East Eye |date=8 September 2017 |accessdate=8 September 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/05/isis-governor-deir-ez-zor-killed/|title=ISIS governor of Deir ez-Zor killed in fighting with Syrian army troops|publisher=ARA News|date=23 March 2016}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/battle-deir-ez-zor-military-airport-way-scores-islamic-state-militants-killed/|title=The Battle for Deir ez-Zor Military Airport is Under Way; Scores of Islamic State Militants Killed|agency=al-Masdar News|author=Leith Fadel|date=2 September 2014|accessdate=4 January 2017}}
13. ^https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-islamicstate/two-islamic-state-leaders-killed-in-syria-air-strike-observatory-idUKKCN0PN29T20150713
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-commander-of-deir-ezzor-killed-by-the-syrian-army/|title=Top ISIS commander in Deir Ezzor killed by the Syrian Army|author=Leith Fadel|work=Al-Masdar News|date=17 January 2016|accessdate=9 February 2016}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/green_lemonnn/status/542261317663719424|title=Green lemon on Twitter|work=Twitter|accessdate=12 December 2014}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://syriahr.com/en/2014/12/islamic-state-appoints-a-new-wali-for-the-city-of-deir-ezzor/|title=Islamic State appoints a new Wali for the city of Deir Ezzor|author=sohranas|work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights|accessdate=1 February 2015}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RomainCaillet/status/542141687531720705|title=Romain Caillet on Twitter|work=Twitter|accessdate=12 December 2014}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.kuwaittimes.net/members-arrested-kuwait-warrants-issued-others-suspects-accused-funding-promoting-fighting-radical-group/|title=IS members arrested in Kuwait, warrants issued for others – Suspects accused of funding, promoting, fighting with radical group|publisher=Kuwait Times|author=|date=17 September 2014|accessdate=4 January 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-offensive-in-northwestern-deir-ezzor-fails-again/|title=ISIS offensive in northwestern Deir Ezzor fails again|work=Al-Masdar|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/19789/quwat-muqatili-al-ashair-tribal-auxiliary-forces |title=Quwat Muqatili al-Asha'ir: Tribal Auxiliary Forces of the Military Intelligence |author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi |work= |date=2 April 2017|accessdate=13 February 2019}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pro-government-assyrian-forces-arrive-deir-ezzor-offensive/|title=Pro-government Assyrian forces arrive in Deir Ezzor for offensive|author=Leith Fadel|work=al-Masdar News|date=15 May 2017|accessdate=17 May 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.eldorar.com/node/5695|title=Sectarian militias brought by the regime to fight in Deir al-Zour|author=|work=El-Dorar Al-Shamia|date=15 May 2017|accessdate=17 May 2017}}
23. ^Fadel, Leith. [https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-plans-liberate-deir-ezzor-palmyra/ Syrian Army, Hezbollah plan to liberate Deir Ezzor after Palmyra]. Al-Masdar News. 12 March 2016.
24. ^[https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/republican-guard-reinforcements-arrive-palmyra-aid-deir-ezzor-liberation-offensive/ Republican Guard reinforcements arrive in Palmyra to aid Deir Ezzor liberation offensive], Al-Masdar News
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-successfully-splits-deir-ezzor-enclave-two/|title=ISIS successfully splits Deir Ezzor enclave in two|first=Paul|last=Antonopoulos|date=16 January 2017|publisher=}}
26. ^43–51 killed (3–6 Dec 2014),   200 killed (16–21 Jan 2016),  90–106 killed (17 Sep 2016), [https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/us-coalition-knew-bombing-syrian-army-deir-ezzor/] 127 killed (14 Jan–14 Feb 2017),  total of 460–484 reported killed
27. ^20–60 killed (2–3 Sep 2014),  29 killed (13–15 Sep 2014),  175 killed (22–25 Oct 2014),  44 killed (28 Oct 2014),  51 killed (29–31 Oct 2014),  640 killed (17–20 Nov 2014),   17 killed (24–28 Nov 2014),  68–200 killed (3–6 Dec 2014),   110 killed (16–21 Jan 2016),  241–500 killed (14 Jan–14 Feb 2017), [https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/500-isis-terrorists-killed-deir-ezzor-syrian-army-reports/] total of 830–1,269 reported killed
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/islamic-state-abducts-400-civilians-of-sunni-faith-following-syrian-attack-20160117-gm7u4p.html|title=Islamic State abducts 400 civilians in Syria, monitor says|work=SMH|accessdate=18 December 2014}}
29. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=43075|title=About 440 killed and executed during the past 5 days in Der-Ezzor|accessdate=21 January 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKBN0FJ1I020140714|title=Islamic State expels rivals from Syria's Deir al-Zor – activists|work=Reuters|date=14 July 2014}}
31. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-41162683|title=Syria war: Army breaks IS siege of Deir al-Zour|date=5 September 2017}}
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119. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/deir-ezzor-update-syrian-army-advances-along-western-bank-euphrates-river/|title=Deir Ezzor update: Syrian Army advances along western bank of Euphrates River|date=2017-09-14|work=AMN - Al-Masdar News {{!}} المصدر نيوز|access-date=2017-09-16|language=en-US}}
120. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.almasdarnews.com/article/major-development-syrian-army-liberates-three-districts-deir-ezzor-city/|title=Syrian Army liberates three districts in Deir Ezzor City|work= Al-Masdar news |accessdate=19 October 2017}}
121. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/73613/breaking-of-islamic-state-siege-on-deir-al-zour-supports-russian-and-iranian-strategic-objectives-in-eastern-syria|title=Breaking of Islamic State siege on Deir al-Zour supports Russian and Iranian strategic objectives in eastern Syria|work=Janes 360|accessdate=7 September 2017}}
122. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/02/deir-ez-zor-cleared-of-last-islamic-state-fighters-isis|title=Isis dealt twin blows with loss of Deir ez-Zor and key Iraq border post|author=|publisher=TheGuardian|date=3 November 2017|accessdate=5 November 2017}}
123. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-mass-surrenders-large-deir-ezzor-island-250-terrorists-captured/|title=ISIS mass surrenders large Deir Ezzor island, 250+ terrorists captured|work=AMN News|accessdate=17 November 2017}}
124. ^After an undisclosed agreement, the regime forces imposes their control over Hwyjet Katea’ and tens of ISIS members surrender, the fate of about 150 civilians in it is unknown
125. ^{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/3916518/isis-syria-photographs/|title=Besieged by ISIS: Photographs From Inside the Syrian City of Deir ez-Zor|work=Time|author=Conal Urquhart|date=11 June 2015}}
126. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/under-russian-syria-and-coalition-bombs-life-deir-ezzour-goes-bad-worse-1457841367|title=Syria's forgotten war: The silent slaughter of Deir Ezzor|work=Middle East Eye|date=18 February 2016}}
127. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55987|title=Syria: Heavy fighting forces UN food relief agency to suspend airdrops in Deir ez-Zor|work=United Nations|date=17 January 2017}}
128. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/news/374011-deir-ezzor-offensive-airbase/|title=ISIS cut off Deir ez-Zor airbase, threaten 120,000 civilians – RT reporter|publisher=|accessdate=5 March 2017}}
129. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/03/world/middleeast/syria-isis-deir-al-zour.html|title=ISIS, Squeezed on Two Sides, Loses Syrian City and Border Crossing|author=Anne Barnard and Margaret Coker|publisher=The New York Times|date=3 November 2017|accessdate=5 November 2017}}
130. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/05/deir-ez-zor-humanitarian-catastrophe-aid-food-assistance.html|title=After Madaya, Deir ez-Zor now faces humanitarian catastrophe|work=Al-Monitor|author=Kamal Sheikho|date=6 May 2016}}
{{Syrian Civil War}}{{Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}{{coord missing|Syria}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Deir ez-Zor (2014-present)}}

9 : Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2014|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2015|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2016|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2017|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Syrian government|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Deir ez-Zor Governorate in the Syrian Civil War|Deir ez-Zor|Sieges of the Syrian Civil War
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