| 词条 | Bielsko-Biała | |
| 释义 |
| name = Bielsko-Biała | image_skyline = | image_caption = 11th November Street in Bielsko-Biała | image_flag = POL Bielsko Biała flag.svg | image_shield = POL Bielsko-Biała COA.svg | pushpin_map = Silesian Voivodeship#Poland | pushpin_label_position = top | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{POL}} | subdivision_type1 = Voivodeship | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Silesian Voivodeship}} | subdivision_type2 = County | subdivision_name2 = city county | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = Jarosław Klimaszewski | established_title3 = Town rights | established_date3 = 1312 Bielsko 1723 Biała | elevation_min_m = 262 | elevation_max_m = 1117 | area_total_km2 = 124.51 | population_as_of = 2018 | population_total = 171,505 {{decrease}} (22nd) | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 325000 | population_metro = 5294000 | timezone = CET | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = CEST | utc_offset_DST = +2 | coordinates = {{coord|49|49|21|N|19|2|40|E|region:PL|display=inline}} | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = 43-300 to 43-382 | area_code = (+48) 033 | blank_name = Car plates | blank_info = SB | website = http://www.um.bielsko.pl }} Bielsko-Biała {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Bielsko-Biała.ogg|ˈbʲɛlskɔ ˈbʲawa}} ({{lang-cs|Bílsko-Bělá}}; {{lang-de|Bielitz-Biala}}; {{lang-he|בילסקו ביאלה}}) is a city in southern Poland with a population of approximately 171,505 (in 2018).[1][2] The city is a centre of the 325,000-strong {{ill|Bielsko Urban Agglomeration|pl|Aglomeracja bielska|vertical-align=sup}} and is a major industrial (particularly automotive), transport, and tourism hub. Located north of the Beskid Mountains, Bielsko-Biała is composed of two former cities on opposite banks of the Biała River, Silesian Bielsko and Lesser Poland's Biała, which merged in 1951. History{{Main|History of Bielsko-Biała}}Both city names, Bielsko and Biała refer to the Biała River, with etymology stemming from either biel or biała, which means "white" in Polish. BielskoThe remnants of a fortified settlement in what is now the Stare Bielsko (Old Bielsko) district of the city were discovered between 1933 and 1938 by a Polish archaeological team. The settlement was dated to the 12th - 14th centuries. Its dwellers manufactured iron from ore and specialized in smithery. The current centre of the town was probably developed as early as the first half of the 13th century. At that time a castle (which still survives today) was built on a hill. In the second half of the 13th century, the Piast dukes of Opole invited German settlers to colonize the Silesian Foothills. As the dukes then also ruled over the Lesser Polish lands east of the Biała River, settlements arose on both banks like Bielitz (now Stare Bielsko), Nickelsdorf (Mikuszowice Śląskie), Kamitz (Kamienica), Batzdorf (Komorowice Śląskie) and Kurzwald in the west as well as Kunzendorf (Lipnik), Alzen (Hałcnów) and Wilmesau (Wilamowice) in the east. Nearby settlements in the mountains were Lobnitz (Wapienica) and Bistrai (Bystra). After the partition of the Duchy of Oppeln in 1281, Bielsko passed to the Dukes of Cieszyn (Teschen). The town was first documented in 1312 when Duke Mieszko I of Cieszyn granted a town charter. The Biała again became a border river, when in 1315 the eastern Duchy of Oświęcim split off from Cieszyn as a separate under Mieszko's son Władysław. After the Dukes of Cieszyn had become vassals of the Bohemian kings in 1327 and the Duchy of Oświęcim was sold to the Polish Crown in 1457, the Biała River for centuries marked the border between the Bohemian crown land of Silesia within the Holy Roman Empire and the Lesser Polish region of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. With Bohemia and the Upper Silesian Duchy of Cieszyn, Bielsko in 1526 was inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg and incorporated into the Habsburg Monarchy. From 1560 Bielsko was held by Frederick Casimir of Cieszyn, son of Duke Wenceslaus III Adam, who due to the enormous debts his son left upon his death in 1571, had to sell it to the Promnitz noble family at Pless. With the consent of Emperor Maximilian II, the Promnitz dynasty and their Schaffgotsch successors ruled the Duchy of Bielsko as a Bohemian state country; acquired by the Austrian chancellor Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz in 1752, the ducal status was finally confirmed by Empress Maria Theresa in 1754. After the Prussian king Frederick the Great had invaded Silesia, Bielsko remained with the Habsburg Monarchy as part of Austrian Silesia according to the 1742 Treaty of Breslau. In late 1849 Bielsko became a seat of political district. In 1870 it became a statutory city. BiałaThe opposite bank of the Biała River, again Polish since 1475, had been sparsely settled since the mid-16th century. A locality was first mentioned in a 1564 deed, it received the name Biała in 1584, and belonged at that time to Kraków Voivodeship. Its population increased during the Counter-Reformation in the Habsburg lands, when many Protestant artisans from Bielsko (which did not belong to Poland) moved across the river. Though already named a town in the 17th century, Biała officially was granted city rights by the Polish king Augustus II the Strong in 1723. In the course of the First Partition of Poland in 1772, Biała was annexed by the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and incorporated into the crownland of Galicia. The Protestant citizens received the right to establish parishes according to the 1781 Patent of Toleration by Emperor Joseph II. BIALA was head of the district with the same name, one of the 78 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Galicia crownland.[3] Modern timesWith the dissolution of Austria–Hungary in 1918 according to the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, both cities became part of the reconstituted Polish state, though the majority of the population was ethnic German,[4] forming a German language island.[5] The ethnic German citizens formed an aggressively anti-Polish, rabidly racist and anti-Jewish Jungdeutsche Partei sponsored financially by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Third Reich and trained in propaganda, sabotage and espionage activities against the Polish state.[6] Its members smuggled military weapons,[6] and waged a campaign of intimidating other members of the community to leave for Nazi Germany, with tangible incentives.[7] A considerable number of young ethnic Germans joined the rank-and-file of the Party during the mid-1930s as a result of the Nazi indoctrination and aggressive recruitment.[8] During World War II the city was annexed by Nazi Germany. Many of its Jewish population was sent aboard Holocaust trains to nearby Auschwitz extermination camp never to return. After the defeat of Nazism in 1945, the remaining of the German population, which had formed the majority of the town's population, fled westward or were expelled their home by the Soviet-installed communist government. Several well-known Holocaust survivors from Bielsko-Biała are Roman Frister, Gerda Weissmann Klein and Kitty Hart-Moxon. All have written autobiographies about their experiences during World War II. The combined city of Bielsko-Biała was created administratively on 1 January 1951 when the two cities of Bielsko, and Biała (known until 1951 as Biała Krakowska), were unified. GeographyThe city is situated on the border of historic Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland at the eastern rim of the smaller Cieszyn Silesia region, about {{convert|60|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Katowice. Administrated within Silesian Voivodeship since 1999, the city was previously capital of Bielsko-Biała Voivodeship (1975–1998). Bielsko-Biała is one of the most important cities of the Beskidy Euroregion and the main city of the Bielsko Industrial Region ({{lang-pl|{{ill|Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy|pl|vertical-align=sup}}}}), part of the Upper Silesian metropolitan area. ClimateBielsko-Biała has a transitional humid continental/oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb/Dfb) with cold, damp winters and warm, wet summers. {{Weather box|location = Bielsko-Biała (1980-2012) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 16.5 |Feb record high C = 18.5 |Mar record high C = 23.0 |Apr record high C = 28.0 |May record high C = 30.7 |Jun record high C = 32.2 |Jul record high C = 38.1 |Aug record high C = 34.2 |Sep record high C = 31.5 |Oct record high C = 27.3 |Nov record high C = 23.1 |Dec record high C = 17.6 |Jan high C = 1.7 |Feb high C = 1.9 |Mar high C = 6.9 |Apr high C = 12.8 |May high C = 18.0 |Jun high C = 20.4 |Jul high C = 22.7 |Aug high C = 22.6 |Sep high C = 17.8 |Oct high C = 12.9 |Nov high C = 6.8 |Dec high C = 2.7 |year high C = |Jan mean C = -1.3 |Feb mean C = -0.8 |Mar mean C = 3.2 |Apr mean C = 8.2 |May mean C = 13.1 |Jun mean C = 15.7 |Jul mean C = 17.8 |Aug mean C = 17.6 |Sep mean C = 13.6 |Oct mean C = 9.1 |Nov mean C = 3.8 |Dec mean C = -0.2 |year mean C = |Jan low C = -4.2 |Feb low C = -3.4 |Mar low C = -0.5 |Apr low C = 3.5 |May low C = 8.1 |Jun low C = 11.0 |Jul low C = 12.9 |Aug low C = 12.6 |Sep low C = 9.3 |Oct low C = 5.2 |Nov low C = 0.7 |Dec low C = -3.1 |year low C = |Jan record low C = -27.4 |Feb record low C = -24.5 |Mar record low C = -17.5 |Apr record low C = -8.5 |May record low C = -4.0 |Jun record low C = 0.0 |Jul record low C = -0.7 |Aug record low C = 1.0 |Sep record low C = 0.0 |Oct record low C = -9.0 |Nov record low C = -15.9 |Dec record low C = -26.0 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 28.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 35.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 38.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 53.9 |May precipitation mm = 74.5 |Jun precipitation mm = 108.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 116.7 |Aug precipitation mm = 72.9 |Sep precipitation mm = 74.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 50.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 53.9 |Dec precipitation mm = 37.3 |year precipitation mm = |Jan precipitation days= 10.1 |Feb precipitation days= 11.7 |Mar precipitation days= 11.5 |Apr precipitation days= 10.6 |May precipitation days= 12.1 |Jun precipitation days= 13.3 |Jul precipitation days= 12.5 |Aug precipitation days= 10.5 |Sep precipitation days= 10.2 |Oct precipitation days= 11.0 |Nov precipitation days= 11.3 |Dec precipitation days= 11.6 |year precipitation days= |source 1 = climatebase.ru [9] |date=September 2010}} Economy and IndustryBielsko-Biała is one of the most business friendly medium size cities in Poland. In the 2014 ranking of the 'Most Attractive Cities for Business' published yearly by Forbes the city was ranked 3rd in the category of cities with 150,000–300,000 inhabitants.[10] About 2% of people are unemployed (compared 9,6% for Poland).[11] Bielsko-Biała is famous for its textile, machine-building, and especially automotive industry. Four areas in the city belong to the Katowice Special Economic Zone. The city region is a home for several manufacturers of high-performance gliders and aircraft.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} TransportRoad transportBielsko-Biała is located within a short distance to Czech and Slovakian borders on the crossroads of two Expressways (S1 and S52) connecting Poland with Southern Europe:
Bielsko-Biała is connected with the rest of Poland by the dual carriageway DK1 road running to Tychy where it intersects the Expressway S1 and further to Katowice where it intersects the Motorway A4. It is planned to extend S1 north along the existing dual carriageway DK1 from Bielsko-Biała to Tychy and Katowice, thus building an expressway connection of the city with the national motorway network of Poland. National Road DK52 connects Bielsko-Biała with Kraków in the east. The most important interchange in the area is the cloverleaf north of Bielsko-Biała where S1, DK1 and S52 meet. Rail transportBielsko-Biała is connected by direct train services with the following large Polish cities (November 2014): Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Gdynia, Katowice, Kraków (Cracow), Łódź, Olsztyn, Opole, Szczecin, Toruń, Warszawa (Warsaw), Wrocław. AirportsThere are 3 international airports within the 90 km distance from Bielsko-Biała, all serving connections with major European cities: Katowice International Airport, Kraków John Paul II International Airport, Ostrava Leoš Janáček Airport. SightsBielsko-Biała is a beautiful city, as are the surrounding landscapes. It is abundant in stunning Art Nouveau architecture and is often referred to as Little Vienna. It is also a vibrant student city with enjoyable nightlife, rich in both historical and natural sights, some of them listed below:
Apart from being an attractive destination itself the city is a convenient base for hiking in Silesian Beskids and Żywiec Beskids as well as for skiing in one of the most popular Polish ski resorts Szczyrk (located {{convert|18|km|0|abbr=on}} from the city centre) and in a couple of smaller nearby ski resorts. Boroughs
Education
PoliticsBielsko-Biała constituencySenators from Bielsko-Biała constituency:
Members of Sejm from Bielsko-Biała constituency:
Municipal politics
SportsThe city will host some matches for the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup taking Lubin's place. Major teams and athletes
International relations{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}}Twin towns - Sister citiesBielsko-Biała is twinned with the following cities:[18]
Notable residentsZaneta Wille - formerly of Bielsko-Biala {{further|Category:People from Bielsko-Biała}}See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Wyniki badań bieżących – Baza Demografia – Główny Urząd Statystyczny |url=http://demografia.stat.gov.pl/bazademografia/Tables.aspx |publisher=demografia.stat.gov.pl |accessdate=4 November 2018}} 2. ^GUS Central Statistical Office, Polish cities with the largest populations {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107233406/http://stat.gov.pl/statystyka-regionalna/rankingi-statystyczne/miasta-o-najwiekszej-liczbie-ludnosci-3018/ |date=2014-11-07 }} 3. ^Die postalischen Abstempelungen auf den österreichischen Postwertzeichen-Ausgaben 1867, 1883 und 1890, Wilhelm KLEIN, 1967 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.bielsko.biala.pl/eng | title=Municipal website}} 5. ^{{cite book |last=Kuhn |first= Walter|date=1981 |title= Geschichte der deutschen Sprachinsel Bielitz (Schlesien) |publisher= Holzner}} 6. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=C4OLAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Jungdeutsche+Partei%22#v=snippet&q=%22Jungdeutsche%20Partei%22&f=false |title=Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa Vol. 5 |publisher=Wydawnictwo UJ |author=Wacław Uruszczak |year=2012 |isbn=8323388687 |page=339}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/blbk52.asp | title=The British War Bluebook | publisher=2008 Lillian Goldman Law Library | date=August 24, 1939 | accessdate=11 September 2014 | author=Sir H. Kennard to Viscount Halifax}} 8. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/Nazi_Front_Schlesien.html?id=A9RWAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Nazi Front Schlesien: niemieckie organizacje polityczne w województwie Śląskim w latach 1933-1939 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Śląsk, Katowice |year=1963 |accessdate=11 September 2014 |author=Karol Grünberg |quote=Historic photos. }} 9. ^{{cite web |url= http://climatebase.ru/station/12600?lang=en |title= Архив климатических данных |work= climatebase.ru |accessdate= }} 10. ^WP.PL, [https://web.archive.org/web/20141108083406/http://finanse.wp.pl/kat%2C1013819%2Ctitle%2CRanking-miast-najlepszych-do-inwestowania%2Cwid%2C16643390%2Cwiadomosc.html?ticaid=113c42 Ranking miast najlepszych do inwestowania.] Finanse.wp.pl: „Forbes” i Centralny Ośrodek Informacji Gospodarczych (COIG). 11. ^{{cite web |title=Stopy bezrobocia dla kraju, województwa, powiatu i miasta Bielska-Białej w 2018 roku |url=http://bielsko-biala.praca.gov.pl/-/6281314-stopy-bezrobocia-dla-kraju-wojewodztwa-powiatu-i-miasta-bielska-bialej-w-2018-roku |publisher=Powiatowy Urząd Pracy w Bielsku-Białej |accessdate=4 November 2018}} 12. ^BBOSiR Bielsko-Biała Municipal Centre of Sports and Leisure, Dębowiec Resort official website 13. ^University of Bielsko-Biała official website in English 14. ^The School of Administration in Bielsko-Biała official website in English 15. ^Bielsko-Biała School of Finances and Law official website in English 16. ^Current FAI ranking of Sebastian Kawa {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306061812/http://igcrankings.fai.org/displaypilotdets.php?pilotid=491 |date=2014-03-06 }}, retrieved on: August 22, 2012 17. ^[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trauda_(Gertruda)_Dawidowicz_married_Fuchs.jpg Statue in the swimming pool] 18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 {{cite web|url=http://www.um.bielsko.pl/|title=Bielsko-Biała - Partner Cities|publisher=Urzędu Miejskiego w Bielsku-Białej.|accessdate=2008-12-10}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kragujevac.rs/Gradovi_prijatelji-59-1|title=Kragujevac Twin Cities |publisher=©2009 Information service of Kragujevac City|accessdate=2009-02-21}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zilina.sk/mesto-zilina-o-meste-partnerske-mesta|title=Žilina - oficiálne stránky mesta: Partnerské mestá Žiliny (Žilina: Official Partner Cities)|publisher=© 2008 MaM Multimedia, s.r.o..|accessdate=2009-07-08}} External links{{Wikivoyage|Bielsko-Biała}}{{commons|Bielsko-Biała}}
11 : Bielsko-Biała|City counties of Poland|Cities and towns in Silesian Voivodeship|1312 establishments in Europe|Populated places established in 1951|Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)|Kraków Voivodeship (1919–39)|Shtetls|Holocaust locations in Poland|14th-century establishments in Poland |
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