“Bilabial consonant”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Bilabial consonant

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References
Notes General references

In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips.

Transcription

The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) are:

IPA	Description	Example
IPA	Description	Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
	bilabial nasal	English	man	[mæn]}}
	voiceless bilabial stop	English	spin	[spɪn]}}
	voiced bilabial stop	English	bed	[bɛd]}}
	voiceless bilabial fricative	Japanese	富士山 (fujisan)	[ɸuʑisaɴ]}}	Mount Fuji
	voiced bilabial fricative	Ewe	ɛʋɛ	[ɛ̀βɛ̀]}}	Ewe
	bilabial approximant	Spanish	lobo	[loβ̞o]}}	wolf
	bilabial trill	Nias	simbi	[siʙi]}}	lower jaw
	bilabial ejective	Adyghe	пӀэ	[pʼa]}}	meat
{{IPA\|ʘ̬ ʘ̃ ʘ̥̃ʰ ʘ̃ˀ}}	bilabial click release (many distinct consonants)	Nǁng	ʘoe	[ʘoe]}}	meat

Owere Igbo has a six-way contrast among bilabial stops: {{IPA|[p pʰ ɓ̥ b b̤ ɓ]}}. Approximately 0.7% of the world's languages lack bilabial consonants altogether, including Tlingit, Chipewyan, Oneida, and Wichita.^[1]

The extensions to the IPA also define a {{vanchor|bilabial percussive}} ({{IPA|[ʬ]}}) for striking the lips together (smacking the lips – see percussive consonant). A lip-smack in the non-percussive sense of the lips noisily parting would be {{IPA|[ʬ↓]}}.^[2]

The IPA chart shades out bilabial lateral consonants, which is sometimes read as indicating that such sounds are not possible. The fricatives {{IPA|[ɸ]}} and {{IPA|[β]}} are often lateral, but no language makes a distinction for centrality so the allophony is not noticeable.

References

Notes

1. ^Maddieson, Ian. 2008. Absence of Common Consonants. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Dryer, Matthew S. & Gil, David & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, chapter 18. Available online at http://wals.info/feature/18. Accessed on 2008-09-15.
2. ^Heselwood (2013: 121){{Citation not found}}

General references

{{SOWL}}
McDorman, Richard E. (1999). Labial Instability in Sound Change: Explanations for the Loss of /p/'l. H'. Chicago: Organizational Knowledge Press. {{ISBN|0-9672537-0-5}}.

2 : Place of articulation|Bilabial consonants

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See also

References

Notes

General references