| 词条 | 2004 Sri Lanka tsunami train wreck |
| 释义 |
| name = 2004 Sri Lanka tsunami-rail disaster | image = Sri-lanka-train-04jan-2004.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | image_map = | image_map_alt = | image_map_caption = | pushpin_map = | alternative_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | mapframe = | qid = | mapframe_zoom = | coordinates = | date = 26 December 2004 | time = | location = Peraliya, Hikkaduwa | location_dir = | location_city = | location_dist_km = | location_dist_mi = | country = Sri Lanka | line = Coastal line | operator = Sri Lanka Railways | owner = | service = | type = Flood | cause = Tsunami | bus = | trains = 1 Train (No. 50) | vehicles = | passengers = | crew = | pedestrians = | deaths = Exact figures unknown, at least 900, probably 1,700+ | injuries = 100+ | damage = | property = | route_map = | route_map_state = | route_map_name = | footnotes = }} The 2004 Sri Lanka tsunami-rail disaster is the largest single rail disaster in world history by death toll, with probably 1,700 fatalities or more. It occurred when a crowded passenger train was destroyed on a coastal railway in Sri Lanka by a tsunami which followed the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The tsunami subsequently caused over 30,000 reported deaths and billions of rupees in property damage in the coastal areas of Sri Lanka.[1]{{Better source|reason=per WP:CIRCULAR|date=November 2017}} TrainTrain #50 was a regular train operating between the cities of Colombo and Galle. The route runs along the southwestern coast of Sri Lanka, and at Telwatta, only about {{convert|200|m}} inland from the sea. On Sunday, 26 December 2004, during both the Buddhist full moon holiday and the Christmas holiday weekend, it left Colombo's Fort Station shortly after 6:50 A.M. with over 1,500 paid passengers and an unknown number of unpaid passengers including the ones with travel passes (called Seasons) and government travel permits.[2][3] The train was pulled by locomotive #591 Manitoba, a Sri Lanka Railways class M2a built in 1956 by General Motors Diesel of Canada as a model G12. Attempts to stop the trainSri Lanka's seismic monitoring station at Pallekele registered the earthquake within minutes but did not consider it possible for a tsunami to reach the island.[4] When tsunami reports first reached the dispatching office in Maradana, officials were able to halt eight trains running on the Coastal Line, but were unable to reach the Matara Express. Efforts to halt the train at Ambalangoda failed because all station personnel were assisting with the train, and no one was available to answer the phone until after the train had departed. Attempts to reach personnel at stations further south failed as they had fled or been killed by the waves.[2] Tsunami waves strike the crowded train{{2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami}}At 9:30 A.M., in the village of Peraliya, near Telwatta, the beach saw the first of the gigantic waves thrown up by the earthquake. The train came to a halt as water surged around it, and an alarm sounded to alert the population about the increase in the water level.[5] Hundreds of locals, believing the train to be secure on the rails, climbed onto the top of the cars to avoid being swept away. Others stood behind the train, hoping it would shield them from the force of the water. The first wave flooded the carriages and caused panic amongst the passengers. Ten minutes later a huge wave picked the train up and smashed it against the trees and houses which lined the track, crushing those seeking shelter behind it. The eight carriages were so packed with people that the doors could not be opened while they filled with water, drowning almost everyone inside as the water washed over the wreckage several more times. The passengers on top of the train were thrown clear of the uprooted carriages, and most drowned or were crushed by debris. Locomotive #591 Manitoba was carried 100 metres (328 feet), coming to rest in a swamp. Both engineer Janaka Fernando and assistant Sivaloganathan died at their posts. Estimates based on the state of the shoreline and a high-water mark on a nearby building place the tsunami 7.5 to 9 meters (24 to 29 feet) above sea level and 2 to 3 meters (6 to 9 feet) higher than the top of the train.[2][6] CasualtiesDue to the huge scale of the tsunami disaster, the local authorities were unable to cope with the devastation, and emergency services and the military were so overwhelmed that immediate rescue was not possible. In fact, the Sri Lankan authorities had no idea where the train was for several hours, until it was spotted by an army helicopter around 4:00 PM.[7] The local emergency services were destroyed, and it was a long time before help arrived. Dozens of people badly injured in the disaster died in the wreckage during the day, and many bodies were not retrieved for over a week. Some families descended on the area determined to find their relatives themselves.[2] A forensic team from Colombo photographed and finger-printed the unclaimed bodies at Batapola Hospital so the records could be stored and looked at after the bodies buried.[8] According to the Sri Lankan authorities, only about 150 people on the train survived. The estimated death toll was at least 1,700 people, and probably over 2,000, although only approximately 900 bodies were recovered, as many were swept out to sea or taken away by relatives. The town of Peraliya was also destroyed, losing hundreds of citizens and all but ten buildings to the waves. Venerable Baddegama Samitha, a Buddhist monk, helped perform funeral rites along with his students, many of whom couldn't sleep for three weeks afterwards.[9] More than 200 of the bodies retrieved were not identified or claimed, and were buried three days later in a Buddhist ceremony near the torn railway line. AftermathThe first anniversary ceremonies were held amongst the rebuilt town alongside the repaired railway, which still operates a Colombo to Galle service, employing the same guard, W. Karunatilaka, who was on the train and survived the disaster.[10][11] Locomotive #591 Manitoba and two of the damaged carriages were salvaged and rebuilt. A wave was added to the locomotive's paint job as a memorial. The rebuilt locomotive and carriages returned to Peraliya on 26 December 2008, and every year since, to take part in a religious ceremony and a memorial, held to remember those who lost their lives.[2][12] See also
Notes1. ^Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Sri Lanka 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Gunawardena|first1=Ralph|title=The Ordeal of 591 Manitoba|journal=Canadian Railway Modeler|date=July–August 2015|volume=20|issue=2|pages=16–17, 20–21}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26, 2004: Lifeline Performance|date=August 2008|publisher=ASCE Press, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering|location=Reston, VA|isbn=978-0-7844-0951-0|url=http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511|editor=Carl Strand and John Masek|access-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024115815/http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511|archive-date=2013-10-24|dead-url=yes|df=}} 4. ^Bruce Parker -The Power of the Sea: Tsunamis, Storm Surges, Rogue Waves 2012 0230112242 "Seismologists at Sri Lanka's only seismic monitoring station, at Pallekele, Kandy, knew of the earthquake off Sumatra within minutes of its initial shaking at the epicenter, but they thought it was too far away for a tsunami to reach Sri Lanka. 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/ten-years-on-the-same-conductor-continues-tsunami-train/50000263-2508939|title=Ten years on, the same conductor continues on the tsunami train|work=www.efe.com|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26, 2004: Lifeline Performance|date=August 2008|publisher=ASCE Press, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering|location=Reston, VA|isbn=978-0-7844-0951-0|url=http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511|editor=Carl Strand and John Masek|access-date=2012-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024115815/http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511|archive-date=2013-10-24|dead-url=yes|df=}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://kids.kiddle.co/2004_Sri_Lanka_tsunami_train_wreck|title=2004 Sri Lanka tsunami train wreck Facts for Kids|website=kids.kiddle.co|language=en|access-date=2018-10-02}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/29/tsunami2004.srilanka|title=One train, more than 1,700 dead|last=Steele|first=Jonathan|date=2004-12-29|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-02}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://time.com/tsunamis-wake/|title=The Tsunami's Wake|website=TIME.com|access-date=2018-10-02}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/afp/article-2887339/Sri-Lanka-train-guard-mourns-tsunami-dead-10-years-on.html|title=Sri Lanka train guard mourns tsunami dead 10 years on|publisher=DailyMail|date=26 December 2014|work=AFP}} 11. ^{{cite web|last1=Dissanayake|first1=Samanthi|title=Divided island remembers tsunami|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4560598.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 March 2016}} 12. ^Daily Mirror Online Edition, 26 December 2008. External links{{commons}}
6 : 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Railway accidents in 2004|2004 in Sri Lanka|History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)|Derailments in Sri Lanka|December 2004 events |
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