| 词条 | Beer in Iceland | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Beer in Iceland | image = Drunk 15th century Icelanders.png | caption = An illustration of two intoxicated 15th century Icelanders | type = Beer | abv = | proof = | manufacturer = | distributor = | origin = Early settlers | introduced = | discontinued = | colour = | flavour = | ingredients = | variants = | related = | website = | region = }}{{Expand Icelandic|Bjór á Íslandi|date=August 2015}} Beer in Iceland likely dates back to the island's settlement by Norsemen. In more modern history beer was effectively banned in Iceland for most of the 20th century. Since that ban was lifted in 1989, Iceland's consumption of beer has increased markedly and new breweries have begun to emerge. Early historyIceland's early settlers came from cultures where drinking beer and mead was commonplace. Poems such as the {{lang|is|Hávamál}} reference the drinking of ale ({{lang|is|öl}}). The climate of Iceland (particularly the cooling trend of the Little Ice Age, {{circa}} 1300–1850 locally) may have made beer production difficult as it became impossible to produce barley domestically.[1] ProhibitionBy the early 20th century, Icelandic attitudes toward beer and alcohol had shifted. A temperance movement similar to that in other countries pushed for a ban on moral grounds. In Iceland there was a political aspect to the movement as well: as the Icelandic independence movement began to form, beer was often associated with Denmark and thus "not the patriotic drink of choice."[2] In a 1908 referendum, 60.1% of voters approved a complete ban on alcohol set to take effect on January 1, 1915. This ban was partially lifted in 1921 in response to a trade dispute with Spain and Portugal; the two countries threatened to stop importing Iceland's salt cod if they did not allow for the importing of Spanish and Portuguese wines. Public support for the complete ban eventually began to fade and, in a 1933 referendum, 57.7% of voters approved lifting the ban.[2] Despite the referendum lifting prohibition, beer was still prohibited from containing more than 2.25% alcohol by volume (well below the 4–5% of an average beer). Some full-strength beer was smuggled into the country or produced by homebrewers. Icelanders also worked around the restriction by adding strong alcohol such as Brennevin to their beers which, while effective, was described by historian Unnar Ingvarsson as tasting "interesting and totally disgusting."[2] In 1979 an Icelandic businessman, David Scheving Thorsteinsson, attempted to bring beer into the country after a business trip. His beer was confiscated but he refused to pay the fine, arguing he should have the same right to purchase beer from a duty-free shop that airline personnel and foreign tourists were allowed to. While he lost his case the resulting press and attention provoked a new law which permitted Icelanders to bring 6 litres (12.2 pints) of foreign beer into the country.[2][3] In May 1988, the Althing passed legislation legalizing beer above 2.25% ABV. The restrictions were lifted on March 1, 1989.[3] The lifting of restrictions on beer is celebrated as Beer Day on March 1. Post-prohibitionAfter the prohibition on beer was lifted, Icelandic drinking habits shifted away from hard alcohol to beer and wine. Between 1989 and 2007, per capita liquor sales decreased by nearly half while per capita beer sales more than doubled. Sales in 2007 were 19.4 million litres.[4]{{rp|13}} A 2014 World Health Organization report showed that 62% of the alcohol consumed by Icelanders came from beer.[2] The two largest domestic brewers in Iceland are Egill Skallagrímsson Brewery and Vífilfell. Beginning in the late 2000s more small craft brewers have emerged which produce a wider variety of styles and have even won international awards for their beers. The terms {{lang|is|brugghús}} and {{lang|is|ölgerð}} are the most commonly encountered term for brewery.[1] Beer salesOff-premises alcohol sales in Iceland are only available through the state-owned State Alcohol and Tobacco Company of Iceland (ÁTVR). They operate a chain of 46 stores called Vínbúð. A bill was proposed in 2015 to end the state's monopoly on alcohol sales.[5] Beer brandsThis is a non-exhaustive list of Icelandic beer brands.
GallerySee also{{portal|Beer|Iceland}}
References1. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Hauptmann |first1=Katharina |title=Beer in Iceland |url=http://wsimag.com/food-and-wine/6257-beer-in-iceland |website=Wall Street International }} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=Why Iceland Banned Beer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31622038 |website=BBC Magazine }} 3. ^1 {{cite news |title=Beer (Soon) for Icelanders |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |date=11 May 1988 }} 4. ^{{cite web |last1=Kristjánsson |first1=Sigmundur |title=Icelandic Beer Market |url=http://pure.au.dk/portal-asb-student/files/37373383/ICELANDIC_BEER_MARKET.pdf |publisher=Aarhus University |format=PDF }} 5. ^{{cite web |title=Alcohol monopoly bill must wait |url=http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2015/06/30/alcohol_monopoly_bill_must_wait/ |website=Iceland Monitor }} External links
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