| 词条 | Bougainville Island |
| 释义 |
| name = Bougainville | image_name = BougainvilleBukaandNeighbourhood.png | image_caption = Bougainville and neighbouring islands | image_size = | map = Papua New Guinea | map_caption = Bougainville Island (Papua New Guinea) | native_name = | native_name_link = | nickname = | location = Melanesia | coordinates = {{Coord|6|14|40|S|155|23|02|E|scale:2500000|display=inline}} | archipelago = Solomon Islands | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 9318 | length_km = | width_km = | highest_mount = Mount Balbi | elevation_m = 2715 | country = Papua New Guinea | country_admin_divisions_title = Province | country_admin_divisions = Bougainville Province | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = | country_admin_divisions_1 = | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | country_largest_city = | country_largest_city_population = | population = 234,280 | population_as_of = 2011 | density_km2 = 18.80 | ethnic_groups = | timezone1 = UTC | utc_offset1 = +11 | additional_info = }} Bougainville Island is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville of Papua New Guinea. This region is also known as Bougainville Province or the North Solomons. Its land area is 9,300 km2 (3591 sq miles). The population of the province is 234,280 (2011 census), which includes the adjacent island of Buka and assorted outlying islands including the Carterets. Mount Balbi at 2,700 m is the highest point. Bougainville Island is the largest of the Solomon Islands archipelago, forming part of the Northern Solomon Islands, which is politically separate from the sovereign country also called Solomon Islands. History{{Main article|History of Bougainville}}Bougainville was first settled some 28,000 years ago. Three to four thousand years ago, Austronesian people arrived, bringing with them domesticated pigs, chickens, dogs and obsidian tools. The first European contact with Bougainville was in 1768, when the French explorer Louis de Bougainville arrived and named the main island for himself.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} Germany laid claim to Bougainville in 1899, annexing it into German New Guinea. Christian missionaries arrived on the island in 1902.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} During World War I, Australia occupied German New Guinea, including Bougainville. It became part of the Australian Territory of New Guinea under a League of Nations mandate in 1920.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} In 1942, during World War II, Japan invaded the island, but allied forces launched the Bougainville campaign to regain control of the island in 1943.[1][2] Despite heavy bombardments, the Japanese garrisons remained on the island until 1945. Following the war, the Territory of New Guinea, including Bougainville, returned to Australian control. In 1949, the Territory of New Guinea, including Bougainville, merged with the Australian Territory of Papua, forming the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, a United Nations Trust Territory under Australian administration.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} On 9 September 1975, the Parliament of Australia passed the Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975. The Act set 16 September 1975 as date of independence and terminated all remaining sovereign and legislative powers of Australia over the territory. Bougainville was to become part of an independent Papua New Guinea. However, on 11 September 1975, in a failed bid for self-determination, Bougainville declared the Republic of the North Solomons. The republic failed to achieve any international recognition, and a settlement was reached in August 1976. Bougainville was then absorbed politically into Papua New Guinea with increased self-governance powers.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} Between 1988 and 1998, the Bougainville Civil War claimed over 15,000 lives. Peace talks brokered by New Zealand began in 1997 and led to autonomy. A multinational Peace Monitoring Group (PMG) under Australian leadership was deployed. In 2001, a peace agreement was signed including promise of a referendum on independence from Papua New Guinea.[3] GeographyBougainville is the largest island in the Solomon Islands archipelago. It is part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion. Bougainville and the nearby island of Buka are a single landmass separated by a deep 300-metre-wide strait. The island has an area of 9000 square kilometres, and there are several active, dormant or inactive volcanoes which rise to 2400 m. Mount Bagana in the north central part of Bougainville is conspicuously active, spewing out smoke that is visible many kilometres distant. Earthquakes are frequent, but cause little damage. EcologyThe daily volume of wild rivers appears to be decreasing. This has been affected by deforestation caused by the increased demand for gardens to feed the growing population.[4] Mining with its use of chemicals and its aftereffects poses other environmental issues, e.g. alluvial gold mining and the now decommissioned Rio Tinto-owned Panguna mine.[5] Climate{{Weather box |location = Bougainville |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 89 |Feb high F = 89 |Mar high F = 88 |Apr high F = 87 |May high F = 87 |Jun high F = 87 |Jul high F = 86 |Aug high F =87 |Sep high F = 87 |Oct high F = 86 |Nov high F =88 |Dec high F = 88 |year high F = 87 |Jan low F = 72 |Feb low F = 71 |Mar low F = 73 |Apr low F = 72 |May low F = 71 |Jun low F = 71 |Jul low F = 71 |Aug low F = 71 |Sep low F = 71 |Oct low F = 71 |Nov low F = 72 |Dec low F = 73 |year low F = 72 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 22.2 |Feb precipitation inch =7.5 |Mar precipitation inch = 14.7 |Apr precipitation inch = 11.4 |May precipitation inch = 11.1 |Jun precipitation inch = 9.5 |Jul precipitation inch = 19.9 |Aug precipitation inch = 12.7 |Sep precipitation inch = 13.9 |Oct precipitation inch = 22.9 |Nov precipitation inch = 16.4 |Dec precipitation inch = 19.2 |year precipitation inch = 181.4 |source 1 = Weatherbase[6] |date=November 2011 }} EconomyBougainville has one of the world's largest copper deposits. These have been under development since 1972; one of the reserves has almost 915 million tonnes of copper with an average grade of 0.46% Cu. DemographicsReligionThe majority of people on Bougainville are Christian, an estimated 70% being Roman Catholic and a substantial minority United Church of Papua New Guinea since 1968. Few non-natives remain as most were evacuated following the civil wars.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} LanguagesThere are many indigenous languages in Bougainville Province, belonging to three language families. The languages of the northern end of the island, and some scattered around the coast, belong to the Austronesian family. The languages of the north-central and southern lobes of Bougainville Island belong to the North and South Bougainville families.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} The most widely spoken Austronesian language is Halia and its dialects, spoken in the island of Buka and the Selau peninsula of Northern Bougainville. Other Austronesian languages include Nehan, Petats, Solos, Saposa (Taiof), Hahon and Tinputz, all spoken in the northern quarter of Bougainville, Buka and surrounding islands. These languages are closely related. Bannoni and Torau are Austronesian languages not closely related to the former, which are spoken in the coastal areas of central and south Bougainville. On the nearby Takuu Atoll a Polynesian language is spoken, Takuu.[7] The Papuan languages are confined to the main island of Bougainville. These include Rotokas, a language with a very small inventory of phonemes, Eivo, Terei, Keriaka, Nasioi (Kieta), Nagovisi, Siwai (Motuna), Baitsi (sometimes considered a dialect of Siwai), Uisai and several others. These constitute two language families, North Bougainville and South Bougainville.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} None of the languages are spoken by more than 20% of the population, and the larger languages such as Nasioi, Korokoro Motuna, Telei, and Halia are split into dialects that are not always mutually understandable. For general communication most Bougainvilleans use Tok Pisin as a lingua franca, and at least in the coastal areas Tok Pisin is often learned by children in a bilingual environment. English and Tok Pisin are the languages of official business and government.{{citation needed|date = November 2015}} Human rightsA 2013 United Nations survey of 843 men found that 62% (530 respondents) of those have raped a woman or girl at least once, with 41% (217 respondents) of the men reported having raped a non-partner, whereas 14% (74 respondents) reported having committed gang rape. Additionally, the survey also found that 8% (67 respondents) of the men had raped other men or boys.[8] Popular cultureThe Coconut Revolution, a documentary about the struggle of the indigenous population to save their island from environmental destruction and gain independence was made in 1999.[9]An Evergreen Island (2000), a film by Australian documentary filmmakers Amanda King and Fabio Cavadini of Frontyard Films, showed the ingenuity with which the Bougainvillean people survived for almost a decade (1989-1997) without trade or contact with the outside world, because of a trade dispute.[10][11][12]Mr. Pip (2012), a film by New Zealand director Andrew Adamson based on the book Mister Pip by Lloyd Jones, is largely set in a village on Bougainville Island during the 1990s civil war.[13]See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=R. Cargill|title=Lightning Over Bougainville: The Yamamoto Mission Reconsidered|date=1991|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn=1-56098-012-5}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Gailey|first1=Harry A.|title=Bougainville, 1943–1945: The Forgotten Campaign|date=1991|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=0-8131-1748-8}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of World Regional Geography|last=Hobbs|first=J.|publisher=|year=2017|isbn=|edition=4th|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-environment/water-crisis-looms-from-deforestation-alluvial-mining/|title=Water crisis looms from deforestation; alluvial mining|work=Bougainville 24 – BCL news blog}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-04/an-bougainville-unep/4935456|title=UNEP to help Bougainville manage clean-up of Rio Tinto mine|publisher=ABC News}} 6. ^{{cite web|url =http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=100519&refer=wikipedia |title =Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Bougainville, Papua New Guinea|publisher=Weatherbase|year=2011}}Retrieved on 24 November 2011. 7. ^Irwin, H. (1980). Takuu Dictionary. : A Polynesian language of the South Pacific. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 428pp. {{ISBN|978-0858836372}}. 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://unwomen-asiapacific.org/docs/WhyDoSomeMenUseViolenceAgainstWomen_P4P_Report.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030150/http://unwomen-asiapacific.org/docs/WhyDoSomeMenUseViolenceAgainstWomen_P4P_Report.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016|title=Why do some men use violence against women and how can we prevent it}} 9. ^{{cite web| title=Coconut Revolution, The (Bougainville story)| url=http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/the-coconut-revolution/}} 10. ^{{cite web |url= http://aso.gov.au/titles/documentaries/evergreen-island/clip1/ |title= An Evergreen Island |work= National Film and Sound Archive |accessdate= 19 January 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/21894 |title= Bougainville film shows courage and community |work= Green Left Weekly |date= 26 July 2000 |accessdate= 19 January 2014}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://newint.org/columns/media/film/2002/06/01/evergreen/|title=An Evergreen Island|website=New Internationalist}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://freestylereleasing.com/mr-pip/ |title=Mr. Pip |accessdate=6 March 2018}} Bibliography
Further reading{{Wikivoyage|Bougainville}}{{Commons category|Bougainville Island}}
9 : Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Islands of Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Geography of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville|1899 establishments in German New Guinea|1919 disestablishments in German New Guinea|1943 establishments in Australia|1975 disestablishments in Australia|1975 establishments in Papua New Guinea |
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