| 词条 | Bristol Bombay | |||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Bristol Bombay was a British troop transport aircraft adaptable for use as a medium bomber flown by the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. Design and developmentThe Bristol Bombay was built to Air Ministry Specification C.26/31 which called for a monoplane bomber-transport aircraft to replace the Vickers Valentia biplane in use in the Middle East and India. The aircraft was required to be capable of carrying 24 troops or an equivalent load of cargo as a transport, while carrying bombs and defensive guns for use as a bomber.[1] This dual-purpose design concept was common to British pre-war designs. Other entries for the specification were the Armstrong Whitworth A.W.23 and the Handley Page HP.52.[1] Bristol's design, the Type 130, was a high-wing cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction.[1] Bristol's last monoplane design, the 1927 Bagshot, had suffered from lack of torsional rigidity in the wings leading to aileron reversal.[2] This led to an extensive research program at Bristol which resulted in a wing design with a stressed metal skin rivetted to an internal framework consisting of multiple spars and the ribs. This was the basis of the Bombay's wing, which had seven spars, with high-tensile steel flanges and alclad webs.[3] The aircraft had a twin-tail and a fixed tailwheel undercarriage.[3][7] The aircraft's crew consisted of a pilot, who sat in an enclosed cockpit, a navigator/bomb-aimer, whose working position was in the nose, and a radio-operator/gunner, who divided his time between the radio operator's position behind the cockpit and a gun turret in the nose. When the aircraft was operated as a bomber, an additional gunner was carried to man the tail gun position. In the prototype, this position was equipped with a single Lewis gun on a Scarff ring, but in production aircraft, both gun positions were hydraulically-operated gun turrets armed with single Vickers K machine guns. Eight {{convert|250|lb|kg}} bombs could be carried on racks under the fuselage.[3][7][4] A prototype Type 130 was ordered in March 1933 and first flew on 23 June 1935,[5] powered by two {{convert|750|hp|kW}} Bristol Pegasus III radial engines driving two-bladed propellers. Testing was successful and an order for 80 was placed as the Bombay in July 1937.[5][6] These differed from the prototype in having more powerful ({{convert|1010|hp|kW|abbr=on}}) engines driving three-bladed Rotol variable-pitch propellers, discarding the wheel spats fitted to the undercarriage mainwheels in the prototype.[7][8] As Bristol's Filton factory was busy building the more urgent Blenheim, the production aircraft were built by Short & Harland of Belfast.[5][9] However, the complex nature of the Bombay's wing delayed production at Belfast, with the first Bombay not being delivered until 1939 and the last 30 being cancelled.[5][10] Operational historyThe first production Bombay flew in March 1939, with deliveries to No. 216 Squadron RAF based in Egypt beginning in September that year.[9] Although it was outclassed as a bomber for the European theatre, it saw some service with British-based 271 Squadron ferrying supplies to the British Expeditionary Force in France in 1940.[9][10] In June 1940, French pilot Jean-Francois Demozay borrowed an abandoned Bombay to ferry himself and 15 troops from France to England, after which he became an ace with the RAF.[11] The Bombay's main service was in the Middle East, particularly with 216 Squadron, which operated most of the Bombays built at some stage.[10] When the war with Italy began in June 1940, in the absence of more modern aircraft, 216 Squadron's Bombays were used as night bombers as well as in their principal role as transport aircraft.[12][13] The design bombload of 250 lb bombs under the fuselage was supplemented by improvised bombs thrown out of the cargo door by hand.[10][10][13] The aircraft flew bombing sorties against targets in the Western Desert, including Benghazi and Tobruk, and against Italian Somaliland, until the buildup of Vickers Wellington bombers in Egypt allowed the Bombays to concentrate on transport operations.[14][15] In the transport role, they ferried supplies and evacuated the wounded during the Siege of Tobruk,[16] while on 2 May 1941, Bombays of No. 216 Squadron RAF evacuated the Greek Royal Family from Crete to Egypt.[9] Later that month, Bombays played an important role in ferrying troops during the Anglo-Iraqi War.[9][17] Five Bombays were used by the fledgling SAS in their first official operation in the Middle East, a raid on five forward German aerodromes on 17 November 1941.[18] Lieutenant General William Gott, the highest ranking British officer killed in the war, died when the Bombay in which he was being carried was shot down in the Western Desert on 7 August 1942. He was about to assume command from General Claude Auchinleck. His death opened the way for General Bernard Montgomery to take over.[19]Bombays evacuated over 2,000 wounded during the Sicily campaign in 1943, and one crew was credited with carrying 6,000 casualties from Sicily and Italy before the type was finally withdrawn from use in 1944.[20][39] Variants
Operators
Specifications (Bombay Mk.I){{Aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=plane |jet or prop?=prop |ref=The British Bomber since 1914 [10] |crew=three-four |capacity=24 armed troops or 10 stretchers |length main=69 ft 3 in |length alt=21.1 m |span main=95 ft 9 in |span alt=29.2 m |height main=19 ft 11 in |height alt=6.1 m |area main=1,340 ft² |area alt=124.5 m² |empty weight main=13,800 lb |empty weight alt=6,260 kg |loaded weight main=20,180 lb |loaded weight alt=9,173 kg |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |engine (prop)=Bristol Pegasus XXII |type of prop=radial engines |number of props=2 |power main=1,010 hp |power alt=755 kW |max speed main=167 kn |max speed alt=192 mph, 309 km/h |max speed more=at 6,500 ft (2,000 m) |cruise speed main= 139 kn |cruise speed alt=160 mph, 268 km/h |cruise speed more=at 10,000 ft (3,050 m) |range main=1,940 nmi |range alt=2,230 mi, 3,560 km |range more=with overload fuel |ceiling main=24,850 ft |ceiling alt=7,600 m |climb rate main=750 ft/min |climb rate alt=3.8 m/s |loading main=14.9 lb/ft² |loading alt=72.9 kg/m² |power/mass main=0.10 hp/lb |power/mass alt=170 W/kg |guns=2 × 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine guns in powered nose and tail turrets |bombs=2,000 lb (907 kg) as 8 × 250 lb (113 kg) bombs on underfuselage racks }} See also{{Aircontent|related=
|similar aircraft=*Handley Page Harrow
|lists=
|see also= }} References{{commons category|Bristol Bombay}}1. ^Lewis 1980, pp. 256–259. 2. ^Barnes 1964, pp. 202–203. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 Barnes 1964, p. 249. 4. ^Cooling 1982, p. 8. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 Mason 1994, p. 277. 6. ^Cooling 1982, p. 4. 7. ^Mason 1994, pp. 277–278. 8. ^Barnes 1964, pp. 250–251. 9. ^1 2 3 4 Barnes 1964, p. 251. 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Mason 1994, p. 278. 11. ^Ketley 1999, p. 45. 12. ^Shores, Massimello and Guest 2012, p. 448. 13. ^1 Cooling 1982, pp. 4–5. 14. ^Shores, Massimello and Guest 2012, pp. 448–451. 15. ^Shores 1992, p. 44. 16. ^Cooling 1982, p. 5. 17. ^Shores 1992, pp. 176, 189, 193. 18. ^Shores, Massimello and Guest 2012, pp. 309–310 19. ^Cooling 1982, p. 17. 20. ^Barnes 1964, pp. 251–252. 21. ^Barnes 1964, p. 386. 22. ^1 2 Barnes 1964, p. 250. 23. ^1 Cooling 1982, p. 10. 24. ^Barnes 1964, pp. 250, 330–331.
6 : Bristol Aeroplane Company aircraft|British bomber aircraft 1930–1939|British military transport aircraft 1930–1939|High-wing aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1935|Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft |
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