| 词条 | British Rail Class 156 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| background = #012545 | name = British Rail Class 156 Super Sprinter | image = File:156489 in NR white.jpg | imagealt = | imagesize = 300px | caption = Northern 156489 at {{stnlink|Dewsbury}} in 2018 | interiorimage = 156402 Interior.jpg | interiorimagealt = | interiorcaption = Interior of Greater Anglia refurbished Class 156 | service = 1988 – present | manufacturer = Metro-Cammell | ordernumber = {{ubl|31028 ({{abbr|DMSL|Driving Motor Standard Lavatory}})|31029 ({{abbr|DMS|Driving Motor Standard}})[1]}} | factory = Washwood Heath | family = Sprinter | replaced = First generation DMUs | yearconstruction = 1987–1989[2] | yearservice = 1988 | refurbishment = | yearscrapped = | numberconstruction= | numberbuilt = 114 sets (228 carriages) | numberservice = 114 sets | numberpreserved = | numberscrapped = | formation = {{ubl|2 carriages per set|DMSL+DMS[3]}} | diagram = {{ubl|DP244 (DMSL)|DP245 (DMS)[1][4]}} | code = | fleetnumbers = {{ubl|156401-156514 (set)|52401-52514 (DMSL)|57401-57514 (DMS)[3]}} | capacity = {{ubl|As built:|163S (set)|79S (DMSL)|84S (DMS)[3][4]|TOC modified:|140-152S (set)|68-74S (DMSL)|72-78S (DMS)[3][5]}} | operator = {{ubl|Current:|ScotRail|East Midlands Trains|Greater Anglia|Northern|Previous:|Regional Railways|Arriva Trains Northern|Central Trains|First North Western|First ScotRail|Northern Rail|ScotRail (National Express)}} | depots = {{ubl|Corkerhill|Derby Etches Park|Heaton|Neville Hill|Newton Heath|Norwich Crown Point|Tyseley[6]}} | lines = | carbody = Steel[4] | trainlength = | carlength = {{convert|23.03|m|ftin||abbr=on}}[4] | width = {{convert|2.73|m|ftin||abbr=on}}[4] | height = {{convert|3.81|m|ftin||abbr=on}}[4] | floorheight = {{convert|1.14|m|ftin|abbr=on}}[4] | platformheight = | entrylevelorstep = | doors = Single leaf sliding[3] | art-sections = 2 | wheeldiameter = | wheelbase = {{convert|16|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (bogie centres)[4] | maxspeed = {{convert|75|mph|km/h||abbr=on}}[4] | weight = {{ubl|{{convert|35.5|t|abbr=on}} (DMS)|{{convert|36.1|t|abbr=on}} (DMSL)[3]}} | axleload = | traction = | engine = 1 × Cummins NT855-R5[4] Diesel (per car) | enginetype = | cylindercount = | cylindersize = | traction motors = | poweroutput = {{convert|570|hp|kW||abbr=on}}[3] | tractiveeffort = | transmission = {{ubl|Voith Hydraulic T211r[1]|(2 axles driven per car)}} | acceleration = | deceleration = | aux = | powersupply = | hvac = Hot air from single heat exchanger[4] | uicclass = | aarwheels = | bogies = {{ubl|BREL P3-10 (powered)| BREL BT38 (trailer)[3][4]}} | brakes = Air/EP[3] | safety = {{ubl|AWS[4]|TPWS}} | coupling = BSI[7] | multipleworking = Classes 14x, 15x, 17x[3] | light = | gauge = {{RailGauge|1435mm}} | notes = }} The British Rail Class 156 Super Sprinter is a diesel multiple unit train. A total of 114 sets were built between 1987 and 1989 for British Rail by Metro-Cammell's Washwood Heath works. {{citation needed|date=August 2018}} They were built to replace elderly first-generation DMUs and locomotive-hauled passenger trains. DescriptionThe design of the Class 156 was more conservative than Metro-Cammell's earlier Class 151 design. The bodyshell was made of steel instead of aluminium, and the cab design was deliberately similar to the Class 150 to ease union acceptance.[8] In late 1985, British Rail placed an order with Metro-Cammell for 114 two-carriage units.[9][10] Construction of the welded bodyshells was subcontracted out with Procor Engineering, Wakefield completing 118, WH Davis 60 and Standard Wagon 50. Aston Martin Tickford were awarded the interior fitout contract.[11] The units were all built as two-car sets, numbered 156401-514. Each unit was formed of two driving motors, one of which contained a toilet.[12] Individual carriages numbered as follows:
The vehicles are powered by 6-cylinder Cummins NT855-R5 diesel engines through Voith T211r hydraulic automatic transmissions and Gmeinder final drive units.[11][12] They have a top speed of {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Unlike the Class 150 units, the 156s have a single-leaf sliding door at either end of each coach. This reflected the expected longer journeys with fewer stops that the Class 156 was supposed to operate. As with the Class 150, all the doors are operable by passengers when released by the guard using one of two passenger door control panels; they are energised using a carriage key to turn a rotary switch situated on the cab bulkhead. Units operated by Abellio ScotRail have additionally been fitted with door-control panels near the centre sets of doors for the convenience of the guard. OperationsBritish RailOn 10 November 1987, 156401 conducted its first test run from Washwood Heath to Banbury. Between January and July 1988, 156401-156429 were delivered to Crown Point depot entering service on 16 May 1988 on new services from East Anglia to North West England as well as existing services from Norwich and Cambridge to Birmingham. They also operated boat trains from Harwich to Blackpool and later Liverpool.[11] The remaining 85 were delivered to Heaton, Neville Hill, Haymarket and Inverness. With the Class 155 units withdrawn due to faulty door mechanisms, 25 were transferred to Cardiff from December 1988, with the last remaining until November 1989. In this guise they operated services as far south as Portsmouth. In May 1991, six were transferred from Crown Point to Derby Etches Park.[11] On 15 June 1989, 156502 was sent to the Netherlands as part of the Dutch Railways 150th celebrations. It returned on 10 July.[11] On 21 October 1993, 156405 became the first Sprinter to accrue 1 million miles, whilst working the 10:10 Great Yarmouth to Norwich service.[13] The first 100 were painted in Provincial sector's livery of blue and beige with light blue stripe. Twenty units, (156401-419/422) based at Tyseley depot, were later repainted into Regional Railways Express livery after the rebranding of Provincial. The last fourteen units were operated by Strathclyde PTE, and carried an orange and black livery. Following the delivery of the Class 158s in the early 1990s, the 156s began to be cascaded to less important services.[11] In the early 1990s, British Rail was looking to save costs on rural routes, and decided that operating two-car trains was too expensive. The company planned to convert a number of Class 156 units into single-car vehicles, named as Class 152. In the event, the decision was taken to do this with the {{BRC|155}} instead.[14] Post-privatisationAs part of the privatisation of British Rail, the Class 156 fleet was sold with Angel Trains taking ownership of 76 and Porterbrook 38.[15][16] These were leased to several train operating companies. ScotlandAt privatisation the Scottish fleet passed to the National Express owned ScotRail franchise, which used them until 2004 when the franchise was taken over by First ScotRail. All passed to Abellio ScotRail with the franchise in 2015. They operate both on short-distance commuter routes and on services of up to five and a half hours, such as Glasgow to Fort William and Mallaig.[17] Units 156500-514, were operated by Strathclyde Partnership for Transport and originally wore its orange and black livery. This was replaced with a carmine and cream livery in 1997, that was also applied to another 14.[18][19] All have since been repainted into ScotRail's standard Saltire livery.[20] Despite their past liveries, the former SPT units were not confined to any specific route and thus worked in tandem with the rest of the 156 fleet on other routes. Generally units work interchangeably on local and long-distance workings, however only the fifteen RETB fitted units can operate on the West Highland Line.[21] As of 2017, they regularly operate on the following routes:{{CN|date=March 2019}}
They also make occasional appearances on the following routes worked mostly by other units:{{CN|date=March 2019}}
In the event of severe disruption, Class 156s are known to make rare appearances to Perth and {{stnlnk|Dundee}}, where they operated regularly until 2005.{{CN|date=March 2019}} In September 2008 Transport Scotland announced that all ScotRail trains (including those of Strathclyde Partnership for Transport) would be repainted in a new livery of blue with white saltire markings on the carriage ends. The first 156 was repainted in this livery by RailCare Springburn in February 2009.[22] In December 2014, 156478 was written off by Angel Trains and sold to Brodie Leasing after being damaged by floodwaters on the Glasgow South Western Line. Brodie Leasing repaired the unit and it returned to service with Abellio ScotRail in October 2016.[23] In 2016, a programme to fit the units with disabled toilets and effluent tanks began. Conversion of the fleet should be completed by December 2017.[24][25] In late 2018, five units transferred to Northern after the Class 385s began to enter service.[26] East AngliaHaving originally been based in the East Anglia region but later transferred away, in early 2005 they returned when One received nine from Central Trains in exchange for a similar number of Class 150s.[27] The units are used on the following local services:
as well as the longer distance services between {{stnlnk|Ipswich}} to {{stnlnk|Cambridge}}/{{stnlnk|Peterborough}}. All nine passed to Abellio Greater Anglia when it took over the Greater Anglia franchise in February 2012. Despite being overhauled by Railcare, Wolverton in 2012/13, including work to make them comply with disability legislation, all are scheduled to be replaced by Class 755s in 2020.[28][29] Northern EnglandFollowing privatisation, both Arriva Trains Northern and First North Western operated Class 156s and implemented their own refurbishment programmes. The two fleets were united when Northern Rail took over both franchises in 2004. Six former Arriva Trains Northern Class 156 units were transferred from Yorkshire to the North West by Merseyrail, to replace some Class 142s in the Merseyside area, after Class 158s were introduced in Yorkshire. The franchise's units, split between depots at Heaton and Allerton, operate as 'common user' on a day-to-day basis, and are liable to appear working well away from their supposed home depot's routes (the opposite of what used to happen under British Rail, when units rarely strayed from their home depot's locality).{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} Within the Northern region, Class 156s are concentrated in the North-West and also the North-East, but are uncommon now in Yorkshire and Humberside, where Class 158s and other unit types are used instead. In 2011, fourteen Class 156s were fitted with GPS as a trial for Northern Rail, being tested on the Esk Valley line.[30] In 2011 four were transferred to East Midlands Trains.[31] In January 2015, Northern Rail began to hire 156s to First TransPennine Express to operate Manchester Airport to Blackpool North services.[32] Northern Rail's fleet of 42 Class 156s passed to Arriva Rail North when the new franchise started on 1 April 2016. The 156s began to operate Manchester Airport to Barrow in Furness and Oxenholme to Windermere services from this date after they along with the Manchester Airport to Blackpool North services were transferred to the franchise.[33] An additional five Class 156 units transferred to Northern from Abellio ScotRail in late 2018.[26] MidlandsIn 1997, Central Trains inherited twenty units from Regional Railways[34] for use mainly on medium-distance services such as:
In an attempt at fleet standardisation, preparations were made during 2003 to exchange all 20 Class 156s for an equal number of ScotRail Class 158s,[35] with 156402 partially repainted in ScotRail colours in readiness when overhauled at Wabtec, Doncaster.[36] The transfer did not proceed after the Scottish Government refused to sanction the move, and the rest of the fleet were reliveried into Central Trains' livery between 2003 and 2005.[37] Nine units were transferred to One during early 2005, in exchange for a similar number of Class 150s.[27] At the end of the Central Trains franchise, the remaining eleven units were transferred to East Midlands Trains, who repainted the fleet during 2008[38] and then carried out a refurbishment program from autumn 2010 onwards.[39] The refurbishment, carried out at Neville Hill depot, included interior refurbishment work, improvements to driving cabs and installation of CCTV.[40][41] These trains are now used on slower medium-distance services such as Nottingham/Derby to Matlock, Nottingham to Skegness, Leicester to Lincoln and Nottingham to Worksop. In May 2011, four additional units were transferred from Northern Rail to allow Nottingham to Liverpool services to be strengthened.[41] Fleet details
Named unitsSome units have received names:[42]
Accidents and incidents
References1. ^1 2 {{harvnb|Fox|1987|p=45}} 2. ^{{harvnb|Fox|Hughes|1994|p=33}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|url=http://www.therailwaycentre.com/Recognition%20tech%20Data%20DMU/DMU_156.html|title=Class 156|work=The Railway Centre|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309225405/http://www.therailwaycentre.com/Recognition%20tech%20Data%20DMU/DMU_156.html|archivedate=9 March 2005}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book| title = Vehicle Diagram Book No. 220 for Diesel Multiple Unit Trains (Railcars)| publisher = British Railways Board | location = Derby | date = 1982| at=DP244, DP245 | work=Barrowmore MRG |url=http://www.barrowmoremrg.co.uk/BRBDocuments/Book220Issue.pdf}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/329103/northern-interim-franchise-agreement.pdf|title=The Northern Interim Franchise Agreement| work=gov.uk| accessdate=22 April 2015}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Fox|Hughes|1994|pp=33–35}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rssb.co.uk/RGS/Pages/MECHANICALANDELECTRICALCOUPLINGINDEX.aspx |title=Mechanical And Electrical Coupling Index |accessdate=10 December 2010 |publisher=Rail Safety and Standards Board |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221005408/http://www.rssb.co.uk/RGS/Pages/MECHANICALANDELECTRICALCOUPLINGINDEX.aspx |archivedate=21 December 2013 |df=dmy }} 8. ^{{cite web |url= http://members.madasafish.com/~dysgraphyk/156/class156_origins.htm |title=Class Origins |author=dysgraphyk |publisher=156 Super-Sprinter website |date=n.d. |accessdate=11 March 2010}} 9. ^”Bus builders share massive BR car orders” Railway Gazette International December 1985 page 899 10. ^”Super Sprinters take to the rails” Railway Gazette International July 1987 page 471 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 "The Class 156 Super Sprinter story" Today's Railways issue 87 March 2009 pages 44-56 12. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Railway Data File |year=1999 |page=82 |isbn=978-1-85605-499-7 |publisher=Blitz |location =Leicester}} 13. ^{{cite web |url= http://dysgraphyk.madasafish.com/156/class156_br-years.htm |title=The British Rail Years |author=dysgraphyk |publisher=156 Super-Sprinter website |date=n.d. |accessdate=11 September 2010}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.therailwaycentre.com/Resource_data/All%20Time%20class%20DMU.pdf |title=The all-time guide to the UK Traction Classification System Part 3: Diesel Multiple Units |author= |date=2 May 2006 |website=The Railway Centre |publisher= |access-date=7 September 2018 ||archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611190940/http://www.therailwaycentre.com/Resource_data/All%20Time%20class%20DMU.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2014 |quote=}} 15. ^[https://www.angeltrains.co.uk/Products-Services/Regional-Passenger-Trains/47 Class 156] Angel Trains 16. ^[https://www.porterbrook.co.uk/rolling-stock/fleet?s=class-156-northern Class 156] Porterbrook 17. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.scot-rail.co.uk/page/Class+156 |title=Class 156 |publisher =scot-rail.co.uk (enthusiast website) |date=20 February 2012}} 18. ^"Strathclyde adopts new livery for fleet" Rail Magazine issue 298 12 February 1997 page 13 19. ^"SPT confirms carmine & cream as new livery" The Railway Magazine issue 1172 April 1997 page 62 20. ^SPT Liveried Class 156s Scot-rail (enthusiast site) 21. ^Class 156 Scot-rail (enthusiast site) 22. ^All Scotand's trains to get Saltaire livery The Scotsman 31 July 2008 23. ^Flood-damaged DMU returns to service Railway Gazette International 19 October 2016 24. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.transportscotland.gov.uk/news/new-train-refurbishment-rid-scotland's-railways-effluent|publisher=Transport Scotland |title=New train refurbishment to rid Scotland's railways of effluent |date=15 October 2015}} 25. ^No dumping: first of ScotRail trains refurbished with non-discharging trains will rejoin the fleet this week Evening Times 16 October 2015 26. ^1 "Northern announces dates for rundown of Pacer fleet" Rail Express issue 244 September 2016 page 11 27. ^1 "Central starts rebranding its ex Anglia 150s" Rail Magazine issue 517 6 July 2005 page 27 28. ^[https://www.greateranglia.co.uk/about-us/latest-news/news-articles/newly-refurbished-class-156-train-re-enters-service Newly refurbished Class 156 train re-enters service] Abellio Greater Anglia 3 December 2012 29. ^Stadler and Bombardier to supply trains for Abellio East Anglia franchise Railway Gazette International 10 August 2016 30. ^Train tracking trials Whitby Gazette 17 March 2011 31. ^"Northern 156s readied for EMT" Rail Magazine issue 680 5 October 2011 page 27 32. ^[https://www.tpexpress.co.uk/news/2015/01/announcement/ Train announcement] First TransPennine Express 8 January 2015 33. ^[https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/407939/northern-and-tpe-stakeholder-briefing-document-and-consultation-response.pdf Stakeholder Briefing Document and Consultation Response] Department for Transport 27 February 2015 34. ^{{Cite book |editor-first=Steven |editor-last=Knight |year=1997 |title=A comprehensive guide to Britain's new railway |location=Peterborough |publisher=EMAP Apex |oclc=154179551}} 35. ^{{cite web |url= http://dysgraphyk.madasafish.com/156/class156_liv-wp.htm |title=White 156 402 |author=dysgraphyk |publisher=156 Super-Sprinter website |date=n.d. |accessdate=14 March 2012}} 36. ^”CT Class 156 emerges unbranded” Rail Magazine issue 466 23 July 2003 page 70 37. ^{{cite web |url= http://dysgraphyk.madasafish.com/156/class156_liv-ct.htm |title=Central Trains Livery |author=dysgraphyk |publisher=156 Super-Sprinter website |accessdate=14 March 2012}} 38. ^{{cite press release |url= http://www.eastmidlandstrains.co.uk/EMTrains/AboutUs/News/_EastMidlandsTrainslaunchesfirstre-brandedClass156train_.htm |publisher=East Midlands Trains |date= 4 April 2008 |title= East Midlands Trains launches first re-branded Class 156 train}} 39. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislincolnshire.co.uk/news/Trains-revamp-just-ticket-passengers/article-2696889-detail/article.html |work=Lincolnshire Echo |location =Lincoln |date =29 September 2010 |title= Rail passengers welcome first trains to undergo part of £5m makeover}} 40. ^”EMT starts 153 and 156 refurbishment” Today’s Railways issue 105 September 2010 page 64 41. ^1 {{cite news |title=EMT refurbished Class 156 launched |work=Modern Railways |location =London |author=Miles, Tony |date=December 2010 |page=88}} 42. ^{{cite web|title=DMU Formations|url=http://www.abrail.co.uk/DMU_formations.htm|publisher=AbRail|accessdate=27 March 2015}} 43. ^{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/547c8fc4e5274a428d000147/R082014_140402_Landslips.pdf |title=Class investigation into landslips affecting Network Rail infrastructure between June 2012 and February 2013 |publisher=Rail Accidents Investigation Branch |accessdate=22 January 2018}} 44. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/suffolk-rail-crossing-crash |title=Suffolk rail crossing crash leaves man with life-threatening injuries |author1=Gabbatt, Adam |author2=Meikle, James |accessdate=18 August 2010 |location=London |work=The Guardian |date=18 August 2010}} 45. ^{{cite web|author=DVV Media International Ltd |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/flood-damaged-dmu-returns-to-service.html |title=Flood-damaged DMU returns to service |publisher=Railway Gazette |date= |accessdate=2018-11-28}} 46. ^{{cite web |url=https://stv.tv/news/north/1406651-scotrail-train-hits-landslip-leaving-passengers-stranded/ |title=Landslip derails train leaving passengers stranded |first=Charles |last=Foote |publisher=STV News |accessdate=22 January 2018}} 47. ^{{cite web |last1=Crack |first1=Cumbria |title=Disruption to rail services between Newcastle and Carlisle after train hits car |url=https://www.cumbriacrack.com/2019/01/07/disruption-to-rail-services-between-newcastle-and-carlisle-after-train-hits-car/ |website=Cumbria Crack |date=7 January 2019}} Sources
Further reading
External links{{Commons category|British Rail Class 156}}
2 : British Rail diesel multiple units|Metropolitan Cammell multiple units |
|||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。