| 词条 | Bugsy Siegel |
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|image = File:Mugshot_Benjamin_Siegel.jpg |caption = |birth_name = Benjamin Siegel[1] |birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|02|28}} |birth_place = Brooklyn, New York |death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|06|20|1906|02|28}} |death_place = Beverly Hills, California, U.S. |death_cause = Homicide |resting_place = Hollywood Forever Cemetery |other_names = Benny, Ben, Bugs, Bugsy | height = {{convert|5|ft|10|in|cm|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} |residence = Los Angeles, California |nationality = American |occupation = Racketeer, gangster, casino owner |spouse = {{marriage|Esta Krakower|January 28, 1929|1946|reason=div}} |partner = Virginia Hill (1945–1947) |children = {{unbulleted list|Millicent Rosen (daughter)|Barbara Saperstein (daughter)}} |parents = |mother = Jennie Riechenthal |father = Max Siegel |signature = Bugsy Siegel signature.svg }} Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel (February 28, 1906 – June 20, 1947) was an American mobster. Siegel was known as one of the most "infamous and feared gangsters of his day".[1] Described as handsome and charismatic, he became one of the first front-page celebrity gangsters.[2] He was also a driving force behind the development of the Las Vegas Strip.[4] Siegel was not only influential within the Jewish mob but, like his friend and fellow gangster Meyer Lansky, he also held significant influence within the American Mafia and the largely Italian-Jewish National Crime Syndicate. Siegel was one of the founders and leaders of Murder, Inc.[5] and became a bootlegger during the Prohibition. After the Twenty-first Amendment was passed repealing Prohibition in 1933, he turned to gambling. In 1936, he left New York and moved to California.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=268}} His time as a mobster (although he eventually ran his own operations) was mainly as a hitman and muscle, as he was noted for his prowess with guns and violence. In 1939, Siegel was tried for the murder of fellow mobster Harry Greenberg. He was acquitted in 1942. Siegel traveled to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he handled and financed some of the original casinos.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|pp=284–285}} He assisted developer William R. Wilkerson's Flamingo Hotel after Wilkerson ran out of funds.[3] Siegel took over the project and managed the final stages of construction. The Flamingo opened on December 26, 1946, to poor reception and soon closed. It reopened in March 1947 with a finished hotel. Three months later, on June 20, 1947, Siegel was shot dead at the home of his girlfriend, Virginia Hill, in Beverly Hills, California. Early lifeBenjamin Siegel[4][5] was born on February 28, 1906 in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, the second of five children of a poor Jewish family that emigrated to the United States from the Galicia region of what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[6][7][5] His parents, Jennie (Riechenthal) and Max Siegel, constantly worked for meager wages.[8] As a boy, Siegel left school and joined a gang on Lafayette Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. He committed mainly thefts until he met Moe Sedway. With Sedway, Siegel developed a protection racket in which he threatened to incinerate pushcart owners' merchandise unless they paid him a dollar.[9][10] Siegel had a criminal record, dating from his teenage years, that included armed robbery, rape and murder.[11] The Bugs and Meyer mob{{Main|The Bugs and Meyer Mob}}During adolescence, Siegel befriended Meyer Lansky, who formed a small mob whose activities expanded to gambling and car theft. Lansky, who had already had a run-in with Charles "Lucky" Luciano, saw a need for the Jewish boys of his Brooklyn neighborhood to organize in the same manner as the Italians and Irish. The first person he recruited for his gang was Siegel.[12] Siegel became involved in bootlegging within several major East Coast cities. He also worked as the mob's hitman, whom Lansky would hire out to other crime families.[17] The two formed the Bugs and Meyer Mob, which handled hits for the various bootleg gangs operating in New York and New Jersey, doing so almost a decade before Murder, Inc. was formed. The gang kept themselves busy hijacking the liquor cargoes of rival outfits.[13] The Bugs and Meyer mob was known to be responsible for the killing and removal of several rival gangland figures.[14] Siegel's gang mates included Abner "Longie" Zwillman, Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, and Lansky's brother, Jake; Joseph "Doc" Stacher, another member of the Bugs and Meyer Mob, recalled to Lansky biographers that Siegel was fearless and saved his friends' lives as the mob moved into bootlegging: "Bugsy never hesitated when danger threatened," Stacher told Uri Dan. "While we tried to figure out what the best move was, Bugsy was already shooting. When it came to action there was no one better. I've never known a man who had more guts.{{sfn|Eiseberg, Dan, Landau|1979|p=57}} Siegel was also a boyhood friend to Al Capone; when there was a warrant for Capone's arrest on a murder charge, Siegel allowed him to hide out with an aunt.{{sfn|Tereba|2012|pp=24–25}} Siegel first smoked opium during his youth and was involved in the drug trade.{{sfn|Tereba|2012|pp=172–173}} By age 21, Siegel was making money and flaunted it. He was regarded as handsome with blue eyes[15] and was known to be charismatic and likable.[16] He bought an apartment at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel and a Tudor home in Scarsdale, New York. He wore flashy clothes and participated in New York City night life.[7][17] From May 13 to May 16, 1929, Lansky and Siegel attended the Atlantic City Conference, representing the Bugs and Meyer Mob.[18] Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang leader Johnny Torrio held the conference at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. At the conference, the two men discussed the future of organized crime and the future structure of the Mafia crime families: Siegel stated, "The yids and the dagos will no longer fight each other." Marriage and familyOn January 28, 1929, Siegel married Esta Krakower, his childhood sweetheart. They had two daughters, Millicent Siegel (later Millicent Rosen) and Barbara Siegel (later Barbara Saperstein).[4] Siegel had a reputation as a womanizer and the marriage ended in 1946.{{sfn|Tereba|2012|pp=76–77}} His wife moved with their teenage daughters to New York. Murder, IncorporatedBy the late 1920s, Lansky and Siegel had ties to Luciano and Frank Costello, future bosses of the Genovese crime family. Siegel, Albert Anastasia, Vito Genovese, and Joe Adonis, allegedly were the four gunmen who shot New York mob boss Joe Masseria to death on Luciano's orders on April 15, 1931, ending the Castellammarese War.[19][20] On September 10 of that year, Luciano hired four gunmen from the Lansky-Siegel gang (some sources identify Siegel being one of the gunmen[21][22]), to murder Salvatore Maranzano in his New York office, establishing Luciano's rise to the top of the Mafia and marking the beginning of modern American organized crime.[23] In 1931, following Maranzano's death, Luciano and Lansky formed the National Crime Syndicate, an organization of crime families that brought power to the underworld.[24][25] The Commission was established for dividing Mafia territories and preventing future gang wars.[24] With his associates, Siegel formed Murder, Inc. After Siegel and Lansky moved on, control over Murder, Inc. was ceded to Buchalter and Anastasia.{{sfn|Sifakis|2005|p=68}} Siegel continued working as a hitman.{{sfn|Sifakis|2005|p=417}} Siegel's only conviction was in Miami. On February 28, 1932, he was arrested for gambling and vagrancy, and, from a roll of bills, paid a $100 fine.[4] During this period, Siegel had a disagreement with the Fabrizzo brothers, associates of Waxey Gordon. Gordon had hired the Fabrizzo brothers from prison after Lansky and Siegel gave the IRS information about Gordon's tax evasion. It led to Gordon's imprisonment in 1933.[14] Siegel hunted down the Fabrizzos, killing them after they made an assassination attempt on him and Lansky.[26] After the deaths of his two brothers, Tony Fabrizzo had begun to write a memoir and gave it to an attorney. One of the longest chapters was to be a section on the nationwide kill-for-hire squad led by Siegel. The mob discovered Fabrizzo's plans before he could execute them.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=264}} In 1932, Siegel checked into a hospital and later that night sneaked out. Siegel and two accomplices approached Fabrizzo's house and, posing as detectives to lure him outside, gunned him down.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|pp=264–265}} According to hospital records, Siegel's alibi for that night was that he had checked into a hospital.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=264}} In 1935, Siegel assisted in Luciano's alliance with Dutch Schultz and killed rival loan sharks Louis "Pretty" Amberg and Joseph C. Amberg.[27][28] CaliforniaSiegel had learned from his associates that he was in danger: His hospital alibi had become questionable and his enemies wanted him dead.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|pp=267–268}} In the late 1930s, the East Coast mob sent Siegel to California.[29] Since 1933, he had traveled to the West Coast several times,[30] and in California, his mission was to develop syndicate-sanctioned gambling rackets with Los Angeles family boss Jack Dragna.[31] Once in Los Angeles, Siegel recruited gang boss Mickey Cohen as his chief lieutenant.{{sfn|Tereba|2012|pp=37–38}} Knowing Siegel's reputation for violence, and that he was backed by Lansky and Luciano — who, from prison, sent word to Dragna that it was "in [his] best interest to cooperate"[32] Dragna accepted a subordinate role.[33] — Siegel moved Esta and their daughters, Millicent and Barbara, to California. On tax returns, he claimed to earn his living through legal gambling at Santa Anita Park near Los Angeles.[34] In Los Angeles, he took over the numbers racket[35] and used money from the syndicate to help establish a drug trade route from the Mexico to the United States and organized circuits with the Chicago Outfit's Trans-America Wire service.[36][37] By 1942, $500,000 a day was coming from the syndicate's bookmaking wire operations.[35] In 1946, because of problems with Siegel, the Chicago Outfit took over the Continental Press and gave the percentage of the racing wire to Dragna, infuriating Siegel.[37][38] Despite his complications with the wire services, Siegel controlled several offshore casinos[51] and a major prostitution ring.[17] He also maintained relationships with politicians, businessmen, attorneys, accountants, and lobbyists who fronted for him.{{sfn|Tereba|2012|p=63}} HollywoodIn Hollywood, Siegel was welcomed in the highest circles and befriended movie stars.[2] He was known to associate with George Raft, Clark Gable, Gary Cooper and Cary Grant,[54] as well as studio executives Louis B. Mayer and Jack L. Warner.[39] Actress Jean Harlow was a friend of Siegel and godmother to his daughter Millicent. Siegel bought real estate and threw lavish parties at his Beverly Hills home.[36] He gained admiration from young celebrities, including Tony Curtis,[40] Phil Silvers, and Frank Sinatra. Siegel had several relationships with actresses, including socialite Dorothy DiFrasso, the wife of an Italian count. The alliance with the countess took Siegel to Italy in 1938,[41] where he met Benito Mussolini, to whom Siegel tried to sell weapons. He also met Nazi leaders Hermann Göring and Joseph Goebbels, to whom he took an instant dislike and later offered to kill them.[42][43][44] He relented because of the countess' anxious pleas.[45] In Hollywood, Siegel worked with the syndicate to form illegal rackets.[33] He devised a plan of extorting movie studios; he would take over local trade unions (the Screen Extras Guild and the Los Angeles Teamsters) and stage strikes to force studios to pay him off, so that unions would start working again.[37] He borrowed money from celebrities and didn't pay them back, knowing that they would never ask him for the money.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=270}}{{sfn|Jennings|1991|pp=43-46}} During his first year in Hollywood, he received more than $400,000 in loans from movie stars. Greenberg murder and trialOn November 22, 1939, Siegel, Whitey Krakower, Frankie Carbo and Albert Tannenbaum killed Harry "Big Greenie" Greenberg outside his apartment. Greenberg had threatened to become a police informant,[46] and Louis Buchalter, boss of Murder, Inc., ordered his killing.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=275}} Tannenbaum confessed to the murder{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=280}} and agreed to testify against Siegel.[47] Siegel and Carbo were implicated in the killing of Greenberg, and in September 1941, Siegel was tried for the murder.[48] Krakower was killed before he could face trial.[49] Siegel's trial gained notoriety because of the preferential treatment he received in jail; he refused to eat prison food and was allowed female visitors. He was also granted leave for dental visits.[35][50] Siegel hired attorney Jerry Giesler to defend him. After the deaths of two state witnesses,[35][51] no additional witnesses came forward. Tannenbaum's testimony was dismissed.[73] In 1942, Siegel and Carbo were acquitted due to insufficient evidence[52] but Siegel's reputation was damaged. During the trial, newspapers revealed his past and referred to him as "Bugsy". He hated the nickname (said to be based on the slang term "bugs", meaning "crazy", used to describe his erratic behavior), preferring to be called "Ben" or "Mr. Siegel".[53] On May 25, 1944, Siegel was arrested for bookmaking. Raft and Mack Gray testified on Siegel's behalf, and in late 1944, Siegel was acquitted again.[54] Las VegasIn 1945, Siegel found an opportunity to reinvent his personal image and diverge into legitimate business with William R. Wilkerson's Flamingo Hotel.[55] In the 1930s, Siegel had traveled to southern Nevada with Lansky's lieutenant Moe Sedway to explore expanding operations there. He had found opportunities in providing illicit services to crews constructing the Boulder Dam. Lansky had handed over operations in Nevada to Siegel, who turned it over to Sedway and left for Hollywood.[56][57] In the mid-1940s, Siegel was lining things up in Las Vegas while his lieutenants worked on a business policy to secure all gambling in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=288}} In May 1946, he decided that the agreement with Wilkerson had to be altered to give him control of the Flamingo.[58] With the Flamingo, Siegel would supply the gambling, the best liquor and food, and the biggest entertainers at reasonable prices. He believed that these attractions would lure not only the high rollers but thousands of vacationers willing to gamble $50 or $100.[59] Wilkerson was eventually coerced into selling all stakes in the Flamingo under the threat of death and went into hiding in Paris for a time.[60] From this point the Flamingo became syndicate-run.[61] Las Vegas' beginningSiegel began a spending spree. He demanded the finest building that money could buy at a time of postwar shortages. As costs soared, his checks began bouncing. By October 1946, the costs were above $4 million.[62] By 1947, the Flamingo's cost was over $6 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|6|1946|r=0|fmt=c}} million in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}).{{sfn|Jennings|1991|p=6}} By late November of that year, the work was nearly finished.{{sfn|Jennings|1991|pp=169-171}} According to later reports by local observers, Siegel's "maniacal chest-puffing" set the pattern for several generations of notable casino moguls.[63] His violent reputation didn't help his situation. After he boasted one day that he'd personally killed some men, he saw the panicked look on the face of head contractor Del Webb and reassured him: "Del, don't worry, we only kill each other."{{sfn|Jennings|1991|p=17}} Other associates portrayed Siegel in a different aspect; he was an intense character who was not without a charitable side, including his donations for the Damon Runyon Cancer Fund.[63] Lou Wiener Jr., Siegel's Las Vegas attorney, described him as "very well liked" and said that he was "good to people".[63] Defiance and devastationProblems with the Trans-America Wire service had cleared up in Nevada and Arizona, but in California, Siegel refused to report business.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=288}} He later announced to his colleagues that he was running the California syndicate by himself and that he would return the loans in his "own good time". Despite his defiance to the mob bosses, they were patient with Siegel because he had always proven to be a valuable man.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=289}} The Flamingo opened on December 26, 1946, at which time only the casino, lounge, theater, and restaurant were finished.[64] Although locals attended the opening, few celebrities materialized. A handful drove in from Los Angeles, despite bad weather. Some celebrities present were Raft, June Haver, Vivian Blaine, Sonny Tufts, Brian Donlevy, and Charles Coburn. They were welcomed by construction noise and a lobby draped with drop cloths. The desert's first air conditioning collapsed regularly. While gambling tables were operating, the luxury rooms that would have served as the lure for people to stay and gamble were not ready. As word of the losses made their way to Siegel during the evening, he began to become irate and verbally abusive, throwing out at least one family.[65] After two weeks, the Flamingo's gaming tables were $275,000 in the red and the entire operation shut down in late January 1947.[66] After being granted a second chance, Siegel cracked down and did everything possible to turn the Flamingo into a success by making renovations and obtaining good press. He hired future newsman Hank Greenspun as a publicist. The hotel reopened on March 1, 1947,—with Lansky present[67]—and began turning a profit.[68][69] However, by the time profits began improving, the mob bosses above Siegel were tired of waiting. Although time was running out, at age 41, Siegel had carved out a name for himself in the annals of organized crime and in Las Vegas history.[63] DeathOn the night of June 20, 1947, as Siegel sat with his associate Allen Smiley in Virginia Hill's Beverly Hills home reading the Los Angeles Times, an unknown assailant fired at him through the window with a .30 caliber military M1 carbine, hitting him many times, including twice in the head.[63] No one was charged with killing Siegel, and the crime remains officially unsolved.[71] One theory posits that Siegel's death was the result of his excessive spending and possible theft of money from the mob.[72]{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|p=290}} In 1946, a meeting was held with the "board of directors" of the syndicate in Havana, Cuba, so that Luciano, exiled in Sicily, could attend and participate. A contract on Siegel's life was the conclusion.{{sfn|Turkus|Feder|2003|pp=290–291}} According to Stacher, Lansky reluctantly agreed to the decision.[73] Another theory is that Siegel was shot to death preemptively by Mathew "Moose" Pandza, the lover of Sedway's wife Bee, who went to Pandza after learning that Siegel was threatening to kill her husband. Siegel apparently had grown increasingly resentful of the control Sedway, at mob behest, was exerting over Siegel's finances and planned to do away with him.[74] Former Philadelphia crime family boss Ralph Natale has claimed that Carbo was responsible for murdering Siegel, at the behest of Lansky.[75] Although descriptions said that Siegel was shot in the eye, he was actually hit twice on the right side of his head. The death scene and postmortem photographs show that one shot penetrated his right cheek and exited through the left side of his neck; the other struck the right bridge of his nose where it met the right eye socket. The pressure created by the bullet passing through Siegel's skull blew his left eye out of its socket. A Los Angeles' Coroner's Report (#37448) states the cause of death as cerebral hemorrhage. His death certificate (Registrar's #816192) states the manner of death as a homicide and the cause as "Gunshot Wounds of the head."[76] Though as noted, Siegel was not shot exactly through the eye (the eyeball would have been destroyed if this had been the case), the bullet-through-the-eye style of killing nevertheless became popular in Mafia lore and in movies, and was called the "Moe Greene special"[77] after the character Moe Greene — based on Siegel — was killed in this manner in The Godfather. Siegel was hit by several other bullets including shots through his lungs.[78] According to Florabel Muir, "Four of the nine shots fired that night destroyed a white marble statue of Bacchus on a grand piano, and then lodged in the far wall." The day after Siegel's death, the Los Angeles Herald-Express carried a photograph on its front page from the morgue of Siegel's bare right foot with a toe tag.[79] Although Siegel's murder occurred in Beverly Hills, his death thrust Las Vegas into the national spotlight as photographs of his lifeless body were published in newspapers throughout the country.[36] The day after Siegel's murder, David Berman and his Las Vegas mob associates, Sedway and Gus Greenbaum, walked into the Flamingo and took over operation of the hotel and casino.[80] MemorialIn the Bialystoker Synagogue on New York's Lower East Side, Siegel is memorialized by a Yahrtzeit (remembrance) plaque that marks his death date so mourners can say Kaddish for the anniversary. Siegel's plaque is below that of Max Siegel, his father, who died just two months before his son. On the property at the Flamingo Las Vegas, between the pool and a wedding chapel, is a memorial plaque to Siegel.[81] Siegel is interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California. Media portrayals
See also{{Portal|Biography}}
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Meyer Lansky: mogul of the mob. 1979. pp. 140–141 23. ^{{cite book|first=Tim|last=Newark|title=Lucky Luciano: The Real and the Fake Gangster|date=August 31, 2010|publisher=Macmillan|location=London |pages=62–66|isbn=978-0-312-60182-9}} 24. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Killer Ring Broken; 21 Murders Solved |url=http://www.laborers.org/Murder.html|work=New York Daily News|date=March 19, 1940|access-date=February 19, 2013}} 25. ^{{cite book|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|title=Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires|year=2006|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|location=New York |pages=32–34}} 26. ^{{cite web|first=Tony|last=Sokol|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/us/tv/boardwalk-empire/188237/boardwalk-empire-season-5-the-real-bugsy-siegel|title=Boardwalk Empire Season 5: The Real Bugsy Siegel|work=Den of Geek|publisher=Dennis Publishing|location=London |date=October 24, 2014|accessdate=May 20, 2018}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=Bugsy Siegels|url=http://www.nyctouristguide.com/bugsy-siegel-gangster-nyc.asp|work=NYC Tourist Guide|access-date=June 4, 2012}} 28. ^{{cite book|first=Dean|last=Jennings|title=We Only Kill Each Other|publisher=Pocket Books|location=New York |year=1991|page=35}} 29. ^{{cite news |last=Koch |first=Ed|title='Bugsy' Siegel – The mob's man in Vegas|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/may/15/mobs-man-vega/|access-date=October 6, 2012|newspaper=Las Vegas Sun|date=May 15, 2008}} 30. ^Siler, Bob. "Walking In Their Footsteps – A Look At The Mob In Los Angeles" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052108/http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_317.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}. AmericanMafia.com. (September 2005). Retrieved January 20, 2013. 31. ^Sifakis, The Mafia Encyclopedia. (2005). p. 156 32. ^Sifakis, The Mafia Encyclopedia. (2005). p. 417 33. ^1 {{cite web|last=Gribben|first=Mark|title=Bugsy Siegel: Ben Heads West|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/mob_bosses/siegel/west_10.html|work=Crime Library|access-date=December 1, 2012}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Bugsy Siegel Part 2|url=http://vault.fbi.gov/Bugsy%20Siegel%20/Bugsy%20Siegel%20Part%202%20of%2032/view|work=FBI Records: The Vault|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|access-date=October 6, 2012}} 35. ^1 2 3 {{cite magazine |title=Crime: Murder in Beverly Hills|url=http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,854710,00.html|access-date=October 24, 2012|magazine=Time|date=June 30, 1947}} 36. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lasvegas/peopleevents/p_siegel.html |title=page on Bugsy Siegel|work=PBS|publisher=PBS |date=July 11, 2005|access-date=March 31, 2015}} 37. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Tuohy|first=John William|title=Bugsy|url=http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_166.html|website=AmericanMafia.com|publisher=PLR International |access-date=September 21, 2012|date=October 2001}} 38. ^{{cite book|last=Capeci |first=Jerry |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia |access-date= |year=2002 |publisher=Alpha Books |location=New York |isbn=0-02-864225-2 |page=92}} 39. ^{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Martinez|title=Legendary mobster's safe reveals nothing but rust|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2000/may/24/legendary-mobsters-safe-reveals-nothing-but-rust/?history|newspaper=Las Vegas Sun|date=May 24, 2000|access-date=June 6, 2012}} 40. ^{{cite web|first=George|last=Knapp|title=Who Killed Bugsy Siegel?|url=http://www.8newsnow.com/story/2083423/who-killed-bugsy-siegel|publisher=KLAS-TV 8 News NOW |date=July 23, 2010|access-date=September 26, 2012}} 41. ^{{cite book|first=Tim|last=Newark|title=Lucky Luciano: The Real and the Fake Gangster|publisher=Macmillan|location=London |year=2010|page=229}} 42. ^{{cite web|title=Bugsy Siegel Biography|work=Biography Channel|access-date=November 28, 2012|url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/bugsy-siegel.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027235848/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/bugsy-siegel.html|archivedate=October 27, 2012|df=}} 43. ^Sifakis, The Mafia Encyclopedia. (2005). pp. 417–418 44. ^{{cite book|first=Jay Robert|last=Nash|title=Bloodletters and Badmen: A Narrative Encyclopedia of American Criminals from the Pilgrims to the Present|year=1995|publisher=M. Evans & Company|location=Lanham, Maryland|page=566|isbn=978-0871317773}} 45. ^1 {{cite web|title=Gangster/Las Vegas Visionary|work=The Internet Index of Tough Jews|publisher=J-Grit|access-date=June 1, 2012|url=http://www.j-grit.com/criminals-benjamin-bugsy-siegel.php}} 46. ^{{cite news|title=Held On Lepke Charge|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C1FFE3559167B93C5A8178FD85F458485F9|access-date=December 6, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|page=20|date=April 17, 1941}} {{Subscription required}} 47. ^{{cite news|title=O'Dwyer Goes West In Murder Inquiry|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/08/archives/odwyer-goes-west-in-murder-inquiry-may-take-up-plan-for-a-new.html|access-date=December 6, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|page=62|date=December 8, 1940}} "District Attorney William O'Dwyer of Brooklyn left Friday afternoon by train for Los Angeles to confer with the prosecutor's office there concerning developments in the case of Benjamin (Bug) Siegel, West Coast racketeer chieftain" {{Subscription required}} 48. ^{{cite news|title=Reindicted In Murder; Siegel and Carbo Are Accused in 1939 Death of Greenberg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1941/09/23/archives/reindicted-in-murder-siegel-and-carbo-are-accused-in-1939-death-of.html|access-date=December 8, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|page=25|date=September 23, 1941}} {{Subscription required}} 49. ^Jennings, We Only Kill Each Other. (1992). pp. 95–97 50. ^{{cite news|last=O'Neill|first=Ann W.|title=50 Years Later, Still a Mystery |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-06-20/local/me-5334_1_bugsy-siegel|access-date=October 6, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=June 20, 1997}} 51. ^{{cite news|last=Safire|first=William|title=Defenestration|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/magazine/01ONLANGUAGE.html|access-date=December 12, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times Magazine|date=December 1, 2002}} 52. ^1 Giesler, Jerry; Martin, Pete (December 26, 1959). "I Defend a Mobster". The Saturday Evening Post. p. 55 53. ^{{cite news|first=David|last=Sedley|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/bugsy-siegels-daughter-gets-las-vegas-jewish-burial/|title=Bugsy Siegel’s daughter gets Las Vegas Jewish burial|work=Times of Israel|date=November 22, 2017|accessdate=May 22, 2018}} 54. ^{{cite news|first=Westbrook|last=Pegler|title=As Pegler Sees It|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8Z9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qkIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7132,4033076|work=Ludington Daily News |page=4 |date=October 2, 1947|access-date=January 4, 2013}} 55. ^Wilkerson III, The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. (2000). p. 62 56. ^Wilkerson III, The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. (2000). p. 74 57. ^Dennis N. Griffin. The Battle for Las Vegas: The Law vs. the Mob. (2006). pp. 6–7. 58. ^Wilkerson III, The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. (2000). p. 80 59. ^1 {{cite news |last=Koziol |first=Ronald|title=Bugsy Siegel Rolled Out The Greed Carpet For His Fellow Mobsters|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1987-09-27/travel/8703130656_1_las-vegas-boulevard-flamingo-hotel-and-casino-bugsy-siegel|access-date=September 26, 2012 |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |date=September 27, 1987}} 60. ^Wilkerson III, The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. (2000). p. 98 61. ^Wilkerson III, The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. (2000). p. 81 62. ^Wilkerson III, The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. (2000). pp. 83–84 63. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|last=Smith|first=John L.|date=February 7, 1999 |title=Bugsy |url=http://www.1st100.com/part2/siegel.html|work=Las Vegas Review Journal}} 64. ^Griffin, The Battle for Las Vegas: The Law vs. the Mob. (2006). pp. 9–10 65. ^Griffin, The Battle for Las Vegas: The Law vs. the Mob. (2006). p. 10 66. ^Wilkerson III, The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. (2000). pp. 99–104 67. ^Wilkerson III, The Man Who Invented Las Vegas. (2000). p. 106 68. ^{{cite web|last=Burbank|first=Jeff|date=October 18, 2010|title=Bugsy Siegel and the Flamingo Hotel|url=http://www.onlinenevada.org/bugsy_siegel_and_the_flamingo_hotel|work=The Online Nevada Encyclopedia|publisher=Nevada Humanities |access-date=December 16, 2012}} 69. ^{{cite news|first1=Ed|last1=Koch|first2=Mary|last2=Manning|title=Mob Ties |url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/may/15/mob-ties/|work=Las Vegas Sun|date=May 15, 2008|access-date=November 19, 2012}} 70. ^On the plaques above see the name Max Siegel, Siegel's father, whose Hebrew name is "Mordechai Dov ben Reb Beirush HaLevi" (from the Hebraic tribe of the Levites) and the one for Siegel, whose Hebrew name is "Bairush HaLevi ben Reb Mordechai Dov HaLevi;" from this we see that Bugsy was named for his grandfather, Dov, meaning bear (Bairush is the Yiddish for Dov), which was Americanized to Benjamin. All fathers are called Reb as an honorific on memorial plaques; Reb means "teacher" as in Rabbi. 71. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |title=Siegel, Gangster, Is Slain On Coast. Co-chief of 'Bug and Meyer Mob' Here. Is Victim of Shots Fired Through Window. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1947/06/22/archives/siegel-gangster-is-slain-on-coast-cochief-of-bugand-meyer-mob-here.html |quote=Benjamin Siegel, 42 years old, former New York gangster, was slain last midnight by a fusillade of bullets fired through the living room window of a Beverly Hills house where he was staying. |work=The New York Times |page=7 |date=June 22, 1947|access-date=October 31, 2007 }} {{Subscription required}} 72. ^{{cite web|last=May|first=Allan|title=Havana Conference – 1946 (Part Two)|url=http://www.americanmafia.com/Allan_May_6-12-00.html|work=AmericanMafia|publisher=PLR International|access-date=December 8, 2012}} 73. ^Dennis Eisenberg; Uri Dan; Eli Landau. Meyer Lansky: mogul of the mob. (1979). pp. 238–241 74. ^{{cite magazine |last=Wallace|first=Amy|title=Who Killed Bugsy Siegel?|url=http://www.lamag.com/longform/mobster-murder-moll-secret/|magazine=Los Angeles Magazine|date=September 29, 2014|access-date=October 11, 2014}} 75. ^{{cite magazine |first=Seth|last=Serranti|title=The Story of the First Mob Boss to Turn Rat|url=https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/the-story-of-the-first-mob-boss-to-turn-rat|magazine=Vice |date=March 15, 2017|access-date=March 21, 2017}} 76. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bugsysiegel.net/deathcert.html |title=Death certificate |website=Bugsysiegel.net |access-date=June 20, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401205303/http://www.bugsysiegel.net/deathcert.html# |archive-date=2009-04-01 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 77. ^{{cite web|last=Bruno |first=Anthony |url=http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/mob_bosses/the_godfather/7.html |title=Fact and Fiction in The Godfather: The Little Man, the Dapper Don, and the Moe Greene Special |work=Crime Library |access-date=July 30, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417023350/http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/mob_bosses/the_godfather/7.html |archivedate=April 17, 2008 |df= }} 78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.americanmafia.com/Feature_Articles_166.html |title=American Mafia Website |website=Americanmafia.com |access-date=July 30, 2012}} 79. ^Funerals of the Infamous {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017051705/http://funeralplan.com/funeralplan/idea/infamous.html |date=2011-10-17 }}, retrieved October 15, 2011 80. ^{{cite news |first=Curt |last=Eriksmoen |url=http://bismarcktribune.com/news/columnists/article_65709558-143c-11e0-9859-001cc4c002e0.html|title=Las Vegas mob boss had ties to N.D. |work=The Bismarck Tribune|date=January 2, 2011 |access-date=December 21, 2012}} 81. ^{{cite web|title=Bugsy Siegel Memorial|url=http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/13488|access-date=June 10, 2012}} 82. ^{{cite news |last=Ebert|first=Roger|title=Bugsy |work=Chicago Sun-Times |pages= |publisher= |date=December 20, 1991|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/bugsy-1991 |accessdate=2015-11-05 |df=mdy-all }} 83. ^{{tcmdb title|id=83787}} 84. ^{{Amg movie|31561|The Marrying Man}} 85. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tim-powers/last-call-2/ |title=LAST CALL by Tim Powers | date=1992-04-20 |website=Kirkus Reviews |language=en-us |access-date=2018-06-18 |df=mdy-all}} 86. ^{{Cite web |url=https://screenrant.com/boardwalk-empire-season-2-bugsy-siegel-michael-zegen/ |title=‘Boardwalk Empire’ Casts Bugsy Siegel for Season 2 |last=Yeoman |first=Kevin |date=2011-03-03 |website=Screen Rant |language=en-US |access-date=2018-06-18 |df=mdy-all}} 87. ^{{Cite magazine |last=Thorp |first=Charles |date=2013-12-18 |title=Ed Burns Enjoys "Beating The Crap" Out Of People For Work On Mob City |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/ed-burns-mob-city-finale-interview-20131812/ |magazine=Us Weekly |language=en-US |access-date=2018-06-18 |df=mdy-all}} 88. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.amc.com/shows/the-making-of-the-mob/cast-crew/benjamin-bugsy-siegel |title=Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel |website=Making of the Mob official website |publisher=AMC |language=en-US |access-date=2018-06-18 |df=mdy-all}} 89. ^{{cite web|last=Scheck|first=Frank|title='Kill Me, Deadly': Film Review|date=April 5, 2016|work=The Hollywood Reporter|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/kill-me-deadly-film-review-880848|access-date=August 8, 2017}} Notes{{notelist}}Works cited{{refbegin}}
Further reading{{refbegin}}
External links{{commons category}}
Boss|years=1931}}{{s-aft|after=Lepke Buchalter}}{{s-bef|before=}}{{s-ttl|title=Cohen crime family Boss|years=1933–1947}}{{s-aft|after=Mickey Cohen}}{{s-bef|before=William R. Wilkerson}}{{s-ttl|title=Flamingo Hotel Owner|years=1946–1947}}{{s-aft|after=Moe Sedway}}{{s-end}}{{Cohen crime family}}{{Genovese crime family}}{{American Mafia}}{{Chicago Outfit}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Siegel, Bugsy}} 22 : 1906 births|1947 deaths|1947 murders in the United States|20th-century American criminals|American casino industry businesspeople|American mob bosses|American people convicted of murder|American people of Austrian-Jewish descent|American rapists|Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery|Deaths by firearm in California|Genovese crime family|History of Clark County, Nevada|Murder, Inc.|Murdered Jewish-American mobsters|People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn|People from Scarsdale, New York|Jewish-American mobsters|People murdered in California|Prohibition-era gangsters|Unsolved murders in the United States|20th-century American businesspeople |
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