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词条 25143 Itokawa
释义

  1. Discovery and naming

  2. Orbit and classification

  3. Hayabusa exploration

      Surface features    Craters    Regiones  

  4. Physical characteristics

      Rotation period and poles    Composition    2018 Hayabusa results  

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Infobox planet
| minorplanet = yes
| name = 25143 Itokawa
| background = #FFC2E0
| image = Hayabausa Image of the asteroid Itokawa.jpg
| image_size = 265
| caption = Asteroid Itokawa imaged from 8 kilometers by JAXA's Hayabusa spacecraft in 2005
| discovery_ref =  [1]
| discovered = 26 September 1998
| discoverer = LINEAR
| discovery_site = Lincoln Lab's ETS
| mpc_name = (25143) Itokawa
| alt_names = {{mp|1998 SF|36}}
| pronounced =
| named_after = Hideo Itokawa
{{small|(Japanese rocket scientist)}}[2]
| mp_category = Apollo{{·}}NEO{{·}}PHA [1]
| orbit_ref =  
| epoch = 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 20.38 yr (7,443 d)
| aphelion = 1.6951 AU
| perihelion = 0.9532 AU
| semimajor = 1.3241 AU
| eccentricity = 0.2801
| period = 1.52 yr (557 d)
| mean_anomaly = {{val|288.88|ul=°}}
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.6468|sup=ms}} / day
| inclination = 1.6214°
| asc_node = 69.081°
| arg_peri = 162.82°
| moid = 0.0131 AU (5.10 LD)
| dimensions = {{val|535|x|294|x|209|ul=m}}[6]
| mean_diameter = 313 m[7]
330 m
350 m[9][10]
| mass = {{val|3.51|0.105|e=10|ul=kg}}[6]
{{val|3.58|0.18|e=10|u=kg}}[12]
| density = {{val|1.9|0.13|ul=g/cm3}}[6]
{{val|1.95|0.14|u=g/cm3}}[12]
| rotation = {{val|12.132|ul=h}}[9][16]
| albedo = {{val|0.23}}[10]
{{val|0.283|0.116}}[7]
{{val|0.36|0.22}}[19]
0.53[1]
| spectral_type = SMASS {{=}} S (IV)
Sqw [22]{{·}}S [23]{{·}}Q [9]
| abs_magnitude = 18.61[25]{{·}}18.95 {{small|(R)}}[26]
19.00[23]{{·}}19.2[1]
19.48[9][10]{{·}}{{val|19.51|0.09}}[7]
}}

25143 Itokawa ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|iː|t|oʊ|ˈ|k|ɑː|w|ə}}; {{lang-ja|イトカワ}},いとかわ,糸川 {{IPA-ja|itokaɰa|}}; provisional designation {{mp|1998 SF|36}}) is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object of the Apollo group and a potentially hazardous asteroid. It was discovered by the LINEAR program in 1998 and later named after Japanese rocket engineer Hideo Itokawa.[1] The strange peanut-shaped S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.1 hours and measures approximately {{convert|330|m|ft|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. Due to its low density and high porosity, Itokawa is considered to be a rubble pile, consisting of numerous boulders of different sizes rather than of a single solid body.

It was the first asteroid to be the target of a sample return mission, the Japanese Hayabusa space probe, which collected more than 1500 regolith dust particles from the asteroid's surface in 2005. After its return to Earth in 2010, the mineralogy, petrography, chemistry, and isotope ratios of these particles have been studied in detail, providing insights into the evolution of the Solar System. Itokawa is the smallest asteroid ever photographed and visited by a spacecraft.

Discovery and naming

Itokawa was discovered on 26 September 1998 by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. It was given the provisional designation {{mp|1998 SF|36}}. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey just one week prior to its official discovery observation.[1] The minor planet was named in memory of Japanese rocket scientist Hideo Itokawa (1912–1999), who is regarded as the father of Japanese rocketry.[1][36] The official {{MoMP|25143|naming citation}} was published by the Minor Planet Center on 6 August 2003 ({{small|M.P.C. 49281}}).[37]

Orbit and classification

Itokawa belongs to the Apollo asteroids. They are Earth-crossing asteroids and the largest dynamical group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known members. Itokawa orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.95–1.70 AU once every 18 months (557 days; semi-major axis of 1.32 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. It has a low Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of {{convert |0.0131 |AU |km |abbr=on |lk=off |sigfig=3}}, which corresponds to 5.1 lunar distances.{{multiple image
|direction = horizontal
|align= left
|width1= 325
|width2= 229
|image1=25143 Itokawa-orbit Dec 3, 2006.png
|image2=Animation of 25143 Itokawa orbit.gif
|footer= Left: orbital diagram of Itokawa on December 2006. Right: animated orbits of Itokawa (green) and Earth (blue) around the Sun.
}}{{clear|left}}

Hayabusa exploration

In 2000, it was selected as the target of Japan's Hayabusa mission. The probe arrived in the vicinity of Itokawa on 12 September 2005 and initially "parked" in an asteroid–Sun line at {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}}, and later {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}}, from the asteroid (Itokawa{{'s}} gravity was too weak to provide an orbit, so the spacecraft adjusted its orbit around the Sun until it matched the asteroid's). Hayabusa landed on 20 November for thirty minutes, but it failed to operate a device designed to collect soil samples. On 25 November, a second landing and sampling sequence was attempted. The sample capsule was returned to Earth and landed at Woomera, South Australia on 13 June 2010, around 13:51 UTC (23:21 local). On 16 November 2010, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency reported that dust collected during Hayabusa's voyage was indeed from the asteroid.[2]

Surface features

Names of major surface features were proposed by Hayabusa scientists and accepted by the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.[36] Also, the Hayabusa science team is using working names for smaller surface features.[3][4] The following tables list the names of geological features on the asteroid.[36] No naming conventions have been disclosed for surface features on Itokawa.

Craters

Ten impact craters on the surface of Itokawa were named on 18 February 2009.[45]

Crater Coordinates Diameter
(km)		 Approval
Year		EponymRef
Catalina 17|S|14|E|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Catalina}}0.022009 Catalina Station (astronomical observatory) in Arizona, United States 14553}}
Fuchinobe 34|N|91|W|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Fuchinobe}}0.042009 Fuchinobe in Sagamihara, Japan 14549}}
Gando 76|S|155|W|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Gando}}n.a.2009 Gando, Canary Islands; Spanish launch facility 14557}}
Hammaguira 18|S|155|W|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Hammaguira}}0.032009 Hammaguir, Algeria; abandoned French launch site and missile testing range in the Sahara desert 14551}}
Kamisunagawa 28|S|45|E|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Kamisunagawa}}0.012009 Kamisunagawa, town in Hokkaido Japan, where a microgravity test facility is located 14554}}
Kamoi 6|N|116|W|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Kamoi}}0.012009 Japanese town of Kamoi in Yokohama, location of the NEC TOSHIBA Space Systems Ltd. factory 14555}}
Komaba 10|S|102|E|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Komaba}}0.032009 Komaba in Meguro, Japan, where the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science is located 14550}}
Laurel 1|N|162|E|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Laurel}}0.022009 U.S. city of Laurel in Maryland, where APL/JHU is located 14552}}
Miyabaru 40|S|116|W|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=Miyabaru}}0.092009 Radar site of the Uchinoura Space Center in Japan 14548}}
San Marco 28|S|41|W|globe:itokawa_type:landmark|name=San Marco}}n.a.2009 San Marco platform, an old oil platform near Kenya that served as a launch pad for Italian spacecraft 14556}}

Regiones

Regio or regiones are large area marked by reflectivity or color distinctions from adjacent areas in planetary geology. The following regiones have been named on Itokawa.[36][45]

Regio Named after
Arcoona Regio Arcoona, Australia
LINEAR Regio Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research
MUSES-C Regio MUSES-C, name of the Hayabusa probe prior to launch
Ohsumi Regio Ōsumi Peninsula
Sagamihara Regio Sagamihara, a town in Japan where Institute of Space and Astronautical Science is located
Uchinoura Regio Uchinoura, a town in Japan (now part of Kimotsuki), the location of Uchinoura Space Center, Hayabusa launch site
Yoshinobu Regio Launch site in the Tanegashima Space Center, Japan

Physical characteristics

Itokawa is a stony S-type asteroid. Radar imaging by Goldstone in 2001 observed an ellipsoid {{val|630|60}} meters long and {{val|250|30}} meters wide.[49]

The Hayabusa mission confirmed these findings and also suggested that Itokawa may be a contact binary formed by two or more smaller asteroids that have gravitated toward each other and stuck together. The Hayabusa images show a surprising lack of impact craters and a very rough surface studded with boulders, described by the mission team as a rubble pile.[6][6] Furthermore, the density of the asteroid is too low for it to be made from solid rock. This would mean that Itokawa is not a monolith but rather a rubble pile formed from fragments that have cohered over time. Based on Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect measurements, a small section of Itokawa is estimated to have a density of {{val|2.9|ul=g/cm3}}, whereas a larger section is estimated to have a density of 1.8 g/cm³.[6][53]

Rotation period and poles

Since 2001, a large number of rotational lightcurves of Itokawa have been obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by Mikko Kaasalainen gave a sidereal rotation period of {{val|12.132}} hours with a high brightness variation of 0.8 magnitude, indicative of the asteroid's non-spherical shape ({{small|U=3}}). In addition, Kaasalainen also determined two spin axes of (355.0°, −84.0°) and (39°, −87.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).[9][16] Alternative lightcurve measurements were made by Lambert ({{val|12}} h),[56] Lowry ({{val|12.1}} and {{val|12.12}} h),[57][58] Ohba ({{val|12.15}} h),[59] Warner ({{val|12.09}} h),[60]{{efn|name=lightcurve-plot-Warner}} Ďurech ({{val|12.1323}} h),[61] and Nishihara ({{val|12.1324}} h).[26]

Composition

The 26 August 2011 issue of Science devoted six articles to findings based on dust that Hayabusa had collected from Itokawa.[7] Scientists' analysis suggested that Itokawa was probably made up from interior fragments of a larger asteroid that broke apart.[64] Dust collected from the asteroid surface is thought to have been exposed there for about eight million years.[7]

Scientists used varied techniques of chemistry and mineralogy to analyze the dust from Itokawa.[64] Itokawa{{'s}} composition was found to match the common type of meteorites known as "low-total-iron, low metal ordinary chondrites".[8] Another team of scientists determined that the dark iron color on the surface of Itokawa was the result of abrasion by micrometeoroids and high-speed particles from the Sun which had converted the normally whitish iron oxide coloring.[8]

2018 Hayabusa results

Two separate groups report water in different Itokawa particles. Jin et al. report water in low-calcium pyroxene grains. The water's isotope level corresponds with inner Solar System and carbonaceous chondrite water isotope levels.[69] Daly et al. report "OH and {{H2O}}" apparently formed by implantation of solar wind hydrogen. The rims of an olivine particle "show an enrichment of up to ~1.2 at % in OH and H20".[9] The water concentrations of the Itokawa grains would indicate an estimated BSI (Bulk Silicate Itokawa) water content in line with Earth's bulk water, and that Itokawa had been a "water-rich asteroid".[10]

See also

  • 101955 Bennu, sample-return mission OSIRIS-REx
  • {{mpl|(341843) 2008 EV|5}}, cancelled sample-return mission

Notes

{{notelist|refs={{efn|name=lightcurve-plot-Warner|1=Lightcurve plot of (25143) Itokawa, Palmer Divide Observatory {{Obscode|716}} by B. D. Warner (2004). Summary figures at the LCDB.}}

}}

References

1. ^S. M. Lederer, et al., Physical characteristics of Hayabusa target Asteroid 25143 Itokawa, Icarus, v. 173, p. 153–165 (2005)
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.universetoday.com/78895/confirmed-hayabusa-nabbed-asteroid-particles/|title=Confirmed: Hayabusa Nabbed Asteroid Particles|first=Nancy|last=Atkinson|publisher=Universe Today|date=16 November 2010|accessdate=16 November 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101206090603/http://www.universetoday.com/78895/confirmed-hayabusa-nabbed-asteroid-particles/| archivedate= 6 December 2010 | deadurl= no}}
3. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/snews/2006/image/0602/b/08.jpg |title=Itowaka Geological Map |accessdate=11 August 2008 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226224419/http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/snews/2006/image/0602/b/08.jpg |archivedate=26 February 2009 |df=dmy }}
4. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/snews/2006/image/0602/b/09.jpg |title=Local site names on Itowaka |accessdate=11 August 2008 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226224423/http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/snews/2006/image/0602/b/09.jpg |archivedate=26 February 2009 |df=dmy}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=The Anatomy of an Asteroid|url=http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1405/|accessdate=6 February 2014|newspaper=ESO Press Release}}
6. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.planetary.org/news/2005/0916_Hayabusa_Itokawa_Beckons_as_Japans.html |title=Hayabusa: Itokawa Beckons as Japan's Spacecraft Searches for Places to Touch Down |accessdate=11 August 2008 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512042313/http://www.planetary.org/news/2005/0916_Hayabusa_Itokawa_Beckons_as_Japans.html |archivedate=12 May 2008 |df=dmy }}
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[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

}}

Further reading

  • {{cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.328.5978.565|last1=Normile|first1=D|title=Spunky Hayabusa Heads Home With Possible Payload|journal=Science|pages=565|issue=5978|volume=328|date=30 April 2010|pmid=20430991|bibcode = 2010Sci...328..565N }}

External links

{{Commons|(25143) Itokawa|25143 Itokawa}}
  • Hayabusa's Scientific and Engineering Achievements during Proximity Operations around Itokawa (JAXA press release)
  • Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
  • MIT's LINEAR asteroid named for Japan's 'Dr. Rocket' (MIT press release)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20140110152254/http://www.hayabusa.isas.jaxa.jp/e/index.html JAXA Hayabusa official page]
  • Earth impact probability of the Asteroid (25143) Itokawa to be sampled by the spacecraft Hayabusa (paper abstract)
  • Astronomy Picture Of The Day: Approaching Asteroid Itokawa, A Robot's Shadow on Asteroid Itokawa, The Missing Craters of Asteroid Itokawa, Smooth Sections on Asteroid Itokawa
  • Special issue: Hayabusa at Itokawa, Science, Vol. 312, no. 5778, 2 June 2006
  • Initial Scientific Results of Hayabusa’s Investigation on Itokawa ~Summary of the Special Issue of "Science"Magazine~ (ISAS/JAXA press release)
  • Hot Topic: Hayabusa—Dust from Itokawa, Science, Vol. 333, no. 6046, 26 August 2011
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080242/http://darts.isas.jaxa.jp/planet/project/hayabusa/data/shape/movies/itokawa_g070104.mov Animated model of Itokawa rotating (in anaglyph form for use with red-blue glasses)]
  • Itokawa in enhanced color (From this presentation)
  • [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_phas.html List of the Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs)], Minor Planet Center
  • [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/PHACloseApp.html PHA Close Approaches To The Earth], Minor Planet Center
  • [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/t_apollos.html List Of Apollo Minor Planets (by designation)], Minor Planet Center
  • {{NeoDys|25143}}
  • {{JPL small body}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}{{Minor planets navigator |25142 Hopf |number=25143 |(25144) 1998 SC43}}{{Small Solar System bodies}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Itokawa}}

10 : Apollo asteroids|Discoveries by LINEAR|Minor planets named for people|Named minor planets|Minor planets visited by spacecraft|Articles containing video clips|Extraterrestrial water|Potentially hazardous asteroids|S-type asteroids|Astronomical objects discovered in 1998
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