| 释义 |
- Language
- Transliteration
- Gallery
- See also
- References
- Bibliography
- External links
{{Infobox language
|name=Camunic
|nativename=
|states=the south side of the Central Alps (Valcamonica, Valtellina), Italy
|region=Italian Peninsula
| ethnicity =Camunni
|era= first millennium BC
|ref=linglist
|familycolor=Unclassified
|fam1=uncertain, related to Raetic, perhaps Tyrsenian[1] [1]
|iso3=xcc
|linglist=xcc
|glotto=camu1235
|glottorefname=Camunic
}}The Camunic language is an extinct language that was spoken in the 1st millennium BC in the Valcamonica and the Valtellina, both of the Central Alps, considered a Pre-Indo-European language.[2] LanguageThe extant corpus is carved on rock, similar to the rock carvings of Valcamonica. There are at least 170 known inscriptions, the majority of which are only a few words long. The writing system used is a variant of the north-Etruscan alphabet, known as the Camunian alphabet or alphabet of Sondrio. Longer inscriptions show that Camunic writing used boustrophedon. Its name derives from the people of the Camunni, who lived during the Iron Age in Valcamonica and were the creators of many of the stone carvings in the area. Abecedariums found in Nadro and Piancogno have been dated to between 500 BC and 50 AD. The amount of material is insufficient to fully decipher the language. Some scholars think it may be related to Raetic and to Etruscan.[3] [4] Transliteration | Gliph | Tibiletti Bruno 1992[5] | Zavaroni 2004[6] | Martinotti 2009[7] |
|---|
| - | A | - | | Αα | A | A | | Αα | A | - | | Ββ | B | B (V?) | | Ββ | B | B (V?) | | Δδ | - | D | | h | D (?) | - | | Εε | E | E | | Εε | E | E | | Εε | E | E | | Ϝϝ | V | - | | Γγ | G | K (G?) | | Γγ | G | - | | h | H | J (ii/h/η?) | | - | H | - | | Ιι | I | I | | Ιι | I | I | | - | K | K (G?) | | Λλ | L | L | | Λλ | L | L | | Μμ | M | M | | Μμ | M | M | | Νν | N | N | | Νν | N | N | | Ϙϙ | O | Φ (Q?) | | - | P | - | | Ππ | P | P | | Ρρ | R | R | | Ρρ | R | R | | Ξξ | S | χ | | Σσς | S | S | | Σσς | S | S | | Χχ | T | T | | Ττ | T | T | | - | T | I | | Ψψ | Θθ | - | | - | Θθ | Θθ | | - | TS - Ϸϸ | - | | Φφ | TS - Ϸϸ | χ | | Υυ | U - W | U | | - | U - W | U | | Ζζ | Z | χ | | Ζζ | Z | χ |
GallerySee also- Camunni
- Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
- Val Camonica
References1. ^M. G. Tibiletti Bruno. 1978. Camuno, retico e pararetico, in Lingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), a cura di A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma, pp. 209–255
2. ^Simona Marchesini, Le lingue frammentarie dell'Italia antica, Hoepli, Milano 2009, p. 60. (Italian)
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631220398_chunk_g97806312203989_ss1-3 |title=Camunic : Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe : Blackwell Reference Online |publisher=Blackwellreference.com |date= |accessdate=2018-05-26}}
4. ^M. G. Tibiletti Bruno. 1978. Camuno, retico e pararetico, in Lingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), a cura di A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma, pp. 209–255. (Italian)
5. ^Maria Grazia Tibiletti Bruno, Gli alfabetari, Quaderni camuni n° 60, 1992, p. 307. (Italian)
6. ^Adolfo Zavaroni, Iscrizioni camune {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023155646/http://www.simbolisullaroccia.it/PDF/ISCRIZIONI%20CAMUNE.pdf# |date=2007-10-23 }}, 2004. (Italian)
7. ^Angelo Martinotti, Le iscrizioni preromane in Lucus rupestris, 2009, p. 325. (Italian)
Bibliography - Mancini, Alberto. 1980. "Le iscrizioni della Valcamonica" in Studi Urbinati di storia, filosofia e letteratura. Supplemento linguistico 2, pp. 75–166.
- Mancini, Alberto. 1991. "Iscrizioni retiche e iscrizioni camune. Due ambiti a confronto" in Quaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica, Università degli studi di Firenze 2, pp. 77–93.
- Marchesini, Simona. 2011. "[https://www.academia.edu/1215730/Alla_ricerca_del_modello_perduto._Sulla_genesi_dellalfabeto_camuno Alla ricerca del modello perduto. Sulla genesi dell’alfabeto camuno"], Palaeohispanica 11, pp. 155-171
- Markey, Thomas L. 2008. "Shared symbolics, genre difussion, token perceptions and late literacy in North-western Europe" in NOWELE 54/55, pp. 5–62.
- Morandi, Alessandro. 2004. Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d'Italia, vol. II. Celti d’Italia, ed. by Paola Piana Agostinetti (Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica, 12), Roma 2004
- Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi. 1965. "Per un'edizione delle iscrizioni della Valcamonica", in Studi Etruschi 33, pp. 574–599.
- Schumacher, Stefan. 2007. "Val Camonica, Inschriften" in Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. Band 35: Speckstein bis Zwiebel. Ed. Heinrich Beck et al., Berlin – New York, pp. 334–337.
- Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1978. "Camuno, retico e pararetico", in Lingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), ed. by A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma 1978, pp. 209–255.
- Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1990. "Nuove iscrizioni camune" in Quaderni camuni 49-50, pp. 29–171.
- Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1992. "Gli alfabetari" in Quaderni camuni 60, pp. 309–380.
External links{{commons |Camunian alphabet}}- {{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/etruscan.htm|title=Etruscan alphabet|accessdate=2009-09-20}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.simbolisullaroccia.it/archivio/2005/2005-iscrizioni-zavaroni/archivio_iscrizioni.htm#|title=Iscrizioni camune a cura di Adolfo Zavaroni|accessdate=2009-08-20|language=italian}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/12/neoderia.html|title=Tracce n° 7 Scratched horses in a relief from Cividate Camuno – Valcamonica (Italy)|accessdate=2009-09-18}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/VITDERIA.html|title=Tracce n° 9 Vite-Deria, Paspardo, Valcamonica. Ricerche 1990–97|accessdate=2009-09-18|language=italian}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/sfield97.html|title=Tracce n° 9 Rock and Roll with the Camunnians Did they have ladders in the prehistory?|accessdate=2009-09-18}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.rupestre.net/tracce/cividat.html|title=Tracce n° 12 Due nuove rocce istoriate in località Vite area di Vite-Deria, Paspardo (Valcamonica, BS)|accessdate=2009-09-18|language=italian}}
4 : Languages of ancient Italy|Unclassified languages of Europe|Languages attested from the 1st millennium BC|Languages extinct in the 1st millennium BC |