1. History

2. Recreation

3. Geography

4. Wildlife
    Fauna  Flora 

5. Climate

6. Geology

7. Gallery

8. See also

9. References

10. Further reading

11. External links

The park is divided into four districts: the Island in the Sky, the Needles, the Maze, and the combined rivers—the Green and Colorado—which carved two large canyons into the Colorado Plateau. While these areas share a primitive desert atmosphere, each retains its own character.^[5] Author Edward Abbey, a frequent visitor, described the Canyonlands as "the most weird, wonderful, magical place on earth—there is nothing else like it anywhere."^[6]

History

In the early 1950s, Bates Wilson, then superintendent of Arches National Monument, began exploring the area to the south and west of Moab, Utah. After seeing what is now known as the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park, Wilson began advocating for the establishment of a new national park that would include the Needles. Additional explorations by Wilson and others expanded the areas proposed for inclusion into the new national park to include the confluence of Green and Colorado rivers, the Maze District, and Horseshoe Canyon.^[7]

In 1961, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall was scheduled to address a conference at Grand Canyon National Park. On his flight to the conference, he flew over the Confluence (where the Colorado and Green rivers meet). The view apparently sparked Udall's interest in Wilson's proposal for a new national park in that area and Udall began promoting the establishment of Canyonlands National Park.

In September 1964, after several years of debate, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed {{USPL|88|590}}, which established Canyonlands National Park as a new national park. Bates Wilson became the first superintendent of the new park. He is often referred to as the "Father of Canyonlands."

Recreation

Canyonlands is a popular recreational destination. Since 2007, more than 400,000 people have visited the park each year with a record of 776,218 visitors in 2016, representing a 22 percent increase from the prior year.^[3] The geography of the park is well suited to a number of different recreational uses. Hikers, mountain bikers, backpackers, and four-wheelers all enjoy traveling the rugged, remote trails within the Park. The White Rim Road traverses the White Rim Sandstone level of the park between the rivers and the Island in the Sky. Since 2015, day-use permits must be obtained before travelling on the White Rim Road due to the increasing popularity of driving and bicycling along it. The park service's intent is to provide a better wilderness experience for all visitors while minimizing impacts on the natural surroundings.^[8][9]

Rafters and kayakers float the calm stretches of the Green River and Colorado River above the Confluence. Below the Confluence, Cataract Canyon contains powerful whitewater rapids, similar to those found in the Grand Canyon. However, since there is no large impoundment on the Colorado River above Canyonlands National Park, river flow through the Confluence is determined by snowmelt, not management. As a result, and in combination with Cataract Canyon's unique graben geology, this stretch of river offers the largest whitewater in North America in heavy snow years.

Political compromise at the time of the park's creation limited the protected area to an arbitrary portion of the Canyonlands basin. Conservationists hope to complete the park by bringing the boundaries up to the high sandstone rims that form the natural border of the Canyonlands landscape.^[11]

Geography

The Colorado River and Green River combine within the park dividing it into three districts called the Island in the Sky, the Needles and the Maze. The Colorado River flows through Cataract Canyon below its confluence with the Green River.

The Island in the Sky district is a broad and level mesa to the north of the park between Colorado and Green river with many overlooks from the White Rim, a sandstone bench {{convert|1200|ft|sigfig=3}} below the Island, and the rivers, which are another {{convert|1000|ft|sigfig=3}} below the White Rim.

The Needles district is located east of the Colorado River and is named after the red and white banded rock pinnacles which dominate it, but various other forms of naturally sculptured rock such as canyons, grabens, potholes, and a number of arches similar to the ones of the nearby Arches National Park can be found as well. Unlike Arches National Park, where many arches are accessible by short to moderate hikes or even by car, most of the arches in the Needles district lie in back country canyons and require long hikes or four-wheel-drive trips to reach them.

The area was once home of the Ancestral Puebloans, of which many traces can be found. Although the items and tools they used have been largely taken away by looters, some of their stone and mud dwellings are well-preserved.^[12] The Ancestral Puebloans also left traces in the form of petroglyphs, most notably on the so-called Newspaper Rock near the Visitor Center at the entrance of this district.

The Maze district is located west of the Colorado and Green rivers, and is the least accessible section of the park, and one of the most remote and inaccessible areas of the United States.^[13][14]

A geographically detached section of the park located west-northwest of the main unit, Horseshoe Canyon Unit, contains panels of rock art made by hunter-gatherers from the Late Archaic Period (2000-1000 BC) pre-dating the Ancestral Puebloans.^[15][16][17] Originally called Barrier Canyon, Horseshoe's artifacts, dwellings, pictographs, and murals are some of the oldest in America.^[16] It is believed that the images depicting horses date from after 1540 AD, after the Spanish re-introduced horses to America.^[16]

Wildlife

Fauna

Mammals that roam this park include black bears, coyotes, skunks, bats, elk, foxes, bobcats, badgers, two species of ring-tailed cats, pronghorns, and cougars.^[18] Desert cottontails, kangaroo rats and mule deer are commonly seen by visitors.^[19]

At least 273 species of birds inhabit the park.^[20] A variety of hawks and eagles are found, including the Cooper's hawk, the northern goshawk, the sharp-shinned hawk, the red-tailed hawk, the golden and bald eagles, the rough-legged hawk, the Swainson's hawk, and the northern harrier.^[21] Several species of owls are found, including the great horned owl, the northern saw-whet owl, the western screech owl, and the Mexican spotted owl.^[21] Grebes, woodpeckers, ravens, herons, flycatchers, crows, bluebirds, wrens, warblers, blackbirds, orioles, goldfinches, swallows, sparrows, ducks, quail, grouse, pheasants, hummingbirds, falcons, gulls, and ospreys are some of the other birds that can be found.^[21]

Several reptiles can be found, including eleven species of lizards and eight species of snake (including the midget faded rattlesnake).^[22] The common kingsnake and prairie rattlesnake have been reported in the park, but not confirmed by the National Park Service.^[22]

The park is home to six confirmed amphibian species, including the red-spotted toad,^[23] Woodhouse's toad,^[24] American bullfrog,^[25] northern leopard frog,^[26] Great Basin spadefoot toad,^[27] and tiger salamander.^[28] The canyon tree frog was reported to be in the park in 2000, but was not confirmed during a study in 2004.^[29]

Flora

Canyonlands National Park contains a wide variety of plant life, including 11 cactus species,^[30] 20 moss species,^[31] liverworts,^[31] grasses^[32] and wildflowers.^[33] Varieties of trees include netleaf hackberry, Russian olive, Utah juniper, pinyon pine, tamarisk and Fremont's cottonwood.^[34] Shrubs include Mormon tea, blackbrush, four-wing saltbush and cliffrose.^[34]

Climate

The National Weather Service has maintained two cooperative weather stations in the park since June 1965. Official data documents the desert climate with less than {{convert|10|in|mm|abbr=off}} of annual rainfall, as well as very warm, mostly dry summers and cold, occasionally wet winters. Snowfall is generally light during the winter.

The station in The Neck region reports average January temperatures ranging from a high of {{convert|37.0|F|C}} to a low of {{convert|20.7|F|C}}. Average July temperatures range from a high of {{convert|90.7|F|C}} to a low of {{convert|65.8|F|C}}. There are an average of 43.3 days with highs of {{convert|90|F|C}} or higher and an average of 124.3 days with lows of {{convert|32|F|C}} or lower. The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|105|F|C}} on July 15, 2005, and the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-13|F|C}} on February 6, 1989. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|9.07|in|mm}}. There are an average of 59 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1984, with {{convert|13.66|in|mm|abbr=on}}, and the driest year was 1989, with {{convert|4.63|in|mm|abbr=on}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|5.19|in|mm|abbr=on}} in October 2006. The most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|1.76|in|mm|abbr=on}} on April 9, 1978. Average annual snowfall is {{convert|22.9|in|cm|abbr=on}}. The most snowfall in one year was {{convert|47.4|in|cm|abbr=on}} in 1975, and the most snowfall in one month was {{convert|27.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} in January 1978.^[35]

The station in The Needles region reports average January temperatures ranging from a high of {{convert|41.2|F|C}} to a low of {{convert|16.6|F|C}}. Average July temperatures range from a high of {{convert|95.4|F|C}} to a low of {{convert|62.4|F|C}}. There are an average of 75.4 days with highs of {{convert|90|F|C}} or higher and an average of 143.6 days with lows of {{convert|32|F|C}} or lower. The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|107|F|C}} on July 13, 1971, and the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-16|F|C}} on January 16, 1971. Average annual precipitation is {{convert|8.49|in|mm|abbr=on}}. There are an average of 56 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1969, with {{convert|11.19|in|mm|abbr=on}}, and the driest year was 1989, with {{convert|4.25|in|mm|abbr=on}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|4.43|in|mm|abbr=on}} in October 1972. The most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|1.56|in|mm|abbr=on}} on September 17, 1999. Average annual snowfall is {{convert|14.4|in|cm|abbr=on}}. The most snowfall in one year was {{convert|39.3|in|cm|abbr=on}} in 1975, and the most snowfall in one month was {{convert|24.0|in|cm|abbr=on}} in March 1985.^[36]

Geology

A subsiding basin and nearby uplifting mountain range (the Uncompahgre) existed in the area in Pennsylvanian time. Seawater trapped in the subsiding basin created thick evaporite deposits by Mid Pennsylvanian. This, along with eroded material from the nearby mountain range, become the Paradox Formation, itself a part of the Hermosa Group. Paradox salt beds started to flow later in the Pennsylvanian and probably continued to move until the end of the Jurassic.^[37] Some scientists believe Upheaval Dome was created from Paradox salt bed movement, creating a salt dome, but more modern studies show that the meteorite theory is more likely to be correct.

A warm shallow sea again flooded the region near the end of the Pennsylvanian. Fossil-rich limestones, sandstones, and shales of the gray-colored Honaker Trail Formation resulted. A period of erosion then ensued, creating a break in the geologic record called an unconformity. Early in the Permian an advancing sea laid down the Halgaito Shale. Coastal lowlands later returned to the area, forming the Elephant Canyon Formation.

Large alluvial fans filled the basin where it met the Uncompahgre Mountains, creating the Cutler red beds of iron-rich arkose sandstone. Underwater sand bars and sand dunes on the coast inter-fingered with the red beds and later became the white-colored cliff-forming Cedar Mesa Sandstone. Brightly colored oxidized muds were then deposited, forming the Organ Rock Shale. Coastal sand dunes and marine sand bars once again became dominant, creating the White Rim Sandstone.

A second unconformity was created after the Permian sea retreated. Flood plains on an expansive lowland covered the eroded surface and mud built up in tidal flats, creating the Moenkopi Formation. Erosion returned, forming a third unconformity. The Chinle Formation was then laid down on top of this eroded surface.

Increasingly dry climates dominated the Triassic. Therefore, sand in the form of sand dunes invaded and became the Wingate Sandstone. For a time climatic conditions became wetter and streams cut channels through the sand dunes, forming the Kayenta Formation. Arid conditions returned to the region with a vengeance; a large desert spread over much of western North America and later became the Navajo Sandstone. A fourth unconformity was created by a period of erosion.

Mud flats returned, forming the Carmel Formation and the Entrada Sandstone was laid down next. A long period of erosion stripped away most of the San Rafael Group in the area along with any formations that may have been laid down in the Cretaceous period.

The Laramide orogeny started to uplift the Rocky Mountains 70 million years ago and with it the Canyonlands region. Erosion intensified and when the Colorado River Canyon reached the salt beds of the Paradox Formation the overlying strata extended toward the river canyon, forming features such as The Grabens. Increased precipitation during the ice ages of the Pleistocene quickened the rate of canyon excavation along with other erosion. Similar types of erosion are ongoing, but occur at a slower rate.

Gallery

See also

• List of national parks of the United States
• Bears Ears National Monument
• Goblin Valley State Park
• Indian Creek Wilderness Study Area

References

Further reading

• {{cite book |last=Harris |first=Ann C. |title=Geology of National Parks |publisher=Kendall Hunt Publishing Co. |year=1998 |pages= |isbn=0-7872-5353-7}}
• {{cite book |last=Zwinger |first=Ann |title=Wind in the Rock |publisher=University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson, AZ |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8165-0985-0}}
• {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |title=Canyonlands: The Story Behind the Scenery |publisher=KC Publications |location=Las Vegas, NV |year=1989 |isbn=0-88714-034-3}}
• {{cite book|title=The National parks : index, 2009-2011|date=2009|publisher=The Office of Public Affairs, and the Division of Publications, National Park Service|location=Washington, DC|isbn=9780912627816|edition=Rev. to include the actions of the 110th Congress ending Jan. 3, 2009.|url=https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nps/index2009_11.pdf|accessdate=2011-06-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016070121/https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nps/index2009_11.pdf|archivedate=2011-10-16}}

External links

• {{official website|http://www.nps.gov/cany/}} by the National Park Service
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060826225430/http://www.canyonlandsfieldinst.org/ Canyonlands Field Institute] (a non-profit support group)
• Canyonlands Natural History Association (a non-profit organization established to assist the scientific and educational efforts of the NPS)
• Spherical panoramas of Canyonlands
• DigitalCommons@USU (Canyonlands Research Publications from Utah State University)

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