“Caribbean Community”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Caribbean Community (CARICOM or CC) is an organisation of fifteen Caribbean nations and dependencies whose main objective is to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members, to ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared, and to coordinate foreign policy.^[4] The organisation was established in 1973. Its major activities involve coordinating economic policies and development planning; devising and instituting special projects for the less-developed countries within its jurisdiction; operating as a regional single market for many of its members (Caricom Single Market); and handling regional trade disputes. The secretariat headquarters is in Georgetown, Guyana. CARICOM is an official United Nations Observer.^[5]

Established mainly by the English-speaking parts of the Caribbean, CARICOM has become multilingual in practice with the addition of Dutch-speaking Suriname on 4 July 1995 and Haitian Kreyòl- and French-speaking Haiti on 2 July 2002. Furthermore, it was suggested that Spanish should also become a working language.^[6] In July 2012, CARICOM announced that they were considering making French and Dutch official languages.^[7] In 2001, the heads of government signed a revised Treaty of Chaguaramas that cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into a Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy. Part of the revised treaty establishes and implements the Caribbean Court of Justice.

Membership

Currently CARICOM has 15 full members, 5 associate members and 8 observers. All of the associate members are British overseas territories, and it is currently not established what the role of the associate members will be. The observers are states which engage in at least one of CARICOM's technical committees. Although the group has close ties with Cuba, that nation was excluded due to lack of full democratic internal political arrangement. In 2017 Cuba and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) bloc signed the "CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement"^[8] to facilitate closer ties.

Organisational structure

Under Article 4 CARICOM breaks its 15 member states into two groups: Less Developed Countries (LDCs) and More Developed Countries (MDCs).^[11]

The countries of CARICOM which are designated as Less Developed Countries (LDCs) are:^[11]

The countries of CARICOM which are designated as More Developed Countries (MDCs) are:^[11]

Chairmanship

The post of Chairman (Head of CARICOM) is held in rotation by the regional Heads of State (for the republics) and Heads of Government (for the realms) of CARICOM's 15 member states. These include: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Bahamas, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago.

Heads of government

CARICOM contains a quasi-Cabinet of the individual Heads of Government. These heads are given specific specialised portfolios of responsibility for overall regional development and integration.^[11]

Secretariat

Organs and bodies

Community Council

The Community Council consists of ministers responsible for community affairs and any other Minister designated by the member states in their absolute discretion. It is one of the community's principal organs; the other is the Conference of the Heads of Government. It is supported by four other organs and three bodies.

Institutions

The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) is based in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago and was chiefly developed to act as a settlement unit for disputes on the functioning of the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy (CSME) (known as "original jurisdiction"). In addition, some of the region's Commonwealth Caribbean member states of CARICOM have opted to supplement original jurisdiction with "appellate jurisdiction" which by practice replaces the Privy Council (in London, United Kingdom) with the CCJ.

As of 2018, the majority of member states continue to utilize the Privy Council as their final appellate court and three member states do not use the CCJ for either its original jurisdiction or its appellate jurisdiction because they have either not signed the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas (the Bahamas and Haiti) or are a current United Kingdom Overseas Territory (Montserrat). A handful of various public propositions have been held in several countries of CARICOM polling on public support for transitioning of appellate jurisdiction to the CCJ, and to date the majority of these measures held have failed.

Associate institutions

Standard and song

The flag of the Caribbean Community was chosen and approved in November 1983 at the Conference of Heads of Government Meeting in Port of Spain, Trinidad. The original design by the firm of WINART Studies in Georgetown, Guyana was substantially modified at the July 1983 Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.^[12] The flag was first flown on 4 July 1984 in Nassau, Bahamas at the fifth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.^[13]

The flag features a blue background, but the upper part is a light blue representing sky and the lower, a darker blue representing the Caribbean Sea. The yellow circle in the centre represents the sun on which is printed in black the logo of the Caribbean Community, two interlocking Cs. The two Cs are in the form of broken links in a chain, symbolising both unity and a break with the colonial past.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} The narrow ring of green around the sun represents the vegetation of the region.^[12]

For CARICOM's 40th anniversary, a competition to compose an official song or anthem for CARICOM was launched in April 2013^[14] to promote choosing a song that promoted unity and inspired CARICOM identity and pride. A regional panel of judges comprising independent experts in music was nominated by member states and the CARICOM Secretariat. Three rounds of competition condensed 63 entries to a final three, from which judges chose Celebrating CARICOM by Michele Henderson of Dominica^[14] in March 2014.^[20] Henderson won a US$10,000 prize.^[15] Her song was produced by her husband, Roland Delsol Jr., and arranged by Earlson Matthew. It also featured Michael Ferrol on drums and choral input from the St. Alphonsus Choir. It was re-produced for CARICOM by Carl Beaver Henderson of Trinidad and Tobago.^[20]

A second-place entry titled My CARICOM came from Jamaican Adiel Thomas^[14] who won US$5,000,^[15] and a third-place song titled One CARICOM by Carmella Lawrence of St. Kitts and Nevis,^[14] won US$2,500.^[15] The other songs from the top-ten finalists (in no particular order) were:

The first official performance of Celebrating CARICOM by Henderson took place on Tuesday 1 July 2014 at the opening ceremony for the Thirty-Fifth Regional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in Antigua and Barbuda.^[14]

History

CARICOM, originally the Caribbean Community and Common Market, was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas^[17] which took effect on 1 August 1973. The first four signatories were Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.

CARICOM superseded the 1965–1972 Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) organised to provide a continued economic linkage between the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean after the dissolution of the West Indies Federation, which lasted from 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962.

A revised Treaty of Chaguaramas established the Caribbean Community including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) and was signed by the CARICOM Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community on 5 July 2001 at their Twenty-Second Meeting of the Conference in Nassau, The Bahamas.^[18] The revised treaty cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy.

Haiti's membership in CARICOM remained effectively suspended from 29 February 2004 through early June 2006 following the 2004 Haitian coup d'état and the removal of Jean-Bertrand Aristide from the presidency.^[19]^[20] CARICOM announced that no democratically elected government in CARICOM should have its leader deposed. The fourteen other heads of government sought to have Aristide fly from Africa to Jamaica and share his account of events with them, which infuriated the interim Haitian prime minister, Gérard Latortue, who announced he would take steps to take Haiti out of CARICOM. CARICOM thus voted on suspending the participation of Haitian officials from the councils of CARICOM.^[21] Following the presidential election of René Préval, Haitian officials were readmitted and Préval himself gave the opening address at the CARICOM Council of Ministers meeting in July.

Since 2013 the CARICOM-bloc and with the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements signed in 2008 known as CARIFORUM.^[34] The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Under Article 234 of the agreement, the European Court of Justice handles dispute resolution between CARIFORUM and European Union states.^[35]

Statistics

Thousands of Caricom nationals live within other member states of the Community.

An estimated 30,000 Jamaicans legally reside in other CARICOM member states,^[24] mainly in the Bahamas (5,600),^[25] Antigua & Barbuda (estimated 12,000),^[26] Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago).^[24] Also, an estimated 150 Jamaicans live and work in Montserrat.^[26] A November 21, 2013 estimated put 16,958 Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad & Tobago, as according to the records of the Office of the Chief Immigration Officer, their entry certificates would have since expired.^[27] By October 2014, the estimated Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad and Tobago was 19,000 along with an estimated 7,169 Barbadians and 25,884 Guyanese residing illegally.^[28] An estimated 8,000 Trinidadians and Tobagonians live in Jamaica.^[29]

Barbados hosts a large diaspora population of Guyanese, of whom (in 2005) 5,032 lived there permanently as citizens, permanent residents, immigrants (with immigrant status) and Caricom skilled nationals; 3,200 were residing in Barbados temporarily under work permits, as students, or with "reside and work" status. A further 2,000-3,000 Guyanese were estimated to be living illegally in Barbados at the time.^[30] Migration between Barbados and Guyana has deep roots, going back over 150 years, with the most intense period of Barbadian migration to then-British Guiana occurring between 1863 and 1886, although as late as the 1920s and 1930s Barbadians were still leaving Barbados for British Guiana.^[31]

Migration between Guyana and Suriname also goes back a number of years. An estimated 50,000 Guyanese had migrated to Suriname by 1986^[32]^[33] In 1987 an estimated 30-40,000 Guyanese were in Suriname.^[34] Many Guyanese left Suriname in the 1970s and 1980s, either voluntarily by expulsion. Over 5,000 were expelled in January 1985 alone.^[35] in the instability Suriname experienced following independence, both coups and civil war.^[33] In 2013 an estimated 11,530 Guyanese had emigrated to Suriname and 4,662 Surinamese to Guyana.^[36]

Relationship to other supranational Caribbean organisations

Association of Caribbean States

CARICOM was instrumental in the formation of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) on 24 July 1994. The original idea for the Association came from a recommendation of the West Indian Commission, established in 1989 by the CARICOM heads of state and government. The Commission advocated both deepening the integration process (through the CARICOM Single Market and Economy) and widening it through a separate regional organisation encompassing all states in the Caribbean.^[37]

CARICOM accepted the commission's recommendations and opened dialogue with other Caribbean states, the Central American states and the Latin American nations of Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico which border the Caribbean, for consultation on the proposals of the West Indian Commission.^[37]

At an October 1993 summit the heads of state and government of CARICOM and the presidents of the then-Group of Three (Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela) formally decided to create an association grouping all states of the Caribbean basin. A work schedule for its formation was adopted. The aim was to create the association in less than a year, an objective which was achieved with the formal creation of the ACS.^[37]

Community of Latin American and Caribbean States

CARICOM was also involved in the formation of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) on 3 December 2010. The idea for CELAC originated at the Rio Group–Caribbean Community Unity Summit on 23 February 2010 in Mexico.^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]

European Union: Economic Partnership Agreements

Since 2013, the CARICOM-bloc and the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements known as CARIFORUM signed in 2008.^[43] The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment. Within the agreement under Article 234, the European Court of Justice also carries dispute resolution mechanisms between CARIFORUM and the European Union states.^[44]

OHADAC Project

In May 2016, Caricom's court of original jurisdiction, the CCJ, signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the ACP Legal Association based in Guadeloupe recognising and supporting the goals of implementing a harmonised business law framework in the Caribbean through ACP Legal Association's OHADAC Project.^[45]

OHADAC is the acronym for the French "Organisation pour l'Harmonisation du Droit des Affaires en les Caraïbes", which translates into English as "Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in the Caribbean". The OHADAC Project takes inspiration from a similar organisation in Africa and aims to enhance economic integration across the entire Caribbean and facilitate increased trade and international investment through unified laws and alternative dispute resolution methods.^[45]

See also

References

1. ^https://countryeconomy.com/countries/groups/caribbean-community
2. ^https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD
3. ^List of countries by HDI
4. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.caribbeannetnews.com/news-15757--63-63--.html |title=CARICOM countries will speak with one voice in meetings with US and Canadian leaders |accessdate=2009-04-16 |first=Oscar |last=Ramjeet |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2009-04-16 |work=Caribbean Net News |pages= |quote= }}{{dead link|date=August 2016|bot=medic}}
5. ^https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/intergovernmental-organizations/index.html
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.caricom.org/jsp/speeches/awardceremony_outstandingstudents_applewhaite.jsp?null&prnf=1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-11-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608032533/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/speeches/awardceremony_outstandingstudents_applewhaite.jsp?null&prnf=1 |archivedate=2011-06-08 |df= }}
7. ^"Communiqué Issued at the Conclusion of the Thirty-Third Regular Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community, 4-6 July 2012, Gros Islet, Saint Lucia", "Heads of Government recognized that, although English was the official language of the Community, the facility to communicate in their languages could enhance the participation of Haiti and Suriname in the integration process. They therefore requested the conduct of a study to examine the possibilities and implications, including costs, of introducing French and Dutch."
8. ^[https://caricom.org/Document-Library/view-document/caricom-cuba-trade-and-economic-cooperation-agreement CARICOM-Cuba Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement]
9. ^{{citeweb|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qf6LDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA971&lpg=PA971|title=CIA World Factbook|year=2017|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|pages=971}}
10. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20100128025719/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/organogram_mar_07.pdf ]
11. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20080502211904/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/regional_portfolio.jsp?menu=community Regional Portfolios of CARICOM Heads of Government]
12. ^¹CARICOM Standard
13. ^Flag of the Caribbean Community and Common Market
14. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/press_releases_2014/pres168_14.jsp |title=History created as new CARICOM song is launched}}
15. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community_organs/cohsod_culture/carifesta_X1_2013/TOR_CARICOM_song_competition.pdf|title=CARICOM Song Competition: Terms of Reference}}
16. ^¹²WORD Version of CARICOM song competition Fact Sheet
17. ^Original Treaty of Chaguaramas {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011055645/http://www.caricomlaw.org/doc.php?id=21 |date=October 11, 2007 }}
18. ^¹²³Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110061815/http://www.caricom.org/jsp/community/revised_treaty-text.pdf |date=2011-11-10 }}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/03/01/newhaiti040301.html |title=Aristide accuses U.S. of coup d'état |publisher=Canadian Broadcast Corporation|date=2004-03-02 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3587777.stm |title=Aristide launches kidnap lawsuit |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-03-31 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trinidadandtobagonews.com/forum/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/1721 |title=Haiti suspends ties with CARICOM |publisher=Trinidadandtobagonews.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-25}}
22. ^{{cite book|title=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html|accessdate=December 23, 2017|language=en|chapter=Land area rankings}}
23. ^"Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) valuation of country GDP" (2013). World Economic Outlook Database 2014. International Monetary Fund. {{Retrieved|December 23, 2017}}.
24. ^¹30,000 Jamaicans residing in other CARICOM member states
25. ^Jamaicans of the Bahamas
26. ^¹Prime Minister Golding calls on Jamaicans in Antigua and Barbuda to cooperate with government and people there
27. ^Close to 17,000 Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad
28. ^7,000 illegal Bajans in T&T
29. ^Bissessar celebrates new Trinidad and Tobago High Commission
30. ^Guyanese, British and Americans among illegal immigrants living in Barbados
31. ^Mudheads in Barbados, a lived experience
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/show_country.asp?name=SR |title=Ethnologue Languages of Suriname}}
33. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www2.sil.org/silesr/2002/011/SILESR2002-011.pdf|title=Guyanese Creole Survey Report}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.guyana-cricket.com/news/guyanese-vital-suriname|title=Guyanese vital in Suriname}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/guyana-review/11/05/nervous-neighbours-guyana-and-suriname/ |title=Nervous Neighbours - Guyana and Suriname}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://esa.un.org/MigGMGProfiles/indicators/files/Guyana.pdf |title=Guyana Migration Profiles}}
37. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.sela.org/media/268462/evolution_of_the_association_of_caribbean_states_-acs.pdf |title=Evolution of the Association of Caribbean States}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mexidata.info/id2573.html |title=''Mexidata'' (English) March 1, 2010 |publisher=Mexidata.info |accessdate=2012-05-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426015931/http://www.mexidata.info/id2573.html |archivedate=April 26, 2012 |df= }}
39. ^{{cite news |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AML_GEN_CUMBRE_SPLA-?SITE=WFMZ&SECTION=ASIA&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2010-02-23-11-44-02 |title=Acuerdan crear Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños |agency=Associated Press |date=February 23, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/America/Latina/crea/OEA/Estados/Unidos/elpepuint/20100223elpepuint_1/Tes |title=América Latina crea una OEA sin Estados Unidos|work=El País|date=February 23, 2010}}
41. ^[https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10MEXICO127_a.html US Embassy Cable - Mexico's Latin American Summit 22-23 February]
42. ^Rio Group approves its expansion at Unity Summit
43. ^¹Caribbean moves afoot to restructure CARIFORUM, Peter Richards, Tuesday April 12th 2011
44. ^¹"Letter: Privy Council and EPA" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821110351/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20091008/letters/letters1.html |date=2014-08-21 }}, October 8, 2009, Jamaica Gleaner
45. ^¹CCJ signs MOU on harmonising business law in Caribbean