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Founded in 1775 by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, the name "Chabad" ({{Hebrew|חב״ד}}) is a Hebrew acronym for Chochmah, Binah, Da'at ({{Nobr|{{Hebrew|חכמה, בינה, דעת}}}}): "Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge", which represent the intellectual underpinnings of the movement.[7][8] The name Lubavitch is the Yiddish name of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth village Lubowicze (Lyubavichi) now in Russia, where the movement was centered for over a century, from 1813[9] to 1915.[10] In the 1930s, the sixth Rebbe of Chabad, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, moved the center of the Chabad movement from Russia to Poland. After the outbreak of World War II, he moved the center of the movement to the United States. In 1951, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson became the seventh Chabad Rebbe. The seventh Rebbe transformed the movement into one of the largest and most widespread Jewish movements in the world today. Under Rabbi Menachem Mendel's leadership, the movement established a network of more than 3,600 institutions that provide religious, social and humanitarian needs in over 1,000 cities, spanning 100 countries[11] and all 50 American states.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Chabad institutions provide outreach to unaffiliated Jews and humanitarian aid, as well as religious, cultural and educational activities at Chabad-run community centers, synagogues, schools, camps, and soup kitchens. The movement is thought to number between 40,000[19] and 200,000 adherents.[18][19][20][21] In 2005 the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs reported that up to one million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year.[22][23][26] In 2013, Chabad forecast that their Chanukah activities would reach up to 8,000,000 Jews in 80 countries worldwide.[24] HistoryThe Chabad movement was established in the town of Liozna, Grand Duchy of Lithuania (present day Belarus), in 1775, by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi,[28] a student of Rabbi Dovber ben Avraham, the "Maggid of Mezritch", the successor to Hasidism's founder, Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov. The movement was moved to Lyubavichi (Lubavitch) by the second Rebbe of Chabad, Rabbi Dovber Shneuri, in 1813.[9] The movement was centered in Lyubavichi for a century until the fifth Rebbe, Rabbi Shalom Dovber left the village in 1915[10] and moved to the city of Rostov-on-Don. During the interwar period, following Bolshevik persecution, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement, under the Sixth Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak, was centered in Riga and then in Warsaw. The outbreak of World War II led to the Sixth Rebbe to move to the United States. Since 1940,[25] the movement's center has been in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn.[26][27] While the movement spawned a number of offshoot groups throughout its history, the "Chabad-Lubavitch" branch is the only one still active, making it the movement's main surviving line.[34] Sarna has characterized Chabad as having enjoyed the fastest rate of growth of any Jewish religious movement in the period 1946-2015.[28] In the early 1900s, Chabad-Lubavitch legally incorporated itself under Agudas Chasidei Chabad ("Association of Chabad Hasidim"). Leadership{{Chabad (Rebbes and Chasidim)|Rebbes of Chabad}}The Chabad movement has been led by a succession of Hasidic rebbes. The main line of the movement, Chabad-Lubavitch, has had seven rebbes in total:
Oppression and resurgence in RussiaThe Chabad movement was subject to government oppression in Russia. The Russian government, first under the Czar, later under the Bolsheviks, imprisoned all but one of the Chabad rebbes.[40][41] The Bolsheviks also imprisoned, exiled and executed a number of Chabad Hasidim.[42][43][44] Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Chabad is not persecuted by the Russian government. Chabad Chief Rabbi of Russia, Berel Lazar, has good relations with Russian President Vladimir Putin.[45] Lazar also received the Order of Friendship and Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" medals from him.[46] Relations with other Hasidic groupsIn the 1980s, tensions arose between Chabad and Satmar Chasidim as the result of several assaults on Chabad hasidim by Satmar hasidim.[47][48][49] Philosophy{{Main|Chabad philosophy}}Chabad Hasidic philosophy focuses on religious and spiritual concepts such as God, the soul, and the meaning of the Jewish commandments. Classical Judaic writings and Jewish mysticism, especially the Zohar and the Kabbalah of Rabbi Isaac Luria, are frequently cited in Chabad works. These texts are used both as sources of Chabad teachings and as material requiring interpretation by Chabad authors. Chabad philosophy is rooted in the teachings of Rabbis Yisroel ben Eliezer, (the Baal Shem Tov, founder of Hasidism) and Dovber ben Avraham, the "Maggid of Mezritch" (Rabbi Yisroel's successor).{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} Rabbi Shneur Zalman's teachings formed the basis of Chabad philosophy, as expanded by succeeding generations. Many Chabad activities today are understood as applications of Shneur Zalman's teachings.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} Tanya{{Main|Tanya}}Sefer HaTanya, Shneur Zalman's magnum opus, is the first schematic treatment of Hasidic moral philosophy and its metaphysical foundations.[30] The original name of the first book is Sefer Shel Beinonim, the Book of the Intermediates. It is also known as Likutei Amarim — Collected Sayings. Sefer Shel Beinonim analyzes the inner struggle of the individual and the path to resolution. Citing the biblical verse "the matter is very near to you, in your mouth, your heart, to do",[50] the philosophy is based on the notion that the human is not inherently evil; rather, every individual has an inner conflict that is characterized with two different inclinations, the good and the bad.[51]"Chabad"According to Shneur Zalman's seminal work Tanya, the intellect consists of three interconnected processes: Chochma (wisdom), Bina (understanding), and Da'at (knowledge). While other branches of Hasidism focused primarily on the idea that "God desires the heart," Shneur Zalman argued that God also desires the mind, and that the mind is the "gateway" to the heart. With the Chabad philosophy he elevated the mind above the heart, arguing that "understanding is the mother of fear and love for God".[52] Chabad often contrasted itself with what is termed the Chagat schools of Hasidism.[53] While all schools of Hasidism have a certain focus on the emotions, Chagat saw emotions as a reaction to physical stimuli, such as dancing, singing, or beauty. Shneur Zalman, on the other hand, taught that the emotions must be led by the mind, and thus the focus of Chabad thought was to be Torah study and prayer rather than esotericism and song.[30] As a Talmudist, Shneur Zalman endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis. In Tanya, he defines his approach as moach shalit al halev (Hebrew: "מוח שליט על הלב", "the brain ruling the heart").[54] CommunityAn adherent of Chabad is called a Chabad Chasid (or Hasid) ({{lang-he|חסיד חב"ד}}), a Lubavitcher ({{lang-yi|ליובאַוויטשער}}), a Chabadnik ({{lang-he|חבדניק}}), or a Chabadsker ({{lang-yi|חבדסקער}}).[55] Chabad's adherents include both Hasidic followers, as well as non-Hasidim, who have joined Chabad synagogues and other Chabad run institutions.[66] The Chabad community consists of the followers (Hasidim) of the Chabad Rebbes. Originally, based in Eastern Europe, today, various Chabad communities span the globe; the communities with higher concentrations of Chabad's Hasidic followers are located in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and Kfar Chabad, Israel. Other communities hold smaller population sizes.{{Citation needed|date=April 2015}} According to sociologists studying contemporary Jewry, the Chabad movement fits into neither the standard category of Haredi nor that of modern Orthodox among Orthodox Jews. This is due in part to the existence of the "non-Orthodox Hasidim", the general lack of official recognition of political and religious distinctions within Judaism and the open relationship with non-Orthodox Jews represented by the activism of Chabad emissaries.[56][57] DemographicsDemographic accounts on the Chabad movement vary. Chabad adherents are often reported to number some 200,000 persons.[18][20][21] Some scholars have pointed to the lack of quantitative data to back this claim,[58] and some place the number of Chabad followers at around 40,000 but note that the number may be higher if the non-Hasidic Jews who join Chabad synagogues are included as well.[22] Compared to other Hasidic groups, Chabad is currently thought to be the largest,[59] the third[60] or fourth[61] largest Hasidic movement. United StatesEstimates for Chabad and other Hasidic groups are often based on extrapolation from the limited information available in US census data for some of the areas where Hasidim live. A 2006 estimate was drawn from a study on the Montreal Chabad community (determining average household size), in conjunction with language and other select indicators from US census data, it is estimated that Chabad in the United States includes approximately 4,000 households, which contains between 22,000 and 25,000 people. In terms of Chabad's relation to other Hasidic groups, within the New York metropolitan area, Chabad in the New York area accounts for around 15% of the total New York Hasidic population. Chabad is estimated to have an annual growth of 3.6%.[77]
Student body in the United StatesThe report findings of studies on Jewish day schools and supplementary Jewish education in the United States show that the student body currently enrolled in some 295 Chabad schools exceeds 20,750. Though this figure include Chabad Hasidic children as well as non-Chabad children.[66][67] Israel
FranceThe Chabad community in France is estimated to be between 10,000 and 15,000. The majority of the Chabad community in France are the descendants of immigrants from North Africa (specifically Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) during the 1960s.[62] Canada
Ashkenazim and SephardimThough the Chabad movement was founded in Eastern Europe, a center of Ashkenazic Jewry, it has in the past several decades attracted a significant number of Sephardi Jews as adherents.[74] Some Chabad communities are now a mix of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Chabad Hasidim. In Montreal, close to 25% of Chabad households include a Sephardi parent.[75][76] Customs and holidays{{Main|Chabad customs and holidays}}CustomsChabad adherents follow Chabad traditions and prayer services based on Lurianic kabbalah.[77] General Chabad customs, called minhagim (or minhagei Chabad), distinguish the movement from other Hasidic groups. Some of the main Chabad customs are minor practices performed on traditional Jewish holidays:
HolidaysThere are a number of days marked by the Chabad movement as special days. Major holidays include the liberation dates of the leaders of the movement, the Rebbes of Chabad, others corresponded to the leaders' birthdays, anniversaries of death, and other life events. The days marking the leaders' release, are celebrated by the Chabad movement as "Days of Liberation" (Hebrew: יום גאולה (Yom Geulah)). The most noted day is Yud Tes Kislev – The liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad movement. The day is also called the "New Year of Hasidism".[79] The birthdays of several of the movement's leaders are celebrated each year include Chai Elul, the birthday of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad movement,[82][83] and Yud Aleph Nissan, the birthday of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh rebbe of Chabad.[84] The anniversaries of death, or yartzeit, of several of the movement's leaders are celebrated each year, include Yud Shvat, the yartzeit of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, the sixth rebbe of Chabad,[85] Gimmel Tammuz, the yartzeit of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh rebbe of Chabad,[85][86] and Chof Beis Shvat, the yartzeit of Chaya Mushka Schneerson, the wife of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson.[87] InfluenceChabad's influence since World War Two has been far reaching among world Jewry. Chabad pioneered the post-World War II Jewish outreach movement, which spread Judaism to many assimilated Jews worldwide, leading to a substantial number of baalei teshuva ("returnees" to Judaism). The very first Yeshiva/Rabbinical College for such baalei teshuva, Hadar Hatorah, was established by the Lubavitcher Rebbe. It is reported that up to a million Jews attend Chabad services at least once a year.[23][88] According to Steven I. Weiss, Chabad's ideology has dramatically influenced non-Hasidic Jews' outreach practice.[89] Because of its outreach to all Jews, including those quite alienated from religious Jewish tradition, Chabad has been described as the one Orthodox group to evoke great affection from large segments of American Jewry.[90] Organizations{{Main|Chabad affiliated organizations}}Chabad's central organization representing the movement at large, Agudas Chasidei Chabad, is headed by Rabbi Abraham Shemtov. The educational, outreach and social services arms, Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch and Machneh Israel is headed by Rabbi Yehuda Krinsky, as well as the Chabad-Lubavitch publishing house, Kehot Publication Society. Local Chabad centers and institutions are usually incorporated as separate legal entities.[91] InstitutionsAs of 2007 there are 3,300 Chabad institutions around the world.[14][15][16] As of 2006 there were Chabad centers in 75 countries.[17] Listed on the Chabad movement's online directory are around 1,350 Chabad institutions. This number includes schools and other Chabad-affiliated establishments. The number of Chabad centers vary per country; the majority are in the United States and Israel. There are over 100 countries with a small Chabad presence. In total, according to its directory, Chabad maintains a presence in 950 cities around the world: 178 in Europe, 14 in Africa, 200 in Israel, 400 in North America, 38 in South America, and about 70 in Asia (excluding Israel, including Russia).[92] By geographic regionSee also Chabad institutions by geographic regionChabad presence varies from region to region. The continent with the highest concentration of Chabad centers is North America. The continent with the fewest centers is Africa.[93][94][94][95][96]
The "Chabad House"{{Main|Chabad house}}A Chabad house is a form of Jewish community center, primarily serving both educational and observance purposes.[97] Often, until the community can support its own center, the Chabad house is located in the shaliach's home, with the living room being used as the "synagogue". Effort is made to provide an atmosphere in which the nonobservant will not feel intimidated by any perceived contrast between their lack of knowledge of Jewish practice and the advanced knowledge of some of the people they meet there.[98] The term "Chabad House" originated with the creation of the first such outreach center on the campus of UCLA by Rabbi Shlomo Cunin.[99] A key to the Chabad house was given to the Rebbe and he asked if that meant that the new house was his home. He was told yes and he replied, "My hand will be on the door of this house to keep it open twenty-four hours a day for young and old, men and women alike."[100] In the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the local Chabad house was targeted.[101][102] The local Chabad emissaries, Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg and his wife Rivka, and four other Jews were tortured and murdered by Islamic terrorists.[103] Chabad received condolences from around the world.[104] FundraisingFunds for activities of a Chabad center rely entirely on the local community. Chabad centers do not receive funding from Lubavitch headquarters. For the day-to-day operations, local emissaries do all the fundraising by themselves. Chabad emissaries often solicit the support of local Jews.[105] Funds are used toward purchasing or renovating Chabad centers, synagogues and Mikvahs.[106] ActivitiesThe Chabad movement has been involved in numerous activities in contemporary Jewish life. These activities include providing Jewish education to different age groups, outreach to non-affiliated Jews, publishing Jewish literature, and summer camps for children, among other activities. EducationChabad runs a number of educational institutions. Most are Jewish day schools; others offer secondary and adult education.
Outreach activities{{Main|Chabad outreach}}Much of the movement's activities emphasize on outreach activities. This is due to Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson encouraging his followers to reach out to other Jews.[114] Chabad outreach includes activities promoting the practice of Jewish commandments (Mitzvah campaigns), as well as other forms of Jewish outreach. Much of Chabad's outreach is performed by Chabad emissaries (see Shaliach (Chabad)). Mitzvah campaigns{{Main|Mitzvah campaigns}}The Rebbes of Chabad have issued the call to all Jews to attract non-observant Jews to adopt Orthodox Jewish observance, teaching that this activity is part of the process of bringing the Messiah. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson issued a call to every Jew: "Even if you are not fully committed to a Torah life, do something. Begin with a mitzvah — any mitzvah — its value will not be diminished by the fact that there are others that you are not prepared to do".[115]Schneerson also suggested ten specific mitzvot that he believed were ideally suited for the emissaries to introduce to non-observant Jews. These were called "mivtzoim" — meaning "campaigns" or "endeavors". These were: lighting candles before Shabbat and the Jewish holidays by Jewish women; putting on tefillin; affixing a mezuzah; regular Torah study; giving Tzedakah; purchasing Jewish books; observing kashrut (kosher); kindness to others; Jewish religious education, and observing the family purity laws.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} In addition, Schneerson emphasized spreading awareness of preparing for and the coming of the moshiach Jewish messiah, consistent with his philosophy. He wrote on the responsibility to reach out to teach every fellow Jew with love, and implored that all Jews believe in the imminent coming of the moshiach as explained by Maimonides. He argued that redemption was predicated on Jews doing good deeds, and that gentiles should be educated about the Noahide Laws. Chabad has been a prime force in disseminating awareness of these laws.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Schneerson was emphatic about the need to encourage and provide strong education for every child, Jew and non-Jew alike. In honor of Schneerson's efforts in education the United States Congress has made Education and Sharing Day on the Rebbe's Hebrew Birthday (11 Nissan). Shluchim (Emissaries){{Main|Shaliach (Chabad)}}Following the initiative of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson spurred on the movement to what has become known as shlichus ("serving as an emissary [performing outreach]") in 1950–1951. As a result, Chabad shluchim ("emissaries", sing. shliach) have moved all over the world with the stated mission of encouraging non-observant Jews to adopt Orthodox Jewish observance. They assist Jews with all their religious needs, as well as with physical assistance and spiritual guidance and teaching. The stated goal is to encourage Jews to learn more about their Jewish heritage and to practice Judaism.[116] The Chabad movement, motivated by Schneerson, has trained and ordained thousands of rabbis, educators, ritual slaughterers, and ritual circumcisers, who are then accompanied by their spouses to many locations around the world. Typically, a young Lubavitch rabbi and his wife, in their early twenties, with one or two children, will move to a new location, and as they settle in will raise a large family who, as a family unit, will aim to fulfill their mandate of bringing Jewish people closer to Orthodox Judaism and encouraging gentiles to adhere to the Seven Laws of Noah.[116] To date, there around 5000 shluchim in 100 different countries.[11] Mitzvah tank{{Main|Mitzvah tank}}A mitzvah tank is a vehicle used by Chabad members involved in outreach as a portable "educational and outreach center" and "mini-synagogue" (or "minagogue"). Mitzvah tanks are commonly used for advancing the Mitzvah campaigns. Mitzvah tanks have been commonplace on the streets of New York City since 1974.[117] Today, they are used all over the globe, in countries where Chabad is active. Campus outreach{{Main|Chabad on Campus Foundation}}In recent years, Chabad has greatly expanded its outreach on university and college campuses. Chabad Student Centers are active on over 100 campuses, and Chabad offers varied activities at an additional 150 universities worldwide.[118] Professor Alan Dershowitz has said "Chabad's presence on college campuses today is absolutely crucial," and "we cannot rest until Chabad is on every major college campus in the world."[119] Teenager organizationCTeen is a program and a youth movement created for teenagers with ages between 13 and 18 years old, the program aims to integrate fun and Judaism for young people. CTeen is present in several countries, where the participants receive special study material for several Jewish holidays, different activities to be performed by their local groups, and constant advice to help them develop these studies and activities in the best possible way for them.[120] Publishing{{Main|Kehot Publication Society}}Chabad publishes and distributes Jewish religious literature. Under Kehot Publication Society, Chabad's main publishing house, Jewish literature has been translated into 12 different languages. Kehot regularly provides books at discounted prices, and hosts book-a-thons. Kehot commonly distributes books written or transcribed from the rebbes of Chabad, prominent chassidim and other authors who have written Jewish materials. Kehot is a division of Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, the movement's educational arm. MediaMore than any other Jewish movement, Chabad has used media as part of its religious, social, and political experience. Their latest leader, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, was the most video-documented Jewish leader in history.[121]{{page needed|date=January 2015}} Chabad.org{{Main|Chabad.org}}The Chabad movement publishes a wealth of Jewish material on the internet. Chabad's main website Chabad.org, is one of the first Jewish websites[122] and the first and largest virtual congregation.[123][124] It serves not just its own members but Jews worldwide in general.[125] Community websites{{Main|List of Chabad websites}}Popular Chabad community websites include collive.com, CrownHeights.info, Chabad.org, Shmais.com, Chdailynews.com, and the Hebrew site, COL.org.il.[126][127] Summer camps{{Main|Gan Israel Camping Network}}Chabad has set up an extensive network of camps around the world, most using the name Gan Israel, a name chosen by Schneerson although the first overnight camp was the girls division called Camp Emunah. There are 1,200 sites serving 210,000 children — most of whom do not come from Orthodox homes. Of these, 500 camps are in the United States.[128][129] Political activitiesSchneerson involved himself in matters relating to the resolution of the Israeli-Arab conflict.[130] He maintained that as a matter of Jewish law,[131] any territorial concession on Israel's part would endanger the lives of all Jews in the Land of Israel, and is therefore forbidden. He also insisted that even discussing the possibility of such concessions showed weakness, would encourage Arab attacks, and therefore endanger Jewish lives.[132] In USA domestic politics, Schneerson supported government involvement in education and welcomed the establishment of the United States Department of Education in 1980, yet insisted that part of a school's educational mission was to incorporate the values espoused in the Seven Laws of Noah. He called for the introduction of a moment of silence at the beginning of the school day, and for students to be encouraged to use this time for such improving thoughts or prayers as their parents might suggest.[133] In 1981, Schneerson publicly called for the use of solar energy. Schneerson believed that the USA could achieve energy independence by developing solar energy technologies. He argued that the dependence on foreign oil may lead to the country compromising on its principles.[134][135] Library dispute with RussiaIn 2013, US federal judge Royce Lamberth ruled in favor of Chabad lawyers that wanted contempt sanctions on three Russian organizations to return the Schneersohn Library – 12,000 books belonging to Rabbi Yosef Schneersohn seized and nationalized by the Bolsheviks in 1917-18, to the Brooklyn Chabad Library.[46][136] Chabad Rabbi Berel Lazar, Russia's Chief Rabbi, reluctantly accepted Putin's request in moving the Schneerson Library to Moscow's Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center as a form of compromise, which was criticized by the Chabad Library.[46] Controversies{{See also|Category:Chabad-Lubavitch related controversies}}Several movement-wide controversies have occurred in Chabad's 200-year history. Two major leadership succession controversies occurred in the 1800s, one took place in the 1810s following the death of the movement's founder, the other occurred in the 1860s following the death of the third Rebbe. Two other minor offshoot groups were formed later in the movement's history. The movement's other major controversy is Chabad messianism, which began in the 1990s. Succession disputes and offshoot groups{{Main|Chabad offshoot groups}}A number of groups have split from the Chabad movement, forming their own Hasidic groups, and at times, positioning themselves as possible successors of previous Chabad rebbes. Following the deaths of the first and third rebbes of Chabad, disputes arose over their succession.
OthersTwo other minor offshoot groups were formed by Chabad Hasidim:
Messianism{{main|Chabad messianism}}In the late 1980s, the Rebbe called for his followers to become involved in outreach activities with the purpose of bringing about the Jewish Messianic Age.[30] Statements concerning the advancement of the Messianic age was a factor leading to the controversy surrounding the messianic beliefs of some members of the movement.[152] Some Chabad Hasidim, called mashichists, "have not yet accepted the Rebbe's passing"[153] and even after his death regard him as the (living) 'King Messiah' and 'Moses of the generation'. In the artsArtChabad Hasidic artists Hendel Lieberman and Zalman Kleinman have painted a number of scenes depicting Chabad Hasidic culture, including religious ceremonies, study and prayer. Chabad artist Michoel Muchnik has painted scenes of the Mitzvah Campaigns.[121]{{rp|156}} Artist and shaliach Yitzchok Moully has adapted silkscreen techniques, bright colours and Jewish and Hasidic images to create a form of "Chasidic Pop Art".[154] MusicVocalists Avraham Fried and Benny Friedman have included recordings of traditional Chabad songs on their albums of contemporary Orthodox Jewish music. Bluegrass artist Andy Statman has also recorded Chabad niggunim. Reggae artist Matisyahu has included portions of Chabad niggunim and lyrics with Chabad philosophical themes in some of his songs. LiteratureNovelist Chaim Potok authored a work My Name is Asher Lev in which a Hasidic teen struggles between his artistic passions and the norms of the community. The "Ladover" community is a thinly veiled reference to the Lubavitcher community in Crown Heights.[155][156] Chabad poet Zvi Yair has written poems on Chabad philosophical topics including Ratzo V'Shov (spiritual yearning). The American Jewish writer and publisher, Clifford Meth, wrote a short science fiction story depicting the followers of the 7th Rebbe of Chabad and their outreach efforts on an alien planet through the eyes of a young yeshiva student.[157] Film and televisionThe Chabad-Lubavitch community has been the subject of a number of documentary films. These films include:
Other television
See also
References1. ^Additional spellings include Lubawitz, and Jabad (in Spanish speaking countries) 2. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Hasidism.html |title=Hasidism|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}} 3. ^{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA430&lpg=PA430&dq=largest+hasidic+groups#v=onepage&q=largest%20hasidic%20groups&f=false|isbn=9781851098422|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla|date=2008-05-12}} 4. ^{{Cite book |title=An Architectural Guidebook to Brooklyn |url=https://books.google.com/?id=cIOZO8_HNGAC&pg=RA5-PT139&lpg=RA5-PT139&dq=largest+hasidic+groups#v=onepage&q=largest%20hasidic%20groups&f=false|isbn=9781423619116}} 5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=593 |title=US Court finds that Chabad Can Sue for the Return of Precious Archives held by Russia |author=Martin Barillas |date=June 23, 2008}} 6. ^{{cite web |date=May 14, 2012 |url=http://www.jewocity.com/blog/the-first-jewish-start-up-nation-chabad-marketing-genius/1956 |title=The First Jewish Start-Up Nation ? Chabad: Marketing Genius |author=Ronn Torossian |publisher=Jewocity |accessdate=January 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016171134/http://www.jewocity.com/blog/the-first-jewish-start-up-nation-chabad-marketing-genius/1956 |archive-date=2014-10-16 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 7. ^Dara Horn, June 13, 2014 [https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-rebbe-by-joseph-telushkin-and-my-rebbe-by-adin-steinsaltz-1402696458 "Rebbe of Rebbe's"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026163324/http://online.wsj.com/articles/book-review-rebbe-by-joseph-telushkin-and-my-rebbe-by-adin-steinsaltz-1402696458 |date=October 26, 2014 }} The Wall Street Journal 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/article.asp?AID=36226 |title=About Chabad-Lubavitch on |publisher=Chabad.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2018/08/21/global/swastikas-daubed-chabad-center-movements-cradle-lyubavichi|title=Swastikas daubed on Russian Chabad center in cradle of Lubavitch Hasidic movement|date=August 21, 2018}} 10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-lubavitcher-rabbi-who-met-with-freud-dies-1.5235021|title=This Day in Jewish History, 1920 Lubavitcher Rabbi Who Met With Freud Dies|first=David B.|last=Green|date=March 21, 2013|via=Haaretz}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/11/20/news-opinion/united-states/uganda-is-100th-outpost-for-chabad|title=Uganda is 100th outpost for Chabad-Lubavitch|via=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=2017-11-20}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/11/28/south-dakota-is-getting-its-only-full-time-rabbi-and-becoming-the-50th-state-for-chabad/|title=South Dakota is getting its only full-time rabbi — and becoming the 50th state for Chabad|first=Julie|last=Zauzmer|website=Washington Post|accessdate=26 June 2017}} 13. ^Jewish Literacy, Telushkin, William Morrow 2001, p. 470 14. ^1 Gelbwasser, Michael, Mansfield rabbi reaches out, Sun Chronicle, March 31, 2007 15. ^1 [https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071206/ap_on_re/religion_today_1 Religion today] {{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, by Emily Fredrix, December 6, 2007 Associated Press 16. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/36226/jewish/About-Chabad-Lubavitch.htm |title=About Chabad-Lubavitch |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature4/index.html|last=Drake|first=Carolyn|title=A Faith Grows in Brooklyn|work=National Geographic|date=February 2006|access-date=2006-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203030144/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0602/feature4/index.html|archive-date=2006-02-03|dead-url=yes|df=}} 18. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.today.com/id/12284821 |agency=Associated Press |title=The perfect matzo a matter of timing |publisher=TODAY |date=April 12, 2006 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_303.html |title=Wertheimer, Jack. A People Divided: Judaism in Contemporary America. New York: Basic Books (A Division of Harper Collins) (1993); pg. xiv–xv |publisher=Adherents.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 20. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions|last=Occhiogrosso|first=Peter|publisher=Doubleday|year=1996|location=New York|page=250|chapter=Judaism}} 21. ^1 {{cite book |last=Andryszewski |first=Tricia |title=Communities of the Faithful: American Religious Movements Outside the Mainstream |location=Bookfield, Connecticut |publisher=Millbrook Press |year=1997 |page=95 |isbn=978-0761300670}} 22. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |last=Heilman |first=Samuel |title=The Chabad Lubavitch Movement: Filling the Jewish Vacuum Worldwide |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date=December 15, 2005 |url=http://jcpa.org/article/the-chabad-lubavitch-movement-filling-the-jewish-vacuum-worldwide/ |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 23. ^1 Slater, Elinor and Robert, Great Jewish Men, Jonathan David Publishers 1996 ({{ISBN|08246 03818}}). Page 279. 24. ^{{cite web |publisher=Chabad |url=http://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/2406550/jewish/Chabad-Lubavitchs-Global-Chanukah-Campaign.htm |title=Chabad-Lubavitch's Global Chanukah Campaign |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 25. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/19872113650fsupp146311879|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609131447/http://www.leagle.com/decision/19872113650FSupp1463_11879|deadurl=y|title=AGUDAS CHASIDEI CHABAD OF | 650 F.Supp. 1463 (1987) | pp146311879 | Leagle.com|archivedate=June 9, 2015|website=Leagle}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/272209/jewish/Rabbi-Sholom-DovBer-Schneersohn.htm |publisher=Chabad |title=Sholom DovBer Schneersohn (1860–1920) |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 27. ^Altein, R, Zaklikofsky, E, Jacobson, I: Out of the Inferno: The Efforts That Led to the Rescue of Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn of Lubavitch from War Torn Europe in 1939–40, p. 270. Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, 2002 {{ISBN|0-8266-0683-0}} 28. ^{{Cite web |author=Jonathan D. Sarna |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/symposium-part-5/ |title=The Jewish Future: What will be the condition of the Jewish community 50 years from now? |publisher=Commentary, Inc |work=Commentary Magazine |date=October 14, 2015}} 29. ^{{cite book |last=Mindel |first=Nissan |title=The Philosophy of Chabad |volume=2 |chapter=Intro |location=Brooklyn |publisher=Kehot Publication Society |year=1985 |isbn=978-0826604170}} 30. ^1 2 3 The Encyclopedia of Hasidism, "Habad", Jonathan Sacks, pp. 161–164 31. ^Hasidism: The movement and its masters, Harry M. Rabinowicz, 1988, pp. 83–92, Jason Aronson, London {{ISBN|0-87668-998-5}} 32. ^1 Leadership in the Chabad movement, Avrum Erlich, Jason Aronson, 2000 {{ISBN|0-7657-6055-X}} 33. ^Hayom Yom, p. A10 34. ^Chanoch Glitzenshtein, Sefer Hatoldos Tzemach Tzedek 35. ^Hayom Yom, p. A14 36. ^{{cite web|title=Sefer HaToldos Admur Maharash |url=http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/sefer-hatoldos-admur-maharash/03.htm |accessdate=March 8, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422214316/http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/sefer-hatoldos-admur-maharash/03.htm |archivedate=April 22, 2008 }} 37. ^Hayom Yom, pp. 15–16 38. ^Encyclopedia of Hasidism, "Schneersohn, Joseph Isaac". Naftali Lowenthal. Aronson, London 1996. {{ISBN|1-56821-123-6}} 39. ^He dropped the second 'h' from his name. 40. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3btYAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554&lpg=PA554&dq=chabad+imprisoned+Russia#v=onepage&q=chabad%20imprisoned%20Russia&f=false |title=Encyclopaedia Judaica: Blu-Cof |editor1-first=Fred |editor1-last=Skolnik |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-last=Berenbaum |publisher=Granite Hill Publishers |year=2007}} 41. ^{{Cite book |title=The Visual Culture of Chabad |author=Maya Balakirsky Katz |url=https://books.google.com/?id=OeIuE1tE36QC&dq=chabad+imprisoned+Russia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=October 11, 2010 |page=40|isbn=9780521191630 }} 42. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.chabadmequon.org/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/700831/jewish/Mrs-Sima-Itkin-obm.htm |title=Mrs. Sima Itkin obm |publisher=The Joseph and Rebecca Peltz Center for Jewish Life}} 43. ^{{Cite web |title=The Former Soviet Union |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/244380/jewish/Former-Soviet-Union.htm |publisher=Chabad.org |quote=The communists persecuted, chased and harassed the Rebbe and his operatives. ... Through the years of communism, hundreds of Chassidic activists were executed. Thousands more were arrested and sent to Siberia for years of hard labor.}} 44. ^{{Cite web|url=http://azjewishpost.com/2012/chabadniks-proud-of-criminal-past/|title=Chabadniks proud of 'criminal' past|date=November 30, 2012|author=Rabbi Yehuda Ceitlin}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/2017/04/10/news-opinion/united-states/politico-says-chabad-is-trumps-jewish-movement-not-so-fast|title=Politico says Chabad is Trump's partner in — something. Not so fast|author=Ben Sales|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=10 April 2017|accessdate=4 June 2017}} 46. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://forward.com/news/breaking-news/309514/russian-chief-rabbi-berel-lazar-stands-by-vladimir-putin/|title=Why Russian Chief Rabbi stands by Vladimir Putin|author=Cnaan Lipshiz|publisher=The Forward|date=5 June 2015|accessdate=4 June 2017}} 47. ^Jew cleared in beard-cutting case, Philadelphia Daily News, May 25, 1984 48. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/22/nyregion/attack-on-rabbi-brings-anguish-to-borough-park.html|title=ATTACK ON RABBI BRINGS ANGUISH TO BOROUGH PARK|first=Ari L.|last=Goldman|date=22 June 1983|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}} 49. ^Letters to the Editor, Time, August 1, 1983 50. ^Deuturonomy 30:14. 51. ^The Encyclopedia of Hasidism, "Tanya", Jonathan Sacks, pp. 475–477 (15682–11236) 52. ^Tanya, Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Chapter 13. 53. ^"Chagat" is an acronym for "Chesed, Gevurah, Tiferet" (kindness, severity, beauty), the Kabbalistic terms for the three primary emotions. Schools of Hasidic thought stressing emotive patterns of worship have been termed "Chagat". 54. ^Tanya, ch. 12 55. ^{{cite book |last=Cohen|first=J. Simcha|title=How Does Jewish Law Work?|publisher=Jason Aronson|date=December 28, 1999|page=329|isbn=978-0-7657-6090-6|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8XBjccyzdL8C&pg=PA329|accessdate=September 4, 2009}} 56. ^1 Liebman, Charles S. "Orthodoxy in American Jewish Life." The American Jewish Year Book (1965): 21-97. 57. ^Ferziger, Adam S. "Church/sect theory and American orthodoxy reconsidered."Ambivalent Jew—Charles S. Liebman in memoriam, ed. Stuart Cohen and Bernard Susser (2007): 107-124. 58. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_303.html |title=Hasidic Jews, continued... |publisher=Adherents.com |accessdate=January 13, 2015}}{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} 59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/two-centuries-after-the-death-of-its-founder-chabad-launches-year-long-celebration-with-reissue-of-his-works/ |title=Two centuries after the death of its founder, Chabad launches year-long celebration with reissue of his works |accessdate=2016-08-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005230230/http://www.timesofisrael.com/two-centuries-after-the-death-of-its-founder-chabad-launches-year-long-celebration-with-reissue-of-his-works/ |archivedate=2016-10-05 |df= }} 60. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Gall |editor-first=Timothy L. |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life |volume=3: Asia and Oceania |location=Cleveland, OH |publisher=Gale Research |year=1998 |page=776 |isbn=978-0787605551}} 61. ^The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present, M. Avrum Ehrlich, ch. 15, note 5. KTAV Publishing, {{ISBN|0-88125-836-9}} 62. ^1 2 Shaffir, William. "The renaissance of Hassidism." Jewish Journal of Sociology 48, no. 2 (2006). 63. ^1 2 Comenetz, Joshua. "Census-based estimation of the Hasidic Jewish population." Contemporary Jewry 26, no. 1 (2006): 35. 64. ^Greenfield, Nicole. ."Birth of Hipster Hasidism?" Religion Dispatches. University of Southern Carolina. February 2, 2012 65. ^Nussbaum-Cohen, Debra. "Of Hasids, Hipsters, and Hipster Hasids." The Jewish Daily Forward. January 26, 2012. 66. ^1 {{cite web |last=Schick |first=Marvin |title=A Census of Jewish Day Schools in the United States 2008–2009 |publisher=Avi Chai Foundation |date=October 2009 |url=http://avichai.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Census-of-JDS-in-the-US-2008-09-Final.pdf |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 67. ^{{cite web |last=Wertheimer |first=Jack |title=A Census of Jewish Supplementary Schools in the United States: 2006–2007 |publisher=Avi Chai Foundation |date=August 2008 |url=http://avichai.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/Supplementary-School-Census-Report-Final.pdf |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 68. ^{{cite web |title=Israeli Census Reveals Population of Kfar Chabad |publisher=CrownHeights.info |date=July 11, 2012 |url=http://crownheights.info/chabad-news/45390/israeli-census-reveals-population-of-kfar-chabad/ |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 69. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.safed.co.il/chabad-in-tzfat.html |title=The Chabad Hassidic Community in Tzfat |publisher=Safed.co.il |accessdate=September 14, 2014}} 70. ^[https://www.kedem-auctions.com/content/sefer-hazohar-%E2%80%93-including-glosses-rabbi-yeshaya-horowitz-safed-and-his-son-rabbi-shmuel "Sefer HaZohar – Including Glosses by Rabbi Yeshaya Horowitz of Safed and His Son Rabbi Shmuel Horowitz Author of 'Yemei Shmuel.'" Judaica Auction no. 27- Books and Manuscripts] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006013938/https://www.kedem-auctions.com/content/sefer-hazohar-%E2%80%93-including-glosses-rabbi-yeshaya-horowitz-safed-and-his-son-rabbi-shmuel |date=October 6, 2016 }}. Kedem Auction House. Accessed September 14, 2014. Retrieved 24 April 2016 71. ^{{cite web |title=Chabad of Montreal: Here's the stats!!! |publisher=The Chabad Sociologist |date=October 13, 2013 |url=http://chabadsociologist.wordpress.com/2013/10/13/chabad-of-montreal-heres-the-stats-chabad-montreal-chabadsociology/ |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 72. ^Shahar, Charles. "Main Report: A Comprehensive Study of the Ultra Orthodox Community of Greater Montreal (2003)". Federation CJA (Montreal). (2003): pp. 7–33. 73. ^{{cite journal |last=Lapidus |first=Steven |title=The Forgotten Hasidim: Rabbis and Rebbes in Prewar Canada |journal=Canadian Jewish Studies |year=2004 |volume=12 |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/cjs/article/viewFile/22624/21095 |accessdate=January 13, 2014}} 74. ^{{cite book |last=Shokeid |first=Moshe |title=Children of Circumstances: Israeli Emigrants in New York |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1988 |series=Anthropology of Contemporary Issues |pages=139–160 |isbn=978-0801420788}} 75. ^{{cite web |publisher=The Chabad Sociologist |date=July 9, 2013 |title=Did You Know 25% of Chabad in Montreal are Sefardi? |url=https://chabadsociologist.wordpress.com/2013/07/09/did-you-know-25-of-chabad-in-montreal-are-sefardi/}} 76. ^Shahar, Charles. "A Comprehensive Study of the Ultra Orthodox Community of Greater Montreal (2003)". Federation CJA (Montreal). 2003. 77. ^{{cite web |author=Nissan Mindel |url=http://chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/111878/jewish/Rabbi-Isaac-Luria-The-Ari-Hakodosh.htm |title=Rabbi Isaac Luria – The Ari Hakodosh |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 78. ^{{cite web |url=http://chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/265990/jewish/Gebrokts-Wetted-Matzah.htm |title=Gebrokts: Wetted Matzah |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 79. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.chabad.org/calendar/candlelighting_cdo/aid/6226/jewish/Shabbat-Candle-Lighting-Times.htm|title=Shabbat Candle-Lighting Times|website=www.chabad.org}} 80. ^Schneersohn, Shalom Dovber. Tanu Rabbanan: Ner Chanukah Sichos In English, N.Y., 1990. 81. ^{{cite web |date=November 24, 2013 |url=http://crownheights.info/something-jewish/412805/laws-and-customs-chanukah/ |title=Laws and Customs: Chanukah |publisher=CrownHeights.info |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 82. ^{{cite web |date=September 6, 2012 |url=http://www.shmais.com/chabad-news/latest/item/chabad-elul-customs |last=Dalfin |first=Chaim |title=Chabad Elul Customs |publisher=Shmais.com |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 83. ^{{cite web |author=Menachem Mendel Schneerson |url=http://chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/155859/jewish/Chai-Elul.htm |title=Chai Elul: Breathing New Life Into Our Divine Service |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 84. ^"Dade Jews throw birthday party for New York Rabbi", David Hancock, Miami Herald, April 14, 1992 85. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/82245/jewish/Yahrtzeit-Observances.htm |title=Yahrtzeit Observances |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 86. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/528345/jewish/A-Brief-Biography.htm |title=A Brief Biography |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 87. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.chabadinfo.com/index.php/jq/css/ui-lightness/jq/js/?url=newsnew_en&string=tag_Chof%20Beis%20Shvat|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216191431/http://www.chabadinfo.com/index.php/jq/css/ui-lightness/jq/js/?url=newsnew_en&string=tag_Chof%20Beis%20Shvat|deadurl=y|title=Chof Beis Shvat. Chabad.info.|archivedate=December 16, 2013}} 88. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/subscriber/faith/story/4017869p-4630456c.html |title=Chabad Lubavitch centre set for River Heights area |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194259/http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/subscriber/faith/story/4017869p-4630456c.html |archivedate=27 September 2007 |date=5 August 2007 |author=Sharon Chisvin |publisher=Winnipeg Free Press |deadurl=yes |df= }} 89. ^{{cite news |last=Weiss |first=Steven I |url=http://forward.com/articles/1518/orthodox-rethinking-campus-outreach/? |title=Orthodox Rethinking Campus Outreach |work=The Jewish Daily Forward |date=January 20, 2006 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 90. ^Jewish Literacy, Telushkin, William Morrow 2001, p. 471 91. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Burstein | first1 = Paul | year = 2011 | title = Jewish Nonprofit Organizations in the U.S.: A Preliminary Survey | url = | journal = Contemporary Jewry | volume = 31 | issue = 2| pages = 129–148 | doi = 10.1007/s12397-010-9028-5 }} 92. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/jewish/Centers.htm |title=Chabad-Lubavitch Directory |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 93. ^{{Cite web|url=http://lubavitch.com/centers/region.html?id=4|title=Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters|first=Chabad|last=Lubavitch|website=http://lubavitch.com}} 94. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://lubavitch.com/centers/region.html?id=3|title=Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters|first=Chabad|last=Lubavitch|website=http://lubavitch.com}} 95. ^{{Cite web|url=http://lubavitch.com/centers/region.html?id=1|title=Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters|first=Chabad|last=Lubavitch|website=http://lubavitch.com}} 96. ^{{Cite web|url=http://lubavitch.com/centers/region.html?id=1&f=c|title=Chabad Lubavitch Brooklyn New York NY World Headquarters|first=Chabad|last=Lubavitch|website=http://lubavitch.com}} 97. ^{{cite news |author=Marcelle S. Fischler |title=Is It a Home or a House of Worship? |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 16, 2005 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00EEDC1F31F93BA25751C1A9639C8B63 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}}{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} 98. ^{{cite news |title=Passover seders, around the world |agency=Associated Press |date=March 23, 2007 |newspaper=Kentucky New Era |page=28 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=266&dat=20070323&id=UAgsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TW0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5379,7656059 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 99. ^Challenge 100. ^{{Cite book|title=Chumash Devarim|last=|first=|publisher=Kehot Publication Society|year=2011|isbn=978-0-8266-0194-0|location=New York|pages=vii|via=}} 101. ^{{cite news |author=Ralph Blumenthal |date=November 29, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/29/nyregion/29chabad.html |title=Jewish Center Is Stormed, and 6 Hostages Die |newspaper=The New York Times |page=A13 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 102. ^{{cite web |author=Joshua Runyan |date=November 30, 2008 |url=http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/775065/jewish/Funeral-Preparations-Under-Way.htm |title=Funeral Preparations for Chabad House Victims Under Way |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 103. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/3539171/Mumbai-attacks-Jews-tortured-before-executed-during-hostage-crisis.html |title=Mumbai attacks: Jews tortured before being executed during hostage crisis |author=Damien McElroy |date=December 1, 2008 |access-date=February 8, 2017}} 104. ^{{cite news |url=http://jta.org/news/article/2008/12/04/1001351/obama-sends-condolences-to-chabad |title=Obama sends condolences to Chabad |publisher=Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA) |date=December 4, 2008 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 105. ^{{cite book |author=Mark Avrum Ehrlich |title=The Messiah of Brooklyn: Understanding Lubavitch Hasidim Past and Present |location=Jersey City, N.J. |publisher=KTAV |year=2004 |page=134 |isbn=978-0881258363}} 106. ^Fishkoff, Sue, The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch, Schocken Books 2003 ({{ISBN|08052 11381}}) pages 160–161. 107. ^{{cite web |publisher=The Chabad Sociologist |date=August 6, 2013 |title=Comparing Full Time and Part Time Numbers at Chabad Schools |url=https://chabadsociologist.wordpress.com/2013/08/06/comparing-full-time-and-part-time-numbers-at-chabad-schools/ |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 108. ^{{cite news|last1=Wertheimer|first1=Jack|title=Why the Lubavitch Movement Thrives in the Absence of a Living Rebbe|url=http://www.ou.org/jewish_action/06/2014/lubavitch-movement-thrives-absence-living-rebbe/|accessdate=30 September 2014|work=JA Mag in Jewish World|agency=Orthodox Union|date=June 16, 2014|quote=Among the latter is the Jewish Learning Institute, the largest educational program for Jewish adults in the world (with the possible exception of the Daf Yomi enterprise), which currently enrolls over 66,000 teens and adults at some 850 sites around the world, each following a prescribed course of study according to a set timetable.}} 109. ^{{cite web|last=Wertheimer|first=Jack|title=The Outreach Revolution|url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/the-outreach-revolution/|publisher=Commentary Magazine|accessdate=April 2, 2013}} 110. ^{{cite news|title=Chabad hosts Jewish perspectives on staying positive|url=http://newjerseyhills.com/hanover_eagle/news/chabad-hosts-jewish-perspectives-on-staying-positive/article_593e3277-7566-5bce-afd1-4d931ee0e270.html|accessdate=3 November 2014|agency=Hanover Eagle|publisher=New Jersey Hills Media Group, Bernardsville, NJ|date=October 30, 2014|quote='How Happiness Thinks' was created by the Rohr Jewish Learning Institute- an internationally acclaimed adult education program running on over 350 cities worldwide, which boast over 75,000 students. This particular course builds on the latest observations and discoveries in the field of positive psychology. "How Happiness Thinks" offers participants the chance to earn up to 15 continuing education credits from the American Psychological Association (APA), American Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) and the National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC).}} 111. ^{{cite web |title=New course to explore Jewish perspective on modern ethical dilemmas |url=http://www.yourhoustonnews.com/bay_area/living/new-course-to-explore-jewish-perspective-on-modern-ethical-dilemmas/article_09cf1211-c321-5811-a6f0-a8d0fc1f4fc1.html |publisher=Your Houston News |date=October 23, 2013 |accessdate=November 3, 2013}} 112. ^{{cite news |title=Happiness focus of JLI presentation |url=http://www.tahoedailytribune.com/southshore/13553933-113/jli-jewish-happiness-positive |accessdate=3 November 2014 |work=Tahoe Daily Tribune |date=October 30, 2014 |quote=JLI, the adult education branch of Chabad Lubavitch, offers programs in more than 350 U.S. cities and in numerous foreign locations, including Australia, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela. More than 260,000 students have attended JLI classes since the organization was founded in 1998.}} 113. ^{{cite book |editor-last=Dashefsky |editor-first=Arnold |editor-last2=Sheskin |editor-first2=Ira |title=American Jewish Year Book |volume=113 |date=2014 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-01657-3 |pages=447–597 |edition=Volume 113 |chapter=National Jewish Organizations |quote=... is currently the largest provider of adult Jewish learning. JLI's mission is to inspire Jewish learning worldwide and to transform Jewish life and the greater community through Torah study. Its goal is to create a global network of informed students connected by bonds of shared Jewish experience. JLI's holistic approach to Jewish study considers the impact of Jewish values on personal and interpersonal growth. (The authors of the book are Professor Ira Sheskin of Department of Geography and Regional Studies, The Jewish Demography Project, The Sue and Leonard Miller Center for Contemporary Judaic Studies, University of Miami, and Professor Arnold Dashefsky, Department of Sociology, The Center for Judaic Studies and Contemporary Jewish Life, University of Connecticut.)|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-01658-0_10 }} 114. ^Hayom Yom, p. A38 115. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/article_cdo/aid/62228/jewish/10-Point-Mitzvah-Campaign.htm |title=The Rebbe's 10-Point Mitzvah Campaign |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 116. ^1 Fishkoff, Sue, The Rebbe's Army, Schocken books 2003 ({{ISBN|08052 11381}}){{page needed|date=January 2015}} 117. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/timeline_cdo/aid/62178/jewish/1974-The-Mitzvah-Tank.htm |title=1974: The Mitzvah Tank on |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=2011-04-13}} 118. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.edu |title=Directory of Chabad on Campus |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=2010-05-12}}{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} 119. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordchabad.org/templates/articlecco_cdo/AID/331005 |title=Address by Professor Alan Dershowitz |publisher=Oxford Chabad Society |date=2005-11-27 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 120. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.cteen.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/1793071/jewish/ABOUT-US.htm |title=www.cteen.com/about |access-date=2018-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412163703/http://www.cteen.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/1793071/jewish/ABOUT-US.htm |archive-date=2018-04-12 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 121. ^1 {{cite book |author=Maya Balakirsky Katz |title=The Visual Culture of Chabad |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010}} 122. ^{{cite book |last=Zaleski |first=Jeffrey P. |title=The Soul of Cyberspace: How New Technology Is Changing Our Spiritual Lives |date=June 1997 |publisher=Harpercollins |isbn=978-0-06-251451-6 |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article.asp?AID=335578 |accessdate=April 7, 2007}} 123. ^Our Founding Director {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827182515/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/36222/jewish/Our-Founding-Director.htm |date=August 27, 2016 }}, Chabad.org 124. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/13/nyregion/yosef-kazen-hasidic-rabbi-and-web-pioneer-dies-at-44.html |title=Yosef Kazen, Hasidic Rabbi And Web Pioneer, Dies at 44|last=Harmon|first=Ami|date=December 13, 1998|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=1 January 2010}} 125. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/22/nyregion/beliefs-469874.html |title=Beliefs |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 22, 2000 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 126. ^{{cite book |last=Golan |first=Oren |chapter=Frontiers of online religious communities: The case of Chabad Jews |editor=Heidi Campbell |chapter-url=http://www.books.google.com/books?id=ox4q7T59KikC&pg=PA160&vq=Crownheights.info&dq=Crownheights.info&lr=&output=html_text&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1 |title=Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |page=160 |isbn=9780415676106 |accessdate=April 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419231329/http://books.google.com/books?id=ox4q7T59KikC&pg=PA160&vq=Crownheights.info&dq=Crownheights.info&lr=&output=html_text&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1 |archivedate=April 19, 2014 |df= }} 127. ^{{cite book |last=Shaer |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/?id=1uWpyg2fh0oC&pg=PT18&vq=Crownheights.info&dq=crownheights.info |title=Among Righteous Men: A Tale of Vigilantes and Vindication in Hasidic Crown Heights |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=9781118095201 |accessdate=April 17, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419231347/http://books.google.com/books?id=1uWpyg2fh0oC&pg=PT18&vq=Crownheights.info&dq=crownheights.info&lr=&output=html_text&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1 |archivedate=April 19, 2014 |df= }}{{page needed|date=January 2014}} 128. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/14394/edition_id/279/format/html/displaystory.html |title=Chabad camps electrify many Jews, not just Lubavitch |date=September 1, 2000 |author=Julie Wiener |agency=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |work=j.}} 129. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/aid/280451/jewish/Camp-Directory.htm |title=Camp Gan Israel Directory |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 130. ^"When Silence is a Sin". Sichos in English.Letter to Zalman Shazar {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113021020/http://www.sichosinenglish.org/books/when-silence-is-a-sin/17.htm |date=November 13, 2014 }} 131. ^Based on Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayim, 328 132. ^Essentially his argument sought merely the position that would prevent loss of life, rather than taking a stance in the nature of the Land of Israel and Zionism. {{cite web |last=Freeman |first=Tzvi |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/807777/jewish/Should-I-Pray-for-the-Death-of-Terrorists.htm |title=Should I Pray for the Death of Terrorists? |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 133. ^Hayom Yom, p. A29 134. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/394468/jewish/Americas-Mandate-Energy-Independence-Part-1.htm |title=Website video link |publisher=chabad.org |date=April 15, 1981 |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 135. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/therebbe/livingtorah/player_cdo/aid/408957/jewish/Americas-Mandate-Energy-Independence-Part-2.htm |title=Chabad.org website video link |publisher=chabad.org |date=1981-04-15 |accessdate=2010-05-12}} 136. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/143902/moscow-putin-lubavitcher-library|title=Putin refuses to let the Lubavitcher Rebbe's library leave Moscow|author=Avital Chizhik|publisher=Tablet|date=30 September 2013|accessdate=4 June 2017}} 137. ^1 {{cite web |last=Beck|first=Atara|title=Is Chabad Lubavitch|work=The Jerusalem Post|date=16 August 2012|url=http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Judaism/Is-Chabad-Lubavitch}} 138. ^{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RcRAQAAIAAJ&dq=leadership+in+the+habad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FetuUoaRGYmVhQfgu4DwDg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA|title=Leadership in the HaBaD Movement: A critical evaluation of HaBaD leadership, history, and succession|first=Avrum M. |last=Ehrlich |first2=Mark Avrum |last2=Ehrlich |publisher=Jason Aronson|year=2000|isbn=978-0765760555 |chapter=11: The Leadership of Dov Ber}}{{page needed|date=January 2015}} 139. ^Ehrlich, Leadership in the HaBaD Movement, pp. 160–192, esp. pp. 167–172. 140. ^Encyclopedia of Hasidism, entry: Schneersohn, Shmaryahu Noah. Naftali Lowenthal. Aronson, London 1996. {{ISBN|1-56821-123-6}} 141. ^{{cite book |last=Kaminetzky |first=Yosef Y. |title=Days in Chabad |publisher=Kehot Publication Society |location=Brooklyn |year=2005 |page=19 |isbn=978-0826604897}} 142. ^{{cite journal|title=Rabbi Chaim Schneur Zalman of Liadi|journal=L'Maan Yishmeu|issue=128|year=2012|url=http://www.lmaanyishmeu.com/pdf/128%20-%20Revering%20the%20Torah%20-2.pdf}} 143. ^{{cite book |last1=Zevin|first1=Shelomoh Yosef |first2=Uri|last2=Kaploun|title=A Treasury of Chassidic Tales on the Torah: A Collection of Inspirational Chassidic Stories Relevant to the Weekly Torah Readings|volume=1|page=115|publisher=Mesorah Publications|year=1980|url=https://books.google.com/?id=NnyuhrzRDCMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Treasury+of+Chassidic+Tales#v=onepage&q=kopust&f=false|isbn=978-0899069005}} 144. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lTgAAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=dalfin+chaim#v=onepage&q=dalfin%20chaim&f=false|last=Dalfin|first=Chaim|title=The Seven Chabad-Lubavitch Rebbes|publisher=Jason Aronson|year=1998|isbn=978-1461710134}} 145. ^B. 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Page 103. 152. ^{{cite news |title=IDF Says 'No' to Meshichist 'Yechi' Yarmulkes |url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/135885/idf-says-no-to-mashichist-yechi-yarmulkes.html |publisher=The Yeshiva World News |date=July 31, 2012 |accessdate=December 16, 2014}} 153. ^{{cite book|last1=Posner|first1=Zalman I. (Rabbi)|title=The Splintering of Chabad|date=Fall 2002|publisher=Orthodox Union|edition=Jewish Action-The Magazine of the Orthodox Union|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/ou.org/publications/ja/5763/5763fall/JUSTBETW.PDF|accessdate=16 December 2014}} 154. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/3824604/jewish/Under-the-Black-Hat-Pop-Art-in-Jerusalem-Focuses-on-Chassidim.htm|title='Under the Black Hat' Pop Art in Jerusalem Focuses on Chassidim - Rabbi Yitzchok Moully brings spiritual and emotional depth to a new exhibit|website=www.chabad.org}} 155. ^{{cite web|url=http://atlantajewishtimes.timesofisrael.com/hirsch-succeeds-with-theatrical-production-of-my-name-is-asher-lev/|title=Hirsch Succeeds with Theatrical Production of "My Name is Asher Lev"|publisher=}} 156. ^https://uta-ir.tdl.org/uta-ir/bitstream/handle/10106/5378/Cochrum_uta_2502M_10893.pdf?sequence=1 157. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.mycomicshop.com/search?TID=325901 | title=Aardwolf (1994) comic books}} 158. ^1 2 [https://www.pbs.org/alifeapart/res_film.html/ Documentary Films about Hasidism]. 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New York, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1993. 160. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/28/arts/review-television-one-woman-show-on-black-vs-jew.html|title=Review/Television; One-Woman Show on Black vs. Jew|first=John J.|last=O'Connor|date=April 28, 1993|via=NYTimes.com}} 161. ^{{cite news |url=http://thesuburban.com/news/articles/?id=article02642 |title=New film Shekinah provides unprecedented access to the world of young Hasidic women |publisher=TheSuburban.com |date=October 11, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20131220142040/http://thesuburban.com/news/articles/?id=article02642 |archivedate=December 20, 2013 |df= }} 162. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.cjnews.com/index.php?q=node/116289 |last=Arnold |first=Janice |title=Film presents chassidic women's attitudes to intimacy |work=The Canadian Jewish News |date=October 20, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 163. ^{{cite news |url=http://prospectheights.patch.com/groups/arts-and-entertainment/p/crown-heights-google-glass-doc-premieres-next-month |last=Hampton |first=Matthew |title=Crown Heights 'Google Glass' Doc Premieres Next Month |work=Prospect Heights Patch |date=November 26, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 164. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.psfk.com/2013/10/google-glass-documentary-crown-heights.html/ |last=Piras |first=Lara |title=Google Glass Filmed Documentary Goes Where Normal Camera Crews Can't. |publisher=psfk.com |date=October 9, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2015}} 165. ^{{cite news |url=http://gothamist.com/2013/10/07/crown_heights_documentary_shot_on_g.php |last=Evans |first=Lauren |title=Intrepid 20-Somethings Examine Crown Heights Through Google Glass |publisher=Gothamist |date=October 7, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225022808/http://gothamist.com/2013/10/07/crown_heights_documentary_shot_on_g.php |archivedate=December 25, 2014 |df= }} 166. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20131007/crown-heights/crown-heights-documentary-shot-completely-with-google-glass |last=Sharp |first=Sonja |title=Crown Heights Documentary Claims to be First Ever Shot With Google Glass |publisher=DNAInfo |date=October 7, 2013 |accessdate=January 13, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104174025/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20131007/crown-heights/crown-heights-documentary-shot-completely-with-google-glass |archivedate=November 4, 2014 |df= }}
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