“Chair of the Federal Reserve”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System is the head of the Federal Reserve, which is the central banking system of the United States. The position is known colloquially as "Chair of the Fed" or "Fed Chair". The chair is the "active executive officer"^[2] of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

The chair is nominated by the President of the United States from among the members of the Board of Governors, and serves a term of four years after being confirmed by the United States Senate. A chair may serve multiple consecutive terms, pending a new nomination and confirmation at the end of each. William Martin was the longest serving chair, holding the position from 1951 to 1970.

The current Chairman is Jerome Powell, who was sworn in on February 5, 2018.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] He was nominated to the position by President Donald Trump on November 2, 2017, and was later confirmed by the Senate.^[7]

1935 reorganization

Section 203 of the Banking Act of 1935 changed the name of the "Federal Reserve Board" to the "Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System."^[8] The directors' salaries were significantly lower (at $12,000 when first appointed in 1914^[9]) and their terms of office were much shorter prior to 1935. In effect, the Federal Reserve Board members in Washington, D.C., were significantly less powerful than the presidents of the regional Federal Reserve Banks prior to 1935.^[10]

In the 1935 Act, the district heads had their titles changed to "President" (e.g., "President of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis").{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Appointment process

As stipulated by the Banking Act of 1935, the President of the United States appoints the seven members of the Board of Governors; they must then be confirmed by the Senate and serve fourteen year terms.^[11]^[12]

The nominees for chair and vice-chair may be chosen by the President from among the sitting Governors for four-year terms; these appointments are also subject to Senate confirmation.^[13] The Senate Committee responsible for vetting a Fed Reserve Chair nominee is the Senate Committee on Banking.

By law, the chair reports twice a year to Congress on the Federal Reserve's monetary policy objectives. He or she also testifies before Congress on numerous other issues and meets periodically with the Treasury Secretary.

Conflict of interest law

The law applicable to the Chair and all other members of the Board provides (in part):

List of Fed Chairs

The following is a list of past and present Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. A chair serves for a four-year term after appointment, but may be reappointed for several consecutive four-year terms. As of 2018, there have been a total of sixteen Fed Chairs.^[15]

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.investopedia.com/insights/salary-federal-reserve-chairman/|title=What Is the Salary of the Federal Reserve Chairman?|first=Kevin |last=Johnston|date= January 31, 2017|website=Investopedia|access-date=2018-02-05}}
2. ^see {{usc|12|242}}
3. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/other20180205a.htm |title=Jerome H. Powell sworn in as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |language=en |access-date=2018-02-05}}
4. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/04/business/economy/powell-steps-becomes-fed-chief-as-economy-starts-to-show-strain.html |title=Powell Takes Over as Fed Chief as Economy Starts to Show Strain |last=Appelbaum |first=Binyamin |date=2018-02-04 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2018-02-05 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}
5. ^{{cite news |author=NPR |title=Senate Confirms Jerome Powell As New Federal Reserve Chair |accessdate=February 3, 2018 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/23/580157250/senate-confirms-jerome-powell-as-new-federal-reserve-chair}}
6. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/31/yellen-leaving-fed-saturday-powell-to-be-sworn-in-monday.html|title=Yellen leaving Fed Saturday, Powell to be sworn in Monday|author=Cox|first=Jeff|date=January 31, 2018|work=CNBC|accessdate=February 3, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite news | last=Gensler | first=Lauren | title=Trump Taps Jerome Powell As Next Fed Chair In Call For Continuity | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurengensler/2017/11/02/trump-picks-federal-reserve-chair-jerome-powell/| work=Forbes| date=November 2, 2017}}
8. ^Sec. 203, Banking Act of 1935, Public Law no. 305, 49 Stat. 684, 704 (Aug. 23, 1935).
9. ^{{cite news | title=The Reserve Board Nominations |url=https://archive.org/stream/independen79v80newy#page/n77/mode/1up | newspaper=The Independent | date=July 20, 1914 |accessdate=August 21, 2012}}
10. ^{{cite book | last = Meltzer | first = Allan H.| title = A history of the Federal Reserve: Volume 1, 1913-1951 | publisher = University of Chicago Press | year = 2003 | location = Chicago}}
11. ^{{cite web |title=The Fed - Board Members |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/bios/board/default.htm |website=Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System |accessdate=June 1, 2018 |date=February 21, 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/frseries/frseri.htm |title=The Structure of the Federal Reserve System |publisher=Federalreserve.gov |date= |accessdate=April 24, 2015}}
13. ^{{cite news|author=Federal Reserve |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqbog.htm|title=Board of Governors FAQ|work=Federal Reserve|date=January 16, 2009 |accessdate=January 16, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117011308/http://www.federalreserve.gov/generalinfo/faq/faqbog.htm|archivedate=January 17, 2009|df=mdy-all}}
14. ^{{usc|12|244}}
15. ^{{cite web| title = Federal Reserve Bank Presidents | publisher = The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis |url=http://www.stlouisfed.org/about/fed_presidents.html| accessdate = December 8, 2007}}
16. ^{{cite web| title = Chairs| work = Membership of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, 1914–present| publisher = The Federal Reserve Board| date = February 3, 2014 |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/bios/board/boardmembership.htm| accessdate = February 10, 2014}}
17. ^Chairs were designated Governors before August 23, 1935, and were then designated Chairmen until approximately 2014, when Yellen became the first female chair.
18. ^Served as Chair pro tempore from February 3, 1948 to April 15, 1948.
19. ^Served as Chair pro tempore from March 3, 1996 to June 20, 1996.
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/bios/board/yellen.htm |title=Janet L. Yellen, Chair |publisher=federalreserve.gov |date=October 19, 2017|accessdate=January 26, 2018}}