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词条 Chitpavan
释义

  1. Origin

  2. History

      Rise and fall during the Maratha rule    Role in Indian politics   Anti-Brahmin violence in the 20th century after Gandhi's assassination 

  3. Military

  4. Culture

      Language    Social status   Diet 

  5. Notable people

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Chitpavan/Kokanastha Brahmins
| populated_states = Konkan (Coastal Maharashtra, Goa and coastal Karnataka); some parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat
| languages = Primary mother tongue is Chitpavani (a dialectof Konkani) and Konkani but also have proficiency in native languages,[1]
| religions = Hinduism
| population =
}}

The Chitpavan Brahmin or Kokanastha Brahmin (i.e., "Brahmins native to the Konkan") is a Hindu Maharashtrian Brahmin community inhabiting Konkan, the coastal region of the state of Maharashtra in India. The community came into prominence during the 18th century when the heirs of Peshwa from the Bhat family of Balaji Vishwanath became the de facto rulers of the Maratha empire.[2] Under the British Raj, they were the one of the Hindu communities in Maharashtra to flock to western education and they provided the bulk of social reformers, educationalists and nationalists of the late 19th century.[3] Until the 18th century, the Chitpavans were held in low esteem by the Deshastha, the older established Brahmin community of Maharashtra region.[4][5][6]

The upper castes, that is, Marathi Brahmins, Saraswat Brahmins and Prabhus (CKPs and Pathare Prabhus) were only about 4% of the population in Maharashtra. A majority of this 4% were Brahmins.[7][8] As per the 1901 census, about 5% of the Pune population was Brahmin and about 27% of them were Chitpawans.[9]

Origin

The Chitpavan are also known as Konkanastha Brahmin.[10][11] They have two common mythological stories of origin, of which the more contemporary story is based on the etymology of their name, meaning "pure of mind", while an older belief uses the alternate etymological meaning : "pure from the pyre" and is based on the tale of Parashurama in the Sahyadrikhanda of the Skanda Purana.[12][13]

The Parashurama mythological story of shipwrecked people is similar to the mythological story of the Bene Israel Jews of Raigad district.[14][15] The Bene Israel claim that Chitpavans are also of Jewish origin.[16][17]

The Konkan region witnessed the immigration of groups, such as the Bene Israel, and Kudaldeshkars. Each of these settled in distinct parts of the region and there was little mingling between them. The Chitpavans were apparently the last major community to arrive there and consequently the area in which they settled, around Ratnagiri, was the least fertile and had few good ports for trading. While the other groups generally took up trade as their primary occupation, the Chitpavans with the rise of the Peshwa in the 18th century became known as military men, diplomats and administrators.[6]

History

Rise and fall during the Maratha rule

{{Main|Maratha Empire|Peshwa}}

Very little is known of the Chitpavans before 1707 A.D.[6] Around this time, Balaji Vishwanth Bhat, a Chitpavan arrived from Ratnagiri to the Pune-Satara area. He was brought there on the basis of his reputation of being an efficient administrator. He quickly gained the attention of Chhatrapati Shahu. Balaji's work so pleased the Chhatrapati that he was appointed the Peshwa or Prime Minister in 1713. He ran a well-organized administration and, by the time of his death in 1720, he had laid the groundwork for the expansion of the Maratha Empire. Since this time until the fall of the Maratha Empire, the seat of the Peshwa would be held by the members of the Bhat family.[18][19]

With the ascension of Balaji Baji Rao and his family to the supreme authority of the Maratha Empire, Chitpavan immigrants began arriving en masse from the Konkan to Pune[20][23] where the Peshwa offered all important offices to his fellow castemen.[6] The Chitpavan kin were rewarded with tax relief and grants of land.[21] Historians cite nepotism[22][23][24][25][26][27] and corruption[25][27] as causes of the fall of the Maratha Empire in 1818. Richard Maxwell Eaton states that this rise of the Chitpavans is a classic example of social rank rising with political fortune.[28]

Role in Indian politics

After the fall of the Maratha Empire in 1818, the Chitpavans lost their political dominance to the British. The British would not subsidize the Chitpavans on the same scale that their caste-fellow, the Peshwas, had done in the past. Pay and power was now significantly reduced. Poorer Chitpavan students adapted and started learning English because of better opportunities in the British administration.[21]

Some of the prominent figures in the Hindu reform movements of the 19th and 20th centuries came from the Chitpavan Brahmin community. These included Dhondo Keshav Karve,[29] Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade,[30] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar,[31][32] Gopal Ganesh Agarkar,[33] Vinoba Bhave.[34][35]

Some of the strongest resistance to change came from the very same community. The vanguard and the old guard clashed many times. D. K. Karve was ostracised. Even Tilak offered penance for breaking caste or religious rules. One was for taking tea at Poona Christian mission in 1892 and the second was going to England in 1919.[36]

The Chitpavan community includes two major politicians in the Gandhian tradition: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, whom Gandhi acknowledged as a preceptor, and Vinoba Bhave, one of his outstanding disciples. Gandhi describes Bhave as the "jewel of his disciples", and recognised Gokhale as his political guru. However, strong opposition to Gandhi came from the Chitpavan community. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the founder of the Hindu nationalist political ideology Hindutva, was a Chitpavan Brahmin and several other Chitpavans were among the first to embrace it because they thought it was a logical extension of the legacy of the Peshwas and caste-fellow Tilak.[37] These Chitpavans felt out of place with the Indian social reform movement of Phule and the mass politics of Gandhi. Large numbers of the community looked to Savarkar, the Hindu Mahasabha and finally the RSS. , drew their inspiration from fringe groups in this reactionary trend.[38]{{full citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Anti-Brahmin violence in the 20th century after Gandhi's assassination

{{Main|Maharashtrian_Brahmin#Anti-Brahmin Violence in Maharashtra}}

After Gandhi's assassination by Nathuram Godse, a Chitpawan, Brahmins in Maharashtra, became targets of violence, mostly by members from the Maratha caste. The motivating factor for the violence was not love for Gandhi on the part of the rioters but the denigration and humiliation that the Marathas were subjected to due to their caste status.[39][40]

In the Patwardhan princely states such as Sangli, the Marathas were joined by the Jains and the Lingayats in the attacks against the Brahmins. Here, specifically, advanced factories owned by the Chitpawans were destroyed. This event led to the hasty integration of the Patwardhan states into the Bombay Province by March 1948 - a move that was opposed by other Brahmins as they feared the Maratha predominance in the integrated province. During early 20th century, the ruler of Kolhapur state, Shahu had collaborated with the British against the Indian freedom struggle - a struggle that was identified with Chitpavans like Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He was also instrumental in shaping anti-Brahmin attitude in the non-Brahmin communities during that period. This led to great violence against Brahmins in Kolhapur.[41]

Military

The Chitpavans have considered themselves to be both warriors and priests.[42] Their involvement in military affairs began with the rise of the Peshwas[43] and their willingness to enter military and other services earned them high status and power in the Deccan.[44]

Culture

Traditionally, the Chitpavan Brahmins were a community of astrologers and priests who offer religious services to other communities. The 20th century descriptions of the Chitpavans list inordinate frugality, impassive, hard work, cleanliness and intelligence among their attributes.[45][46][47] In their original home of Konkan, their primary occupation was farming and some earned money by performing rituals among their own caste members.[48] During the heyday of the Maratha Empire, the city of Pune became the financial metropolis of the empire with 150 big and petty moneylenders. Most of these were Chitpavan or Deshastha Brahmins.[49] Later, Chitpavans became prominent in white-collar jobs and business.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Language

Most of the Chitpavan Brahmins in Maharashtra have adopted Marathi as their language. A minority spoke a dialect of Konkani called Chitpavani Konkani in their homes. Even at that time,{{When|date=May 2017}} reports recorded Chitpavani as a fast-disappearing language. But in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of Karnataka, it is spoken in places like Durga and Maala of Karkala taluk and Shishila and Mundaje of Belthangady Taluk.{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}

The Marathi spoken by Chitpavans in Pune is the standard form of language used all over Maharashtra today.[3] This form has many words derived from Sansrkrit and retains the Sanskrit pronunciation of many, misconstrued by non-standard speakers as "nasalised pronunciation".[50]

Social status

Earlier, the Deshastha Brahmins believed that they were the highest of all Brahmins and looked down upon the Chitpavans as parvenus (a relative newcomer to a socio-economic class), barely equal to the noblest of dvijas. The Deshastha Brahmins and the Karhadas treated the Peshwa's caste with contempt and refused to interdine with them. Even during the days of earlier Peshwa's they hesitated the admit the Chitpavans to social equality.[51] Even the Peshwa was denied the rights to use the ghats reserved for Deshastha priests at Nashik on the Godavari river.[52]{{full citation needed|date=March 2018}}[53]

The rise in prominence of the Chitpavans compared to the Deshastha Brahmins resulted in intense rivalry between the two communities.[54] 19th century records also mention Gramanyas or village-level debates between the Chitpavans and Daivajnas, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Saraswat Brahmins and the Chitpavans, Pathare Prabhus and the Chitpavans and Shukla Yujurvedi Deshastha Brahmins and the Chitpavans. These were quite common in Maharashtra.[55]

Diet

Traditionally, Chitpavan Brahmins are vegetarian. Rice is their staple food. However, nowadays, some occasionally take non-vegetarian food.[56][57][58]

Notable people

  • Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath and his descendants, Bajirao I, Chimaji Appa, Balaji Bajirao, Raghunathrao, Sadashivrao Bhau, Madhavrao I, Narayanrao, Madhavrao II, and Bajirao II
  • Nana Phadnavis (1742 - 1800), regent to Madhavrao II[59]
  • The Patwardhans - military leaders under the Peshwa[60] and later rulers of various princely states
  • Balaji Pant Natu - spied for the British against the Peshwa era Maratha Empire and raised the Union Jack over Shaniwar Wada.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=27-28}}{{sfn|Naravane|2006|p=82}}
  • Lokhitwadi (Gopal Hari Deshmukh) (1823-1892)- social reformer[61][62]
  • Nana Sahib (1824 – 1859) - adopted heir of the deposed Peshwa Bajirao II and one of the main leaders of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
  • Mahadev Govind Ranade (1842–1901)[30] - judge and social reformer
  • Vishnushastri Krushnashastri Chiplunkar (1850 – 1882)[63] - essayist, editor of Nibandha Mala, a Marathi journal, educator, mentor to Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, founder of the Chitrashala press[64]
  • Vasudev Balwant Phadke (1845 – 1883)[65] - a petty government clerk in Pune who led an armed rebellion against the British. Later an Educator.[66]
  • Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856 – 1920)[44] -Educator, Writer and Early Nationalist Leader with widespread appeal.Described by British colonial administration as the "Father of Indian Unrest"[67][68]
  • Gopal Ganesh Agarkar (1856 – June 1895).[33] journalist, educator and social reformer
  • Keshavsut (Krishnaji Keshav Damle) (March 15, 1866 - November 7, 1905) -Marathi language poet[69]
  • Dhondo Keshav Karve(1858 – 1962)[29] - Social reformer and advocate of women's education
  • Anandibai Joshi (1865 – 1887) - First Indian woman to get a medical degree from a university in the west - Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania - in 1886[70]
  • Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866 – 1915)[71] - Early Nationalist leader on the moderate wing of the Congress party
  • Chapekar brothers (1873-1899),(1879-1899) - Brothers who assassinated British plague commissioner Walter Rand for his heavy handed approach to plague relief in Pune in 1897[72]
  • G.N.Sahasrabudhe, a social reformer, who, along with two other reformers- Chairman Surendranath Tipnis of the Mahad Municipality and A.V.Chitre, helped Ambedkar during the Mahad Satyagraha.[73][74]
  • Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar (1872 – 1947)[75] - Writer, Journalist, Nationalist leader. Served on the Viceroy's Executive Council (1924–29).
  • Vinayak Damodar Savarkar,[31][76] -(28 May 1883 – 26 February 1966)Freedom fighter, social reformer and Formulator of the Hindutva philosophy
  • Senapati Bapat (12 November 1880 - 28 November 1967) - Prominent Indian freedom fighter who acquired title of Senapati meaning Commander.[77]
  • Dadasaheb Phalke- (30 April 1870 – 16 February 1944) Pioneer of Indian film industry[78]
  • Krushnaji Prabhakar Khadilkar-(25 November 1872 – 26 August 1948) Editor of Kesari and Navakal[79]{{full citation needed|date=March 2018}}
  • Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande (1860 – 1936) - eminent maestro of Hindustani classical music[80]
  • Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade (1863–1926) - Historian[81]
  • Anant Laxman Kanhere (1891-1910) - Indian nationalist and revolutionary, hanged for the murder of British Collector of Nashik, A. M. T. Jackson in 1910{{efn|Collector A. M. T. Jackson, a Sanskrit scholar was affectionately called"Pandit Jackson".Kanhere murdered him for Ganesh Damodar Savarkar's trial and an acquittal of a British Engineer in the death of a farmer caused by rash driving.[82][83][84]}}
  • Vinoba Bhave-(1895 – 1982), Gandhian leader and freedom fighter[85]
  • Dattatreya Ramachandra Bendre (1896 – 1981) - Poet and writer in Kannada language. Winner of the Jnanpith Award[86]
  • Narhar Vishnu Gadgil-(10 January 1896 – 12 January 1966) Congress leader and Member of Nehru's cabinet[87]
  • Irawati Karve - (1905 – 1970), anthropologist{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}
  • Nathuram Godse- (19 May 1910 – 15 November 1949) Mahatma Gandhi's assassin[88]
  • Narayan Apte (1911 - 1949) - co-conspirator in the assassination of Gandhi.[88]
  • Gopal Godse (1919 – 2005) - co-conspirator in the assassination of Gandhi and Nathuram Godse's younger brother.[89]
  • Pandurang Shastri Athavale (1920 - 2003) was an Indian activist philosopher, spiritual leader, social revolutionary and religion reformist, who founded the Swadhyaya Parivar (Swadhyaya Family) in 1954[90]
  • Madhuri Dixit (born 1967) - Bollywood actress[91]
  • Vikram Gokhale (born 1947) - Marathi Film and stage actor[92]{{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}
  • Kashinath Ghanekar:(Marathi Actor) First superstar on Marathi Stage.
  • Prakash Madhusudan Apte:[93](Architect and Town Planner) Planned and designed the city of Gandhinagar, Capital city of Gujarat.

See also

  • Deshastha Brahmin
  • Karhade Brahmin
  • Maharashtrian Brahmin

References

Notes{{notelist}}Citations
1. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ethnologue.com/language/gom|title=Konkani, Goan |author= |date= |work= Ethnologue}}
2. ^{{cite book |first1=Chirol |last1= Valentine |title=Indian Unrest |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EoRz7BEGyasC&pg=PT72 |year=2012 |publisher= Tredition |isbn=978-3-8472-0599-9 |page=72}}
3. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=R. |last2=Lele |first2=J.K. |title= Language and society: steps towards an integrated theory |year=1989 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |isbn= 978-9-00408-789-7 |page=34 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1PLiAlGzLFQC}}
4. ^{{cite book|title=Religions and communities of India|author=Pran Nath Chopra|publisher=Vision Books|year=1982|page=49}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=H. H. Dodwell|title=The Cambridge History of India: British India, 1497-1858|page=385}}
6. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|editor-first1=Bernard S|editor-last1=Cohn |editor-first2=Milton |editor-last2=Singer|publisher=AldineTransaction (Transaction Publishers)|pages=399–400|isbn =978-0-202-36138-3|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA397&dq=patterson+chitpavan#v=onepage&q=patterson%20chitpavan&f=false}}
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217|page=217|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia)|editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot|editor2=Sanjay Kumar|author=Rajendra Vora|publisher=Routledge India|year=2009|quote=While Brahmins are found in all the districts of the state, the Saraswats and Prabhus,the two other literate castes of this category,are in significant number only in Mumbai city|isbn=9781136516627}}
8. ^{{cite book| title=Bombay: Social Change 1813-1857| author=Vijaya Gupchup|page=166|quote=The other intellectual class, the Prabhus were once again subdivided in the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and the Pathare Prabhus}}
9. ^{{cite book|last=Cashman|first=Richard I|year=1975|title=The myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra|publisher=University of California|page=19,20,21|isbn=978-0-520-02407-6|accessdate=2 April 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=905gbgzGN1EC&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
10. ^{{cite book |title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century |editor1-first=Mariam |editor1-last=Dossal |editor2-first=Ruby |editor2-last=Maloni |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1999 |isbn=978-8-17154-855-2 |page=163 |chapter-url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA163 |first=Frank F. |last=Conlon |chapter=Vishnubawa Brahmachari: A Champion of Hinduism in Nineteenth Century Maharashtra}}
11. ^{{cite book |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |first=Donald V. |last=Kurtz |publisher=BRILL |year=1993 |isbn=978-9-00409-828-2 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA62}}
12. ^{{cite book |title=Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: theorizing authority through myths of identity |first=Dorothy M. |last=Figueira |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780791487839 |pages=121–122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqRKPpKzyKwC&pg=PA121}}
13. ^{{cite book | title = The Chitpavan Brahmins - A Social and Ethnic Study |first=Irawati |last=Karve |authorlink=Irawati Karve |origyear = 1928 | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-81-7022-235-4| pages = 96–97}}
14. ^{{cite journal |journal=Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry |volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s11013-005-7425-4 |pmid=16249950 |url=http://www.weizmann.ac.il/home/liorg/lemba.pdf |title=Genetics, History, and Identity: The Case Of The Bene Israel and the Lemba |first1=Tudor |last1=Parfitt |first2=Yulia |last2=Egorova |year=2005 |pages=206, 208, 221}}
15. ^{{cite book|title=The Chitpavan Brahmins - A Social and Ethnic Study |last=Karve |first=Irawati |authorlink=Irawati Karve |publisher=|year=1989|isbn=978-81-7022-235-4|location=|pages=104–107|orig-year=1928}}
16. ^{{cite book |title=Jews and India: Perceptions and Image |first=Yulia |last=Egorova |year=2006 |page=85 |isbn=978-0-203-96123-0}}
17. ^{{cite book |title=The Bene Israel of Bombay: A Study of a Jewish Community |first=Schifra |last=Strizower |year=1971 |page=16 |isbn=978-0-8052-3405-3}}
18. ^{{cite book |author=Stewart Gordon |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA109 |date=16 September 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |page=109 }}
19. ^Gokhale, B.G., 1985. The religious complex in eighteenth-century Poona. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 105(4), pp.719-724.
20. ^{{cite book|author=Sandhya Gokhale|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818-1918|page=113|isbn=978-81-8290-132-2|year=2008}}
21. ^1 {{cite book|title = Elites in South Asia|author=Edmund Leach, S. N. Mukherjee|pages=101, 104, 105|isbn=978-0-521-10765-5|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1970}}
22. ^{{cite book|title=Panipat: 1761|author=Tryambaka Śaṅkara Śejavalakara|pages=24, 25| isbn=|year=1946}}
23. ^{{cite book|title=The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century (Political change in modern South Asia)|author= Anil Seal|pages= 74, 78|isbn =978-0-521-09652-2|date= 1971-09-02}}
24. ^Shejwalkar, T.S. (1947) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5sM8AAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=nepotism The Surat Episode of 1759] Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Vol. 8; page 182.
25. ^1 {{cite book|title=New history of the Marathas: Sunset over Maharashtra (1772-1848)|author= Govind Sakharam Sardesai|year=1986|origyear=1946|page=254|publisher=Phoenix Publications|isbn=}}
26. ^{{cite book|page =16|author=J. R. Śinde|title=Dynamics of cultural revolution: 19th century Maharashtra|year=1985}}
27. ^1 {{cite book|title=Dalits in Modern India: Vision and Values|author=S. M. Michael|page= 95|isbn=}}
28. ^1 {{cite book|author=Richard Maxwell Eaton|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761: eight Indian lives, Volume 1|page=192|isbn=}}
29. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Karve|first1=Dinakar D. |title=The New Brahmans: Five Maharashtrian Families |date=1963 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley, CA |isbn= |page=13 |edition= 1st |url= https://www.questia.com/read/9334102/the-new-brahmans-five-maharashtrian-families |via=Questia}}
30. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Stanley A. |title= Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India |date= April 1991 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn=978-0195623925 |page=32}}
31. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Wolf |first1= Siegfried O. |title= Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: Public Enemy or national Hero?|url= http://www.heidelberg-papers.net/uploads/media/41_-_Wolf__Siegfried_-_Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar.pdf |accessdate=3 May 2016}}
32. ^{{cite book |last1=Wolf |first1= Siegfried (editor) |title= Heidelberg Student papers, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: Public Enemy or national Hero |date=2009 |publisher= Heidelberg University |location= Dresden |isbn=978-3-86801-076-3 |page=10 |url= http://www.heidelberg-papers.net/uploads/media/41_-_Wolf__Siegfried_-_Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar.pdf}}
33. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Wolpert |first1=Stanley A. |title= Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India |date=April 1991 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-0195623925 |page=19}}
34. ^{{cite book |editor= Mariam Dossal and Ruby Maloni |title= State intervention and popular response : western India in the nineteenth century |date=1999 |publisher= Popular Prakashan |location= Mumbai |isbn= 978-81715-4855-2 |page=87 |url=}}
35. ^{{cite book |last1= Wolpert |first1=Stanley A. |title= Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India |date=April 1991 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn=978-0195623925 |page=32}}
36. ^{{cite book|last1=Cashman|first1=Richard I.|title=The myth of the Lokamanya : Tilak and mass politics in Maharashtra|date=1975|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520024076|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/?id=905gbgzGN1EC&pg=PP13}}
37. ^{{Cite journal|accessdate=2010-06-29|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/03081998/cover.html|title=Godse on Trial |author=Swapan Dasgupta, Smruti Koppikar|date=3 August 1998|journal=India Today|pages=24–26}}
38. ^{{cite book|author=Arnold P. Goldstein, Marshall H. Segall|title=Aggression in global perspective|page=245|year=1983}}
39. ^{{cite book|title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false|editor1=Mariam Dossal|editor2=Ruby Malon|page=11|isbn=9788171548552|year=1999}}
40. ^{{cite book|title=The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|page=39|author= Ullekh N P|publisher=Random House India|year=2018|isbn=9789385990816}}
41. ^{{cite book| title= Gandhi and Godse:A review and Critique|author=Koenraad Elst|year= 2001|pages=12, 13, 14|quote=(pg 13,14)Destruction was even larger in Kolhapur...(pg14)Shahu Maharaj had actively collaborated with the British against the freedom movement, which was locally identified with Chitpawan Brahmins like B.G.Tilak...(pg14) The biggest violence took place in the seven Patwardhan (Chitpawan) princely states such as Sangli, where the remarkably advanced factories owned by Chitpawans were largely destroyed. Here, Jains and Lingayats joined the Marathas in the attacks. The events hastened the integration of Patwardhan states (by march 1948) into the Bombay province, an integration opposed by the Brahmins - fearing Maratha predominance in the integrated province.}}
42. ^{{cite book |title=Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths |first=Chetan |last=Bhatt |publisher=Berg |year=2001 |isbn=9781859733486 |page=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zhy4JbM9mWEC&pg=PA32}}
43. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez4wAQAAIAAJ|title=The Chitpavans: social ascendancy of a creative minority in Maharashtra, 1818-1918 |publisher=Shubhi |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8290-132-2 |page=82 |author=Sandhya Gokhale}}
44. ^1 {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA29 |title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay |first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-69108-840-2 |page=29}}
45. ^{{cite book|title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India|author= Donald V. Kurtz|year=1993|pages=64–65|isbn= 978-90-04-09828-2}}
46. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: South Asia|author=David Levinson|page= 69|isbn= 978-0-8161-1840-3|year=1992}}
47. ^{{cite journal |title=The Emergence of an Indigenous Business Class in Maharashtra in the Eighteenth Century |first=V. D. |last=Divekar |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |year=1982 |jstor=312115 |pages=438–439 |subscription=yes |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00015250}}
48. ^{{cite books|title=Encyclopedia of world cultures: South Asia - Volume 2|page=69|quote= The occupation of the Chitpavans in their original territory of the Konkan was farming, with some income from performing rituals among their own caste.|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|editor=Paul Hockings|year=1992}}
49. ^{{cite book|author=H. Damodaran|title=India's New Capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJp_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=25 June 2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-59412-8|pages=50–51}}
50. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA207|title=Handbook of twentieth century literatures of India|last=Deo|first=Shripad D.|last2=Natarajan|first2=Nalini (editor)|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-31328-778-7|location=Westport|page=212}}
51. ^{{cite book|title=Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati Papers: 1900-1905 A.D.: Vedokta controversy|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=laBHAAAAMAAJ|author1=Shahu Chhatrapati (Maharaja of Kolhapur)|author2=Vilas Adinath Sangave|author3=B. D. Khane|publisher=Shahu Research Institute|year=1985|page=4}}
52. ^Ravinder Kumar Western India in the Nineteenth Century, p 38.
53. ^Patil, U.R., 2010. Conflict, identity and narratives: the Brahman communities of western India from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries (Doctoral dissertation)[https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2010-12-2082/PATIL-DISSERTATION.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.]
54. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA109|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=16 September 1993|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|location=|pages=132–134}}
55. ^{{Cite book|title=The Chitpwans |last=Gokhale|first=Sandhya|publisher=Shubhi Publications|date=2008|page=204|quote=The jati disputes were not a rare occurrence in Maharashtra. There are recorded instances of disputes between jatis such as Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Pathare Prabhus and the Chitpawans, Saraswat brahmin and the Chitpawans and Shukla Yajurvedi and the Chitpawans. The intra-caste dispute involving the supposed violation of the Brahmanical ritual code of behavior was called Gramanya in marathi.}}
56. ^{{cite book|title=India's Communities, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|page=1804,2079|quote=(quote on page 1804):The Chitpavan are vegetarian and rice is their staple cereal. (quote on page 2079): Among them the Chitpavan, Desastha, Karhade and Devdny Brahman are pure vegetarian though nowadays, they occasionally take non-vegetarian food.|isbn=9780195633542}}
57. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-madhuri-dixit-is-mads-about-food-1571188|title=Madhuri Dixit is Mad(s) about food|quote=Cooking mantra Chicken tikka masala, says Dixit is her speciality, as is kande pohe.}}
58. ^https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-expert-in-making-thai-curry-kung-pao-chicken-63832.html
59. ^{{cite book|last1=Chaurasia|first1=R.S.|title=History of the Marathas|date=2004|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788126903948|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC&pg=PR5}}
60. ^[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA174 The Marathas 1600-1818, Part 2, Volume 4 By Stewart Gordon]
61. ^KAVLEKAR, K., 1983. POLITICS OF SOCIAL REFORM IN MAHARASHTRA. Political Thought and Leadership of Lokmanya Tilak, p.202 [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NPLBbZSYXXEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA325]
62. ^{{cite book|title=Gokhale: The Indian Moderates and the British Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pI19BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1977|page=17|author=Bal Ram Nanda|quote=His[Deshmukh's] family of Chitpawan Brahmans, one of the greatest beneficiaries of the Peshwa regime...}}
63. ^{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|title=Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India |date=April 1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195623925|page=9}}
64. ^{{cite book|last1=Pinney|first1=Christopher|title=Photos of the gods : the printed image and political struggle in India|date=2004|publisher=Reaktion|location=London|isbn=9781861891846|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&pg=PA7}}
65. ^{{cite book |last1=Bayly |first1=Susan |title= Caste, society and politics in India from the eighteenth century to the modern age|date=2000 |publisher= Cambridge Univ. Press |location= Cambridge [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-5217-9842-6 |edition= 1st, Indian |quote= The true nature of these groups, said fearful Bombay officials, had been revealed in 1879 in the response of the region's politically active intelligentsia to the actions of W.B.Phadke, a chitpawan ex-government clerk from Pune. |url= https://books.google.com/?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false |page=236}}
66. ^{{cite book |last=Pinney |first= Christopher |title= Photos of the gods : the printed image and political struggle in India |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion |location=London |isbn=978-1861891846 |pages=46–47 |quote= a petty government clerk in Poona, Vasudev Balvant Phadke, led an uprising that would anticipate the revolutionary terrorism that would come to mark India in the first half of the twentieth century. Like B.G. Tilak, Phadke was a Chitpawan brahman... |url= https://books.google.com/?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
67. ^Donald Mackenzie Brown"The Congress." The Nationalist Movement: Indian Political Thought from Ranade to Bhave (1961): 34
68. ^Stanley A. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India (1962) p ix
69. ^KESHAVSUT, PRABHAKAR MACHWE, Indian Literature, Vol. 9, No. 3 (JULY-SEPTEMBER 1966), pp. 43-51
70. ^{{cite book|title=The White Woman's Other Burden: Western Women and South Asia During British Rule|author=Kumari Jayawardena|page= 104|publisher= Routledge|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DNpAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT104#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=By the early 1880s, Indian women started to benefit from the opening of medical studies to women in Europe and the United States, the first being Anandibai Joshi (1865–1887), born in Pune to a Chitpavan Brahmin family. She was married (according to custom) when she was nine years old. In 1883, at age eighteen, she went to the United States (with her husband)and studied medicine at the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia where she graduated in medicine in 1886|isbn=9781136657146}}
71. ^{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley A.|title=Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India |date=April 1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0195623925|page=2}}
72. ^{{cite book|last1=Echenberg|first1=Myron|title=Plague ports : the global urban impact of bubonic plague,1894-1901|date=2006|publisher=New York Univ. Press.|location=New York [u. a.]|isbn=978-0-8147-2232-9|page=66|edition=|url=https://books.google.com/?id=X4kUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR9&dq=+chitpavan+chapekar#v=onepage&q=%20chapekar&f=false}}
73. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uesABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT163#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Dalit Women's Education in Modern India: Double Discrimination|author=Shailaja Paik|isbn=9781317673309|date=2014-07-11}}
74. ^{{cite book | title=Dalits and the Democratic Revolution: Dr Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India|last1=Omvedt|first1=Gail|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138&dq=tipnis+ambedkar#v=onepage&q=tipnis%20ambedkar&f=false|isbn=9788132119838|date=1994-01-30}}
75. ^SRI NARASIMHA CHINTAMAN "ALIAS" TATYASAHEB KELKAR, K. N. Watve, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 28, No. 1/2 (January–April 1947), pp. 156-158, published by Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44028058]
76. ^{{cite book|last1=Wolf|first1=Siegfried (Editor)|title=Heidelberg Student papers, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar:: Public Enemy or national Hero|date=2009|publisher=Heidelberg University|location=Dresden|isbn=978-3-86801-076-3|page=10|url=http://www.heidelberg-papers.net/uploads/media/41_-_Wolf__Siegfried_-_Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar.pdf}}
77. ^{{cite book|title=Portrait of a revolutionary: Senapati Bapat|publisher=Senapati Bapat Centenary Celebration Samiti|year=1981|page=2|author=Y. D. Phadke|quote=Among such young men initiated into revolutionary activities was Pandurang Mahadeo Bapat who later on became widely known as Senapati (General) Bapat. On 12 November 1880, Pandurang Bapat was born in a Chitpawan or Konkanastha Brahmin family at Parner in the Ahmednagar}}
78. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl8No2_PJ8AC&pg=PA151#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=151|title = Gods in the Bazaar: The Economies of Indian Calendar Art|year=2007|accessdate = |website = |publisher = Duke University Press Books|last = Jain|first = Kajri |isbn=978-0822389736}}
79. ^Jeffrey, R., 1997. Marathi: Big Newspapers Are Elephants. Economic and Political Weekly, pp.384-38
80. ^Subramanian, L., 2000. The master, muse and the nation: The new cultural project and the reification of colonial modernity in India∗. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 23(2), pp.1-32.
81. ^Kulkarni, A.R., 2002. Trends in Maratha Historiography: Vishwanath Kashinath Rajwade (1863–1926). Indian Historical Review, 29(1-2), pp.115-144.
82. ^{{cite journal|title=Organiser, Volumes 35-36|publisher=Bharat Prakashan|year=1983|quote=THE NASIK ASSASSINATION - By : Mrs. Sunanda Swarup ...Anant Kanhere, who actually killed Jackson, was a sixteen-year-old chitpavan Brahman youth...The whole episode will not be complete without mentioning about Jackson, who was assassinated. Ironically enough the records show that he was a popular Collector and liked by many. He was a Scholar of Sanskrit and was even known as Pandit Jackson. He was very fond of the theatre, dramas...Even On the eve of assassination, he had gone to watch the play “Sharada” which was organised in his honour}}
83. ^{{cite book|title=Militant Nationalism in India and Its Socio-religious Background, 1897-1917|author=Bimanbehari Majumdar|year=1966|page=94|quote= On December 21, A. M. T. Jackson was murdered at Nasik by Anant Laxman Kanhere. Jackson was a learned Indologist. He contributed many interesting papers on Indian history and culture and was popularly known as Pandit Jackson. His fault was that he had committed Ganesh Savarkar to trial and acquitted an Engineer named Williams of the charge of killing a farmer by rash and negligent driving. He was not harsh in punishing people charged with sedition. W. S. Khare, a pleader of Nasik delivered some seditious speeches. Jackson ordered him to execute a personal bond of Rs. 2,000 and to be of good behaviour for one year with two substantial and respectable sureties of Rs. 1,000 each.}}
84. ^{{cite book|title=Sacred offerings into the flames of freedom|page=27|publisher= Vande Mataram Foundation|author=Pramod Maruti Mande|year=2005|quote=At that time an Englishman named Jackson was the Collector of Nashik District. A cruel man by nature, he greatly harassed the people. He used to hold public assemblies to hear the people's grievances, but this was just a show, meant to put a gloss on his despotic administration. There was no justice for the people. Rather,they were subject to great tyranny.}}
85. ^{{cite book|last1=Maloni|first1=edited by Mariam Dossal, Ruby|title=State intervention and popular response : western India in the nineteenth century|date=1999|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=9788171548552|page=87|url=https://books.google.com/?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
86. ^{{cite book|last1=Amur|first1=G.S.|title=Dattatreya Ramachandra Bendre (Ambikatanayadatta)|date=1994|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172015152|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QaSWBH68NQYC&pg=PA7}}
87. ^{{cite book|last1=Maloni|first1=edited by Mariam Dossal, Ruby|title=State intervention and popular response : western India in the nineteenth century|date=1999|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=9788171548552|page=79|url=https://books.google.com/?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PR7}}
88. ^1 {{cite book|title=Gandhi in a Canadian Context: Relationships between Mahatma Gandhi and Canada|editor=Alex Damm|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|year=2017|page=54|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gETUDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT54#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote=Moreover, the two principal conspirators behind Gandhi's assassination, who were hung for their actions – Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte – were both Chitpawan Brahmins from Maharashtra as was Savarkar, their ideological mentor. The Chitpawans had a long history of supporting violence against the alleged enemies of Brahminical Hinduism.}}
89. ^{{cite book|title=The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|year=1999|publisher=Princeton University Press|quote=Gandhi's assassin Naturam Godse, a Chitpavan brahmin from Pune, had been a member of the RSS for some years, as well as a member of the Hindu Mahasabha. In the early 1940s Godse left the RSS to form a militant organization, Hindu Rashtra Dal, aimed at militarizing the mind and conduct of Hindus, to make them “more assertive and aggressive” (interview with Naturam Godse's brother Gopal Godse, still a member of the Hindu Mahasabha, in Pune, 3 February 1993)}}
90. ^Nadkarni, M.V., 2009. Social change through moral development?. Journal of Social and Economic Development, 11(2), pp.127-135.
91. ^{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-is-not-a-good-dancer-but-has-charisma-Madhuri/articleshow/20330177.cms|publisher=Times of India|quote= Also, we both come from similar backgrounds and are Kokanastha brahmins and have had typical Maharashtrian upbringing that makes us culturally similar.|title=Shah Rukh is not a good dancer but has charisma: Madhuri}}
92. ^Vikram Gokhale
93. ^Prakash M Apte, The building of Gandhinagar, Power Publishers, India, 2012, {{ISBN|9789381205532}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite book|title=Origins of Chitpavan Brahmins|author=Deepak Gore | url = http://www.mediafire.com/view/a3alqr76te397e4/Origin_of_Chitpavans-v1.12-SECURED.pdf}}
  • {{Cite book | title=By Ways of Bombay |chapter=Chapter XIV - A Konkan Legend | author=S. M. Edwardes | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/?id=vw32HknckP0C&printsec=frontcover&q | accessdate = 2010-07-03 | isbn=978-1-4068-5154-0 | date=2009-07-31}}
  • {{Cite book|title=Western India in the Nineteenth Century|author=Ravinder Kumar|year=1968|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul}}
  • Chitpavans under the British Raj-{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=R.|last2=Lele|first2=J.K.|title=Language and society : steps towards an integrated theory|date=1989|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004087897|pages=32–42|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1PLiAlGzLFQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=chitpavan&f=false}}
  • {{citation| title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India|last=O'Hanlon|first=Rosalind|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0|series=Cambridge South Asian Studies|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
  • {{citation|pages=78–105|title=Battles of the honourable East India Company: making of the Raj|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3|publisher=APH Publishing|year=2006|first=M.S|last=Naravane|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=9788131300343#v=onepage&q&f=false}}

External links

  • Kokanastha.com
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

7 : Brahmin communities of Maharashtra|Konkani people|Brahmin communities of Goa|Social groups of Maharashtra|Indian castes|Marathi people|Hindu communities
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