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|en_name=Chuvash Republic |ru_name=Чувашская Республика — Чувашия |loc_name1=Чӑваш Республики — Чӑваш Ен |loc_lang1=Chuvash |image_map=Map of Russia - Chuvashia.svg |coordinates = {{coord|55|33|N|47|06|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Chuvashia.svg |coa_caption=Coat of arms |image_flag=Flag of Chuvashia.svg |flag_caption=Flag |anthem= |anthem_ref=[1] |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Republic |political_status_link=Republics of Russia |federal_district=Volga |economic_region=Volga-Vyatka |adm_ctr_type=Capital |adm_ctr_name=Cheboksary |adm_ctr_name_ref=[2] |official_lang_list=Chuvash |official_lang_ref=[3] |pop_2010census=1251619 |pop_2010census_rank=41st |urban_pop_2010census=58.8% |rural_pop_2010census=41.2% |pop_2010census_ref=[4] |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest=1,240,000 |pop_latest_date=January 2014 |pop_latest_ref=[4] |area_km2=18300 |area_km2_rank=74th |area_km2_ref |established_date=June 15, 1925 |established_date_ref=[5] |license_plates=21 |ISO=RU-CU |gov_as_of=July 2013 |leader_title=Head |leader_title_ref=[6] |leader_name=Mikhail Ignatyev |leader_name_ref=[7] |legislature=State Council |legislature_ref=[8] |website=http://www.cap.ru |website_ref |date=February 2015 }} The Chuvash Republic ({{lang-ru|Чува́шская Респу́блика — Чува́шия}}, Chuvashskaya Respublika — Chuvashiya; {{lang-cv|Чӑваш Республики}}, Čăvaš Respubliki), or Chuvashia ({{lang-ru|Чува́шия}} Chuvashiya; {{lang-cv|Чӑваш Ен}}, Čăvaš Jen), is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). It is the homeland of the Chuvash people, a Turkic ethnic group. Its capital is the city of Cheboksary. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,251,619.[9] GeographyThe Chuvash Republic is located in the center of European Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka economic region, mostly to the west of the Volga River, in the Volga Upland. It borders with the Mari El Republic in the north, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west, the Republic of Mordovia in the southwest, Ulyanovsk Oblast in the south, and the Republic of Tatarstan in the east and southeast. There are over two thousand rivers in the republic—with the major ones being the Volga, the Sura, and the Tsivil—as well as four hundred lakes. Some of the Volga River valley reservoirs are in the north of the republic, and the Sura River flows towards the Volga along much of the republic's western boundary. Climate is moderate continental, with the average temperatures ranging from {{convert|-13|C}} in January to {{convert|+19|C}} in July. Annual precipitation varies between {{convert|450|and|700|mm|sp=us}}, but is uneven from one year to another. Natural resources include gypsum, sand, clay, sapropel deposits, phosphorite, and peat. There are oil and natural gas deposits, although their extraction has not yet been commercially pursued. Forests, mostly in the south along the Sura River, cover approximately 30% of the land.[10] History{{Main article|History of Chuvashia}}The ancestors of the Chuvash were Bulgars and Suars, Turkic tribes residing in the Northern Caucasus in the 5th to 8th centuries. In the 7th and 8th centuries, a part of the Bulgars left for the Balkans, where, together with local Slavs, they established the state of modern Bulgaria. Another part moved to the Middle Volga Region (see Volga Bulgaria), where the Bulgar population that did not adopt Islam formed the foundation of the Chuvash people.[10] During the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, the steppe-dwelling Suar migrated north, where Finnic tribes, such as the Mordvins and Mari lived. The Chuvash claim to be the descendants of these Suars who assimilated with the Mari. In 1242, they became vassals of the Golden Horde. Later Mongol and Tatar rulers did not intervene in local internal affairs as long as tribute was paid annually to Sarai. When the power of the Golden Horde began to diminish, local Mişär Tatar Murzas from Piana and Temnikov tried to govern the Chuvash area. During Ivan the Terrible's war of conquest against the Khanate of Kazan, in August 1552, the Chuvash Orsai and Mari Akpar Tokari princes swore their loyalty to the Grand Duchy of Muscovy at Alatyr on the Sura River. Between 1650 and 1850, the Russian Orthodox Church sent Chuvash-speaking missionaries to try to convert the Chuvash to the Orthodox faith. A group of these missionaries created a written Chuvash language. Most of the Chuvash who stayed in the area became Orthodox Christians, but some remained pagan. On May 15, 1917, the Chuvash joined the Idel-Ural Movement and in December 1917 joined the short-lived Idel-Ural State, when an agreement was reached with Tatar representatives to draw the eastern border of Chuvashia at the Sviyaga River. In 1918–1919, the Russian Civil War encompassed the area. This ended with victory for the Bolsheviks. To gain support from the local population, Lenin ordered the creation of a Chuvash state within the Russian SFSR. On June 24, 1920, the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast was formed, which was transformed into the Chuvash ASSR in April 1925. Administrative divisions{{Main article|Administrative divisions of the Chuvash Republic}}PoliticsDuring the Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Chuvashia CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament. The Charter of Republic of Chuvashia is the fundamental law of the region. The State Council of the Chuvash Republic is the republic's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Republic's Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters. DemographicsThe republic is not large, but is one of the most densely populated regions in Russia. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=1,251,619|p2002=1,313,754|p1989=1,336,066}} The capital (and largest city) is Cheboksary (population 464,000 in 2010). Cheboksary is situated mostly on the southern bank of the Volga in the northern part of the republic (one northern bank district was added in the second part of the 20th century), approximately {{convert|650|km|sp=us}} east of Moscow. Nearby to the east is the next largest city, Novocheboksarsk (population 124,000 in 2010). Settlements{{Largest cities| name = Largest cities | country = Chuvashia | stat_ref = 2010 Russian Census | list_by_pop = | class = nav | div_name = | div_link = Administrative divisions of Chuvashia{{!}}Administrative Division | city_1 = Cheboksary | div_1 = Cheboksary{{!}}City of republic significance of Cheboksary | pop_1 = 453,721 | img_1 = Cheboksary. Dormition Church P8122015 2200.jpg | city_2 = Novocheboksarsk | div_2 = Novocheboksarsk{{!}}City of republic significance of Novocheboksarsk | pop_2 = 124,097 | img_2 = Застройка новых районов вдоль Волги (Новочебоксарск).jpg | city_3 = Kanash | div_3 = Kanashsky District | pop_3 = 45,607 | img_3 = Main street Kanash from park.jpeg | city_4 = Alatyr, Chuvash Republic{{!}}Alatyr | div_4 = Alatyrsky District | pop_4 = 38,203 | img_4 = Алатырь, Ленина, 30.JPG | city_5 = Shumerlya | div_5 = Shumerlinsky District | pop_5 = 31,722 | city_6 = Tsivilsk | div_6 = Tsivilsky District | pop_6 = 13,479 | city_7 = Kugesi | div_7 = Cheboksarsky District | pop_7 = 11,917 | city_8 = Kozlovka, Kozlovsky District, Chuvash Republic{{!}}Kozlovka | div_8 = Kozlovsky District | pop_8 = 10,359 | city_9 = Vurnary | div_9 = Vurnarsky District | pop_9 = 10,086 | city_10 = Yadrin | div_10 = Yadrinsky District | pop_10 = 9,614 }} Vital statisticsSource: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
Note: TFR[11] Ethnic groupsAccording to the 2010 Census, ethnic Chuvash make up 67.7% of the republic's population. Other groups include Russians (26.9%), Tatars (2.8%), Mordvins (1.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.[9]
GeneticsOsteopetrosis affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000[13] worldwide, but the odds are much higher in the Russian region of Chuvashia (1 of every 3,500–4,000 newborns) due to genetic traits of the Chuvash people.[14][15]Religion{{Bar box|title=Religion in Chuvashia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[16][17] |float=right |bars={{Bar percent|Russian Orthodoxy|DarkOrchid|54.7}}{{Bar percent|Other Orthodox|MediumOrchid|4.2}}{{Bar percent|Other Christians|DeepSkyBlue|2.7}}{{Bar percent|Islam|Green|3.5}}{{Bar percent|Rodnovery and other native faiths|Red|1.2}}{{Bar percent|Spiritual but not religious|DarkSlateGray|24.2}}{{Bar percent|Atheism and irreligion|Black|7.7}}{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|1.8}} }} According to a 2012 survey,[16] 54.7% of the population of Chuvashia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 3% of the population (mostly Tatars) follow Islam, 3% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% follow indigenous faiths (Vattisen Yaly, Chuvash folk religion). In addition, 4% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 1% is atheist and 2.3% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.[16] Study of religion is compulsory for schoolchildren in Chuvashia. Of the students, approximately 76.9% are enrolled for Orthodox Studies, 16.0% for Secular Studies, 15.7% for World Religions Studies and 1.4% for Islamic Studies.[18] {{clear}}Economy{{Main article|Economy of Chuvashia}}The Chuvash Republic is the most populous and fertile country in the middle Volga region. There are deciduous woodlands on fertile black earth. In agriculture, wheat and sugar-beet, pigs and beef cattle have become more important than the rye, oats, barley and dairy cattle which are typical for the whole area. The republic is Russia's center for growing hops and is famous throughout the country for its long history of beer brewing. It is also a major center for electrical engineering, especially in the area of power transmission and control systems.[10] Other leading industries are metalworking, electricity generation, and chemical manufacturing. There are also large timber-working mills at Shumerlin. The largest companies in the region include Khimprom Novocheboksarsk (revenues of ${{to USD|9600|RUS|2017}} million in 2017), Accond (confectionery maker, ${{to USD|8900|RUS|2017}} million), Cheboksary Instrument-Making Plant (${{to USD|8300|RUS|2017}} million), NPP EKRA (power engineering, ${{to USD|5900|RUS|2017}} million).[19] TransportationThe transport network in the republic is one of the most developed in Russia. The republic's system of roads, railroads, waterways, and airports closely ties the region with others in and outside of Russia.[10] RoadsOnly four roads in the Chuvash Republic are classified as important federal highways. The most important is Highway M-7, which runs from Nizhny Novgorod through the northern parts of the republic from Yadrinsky Nikolskoye via Malye Tyumerli, Kalmykovo, Khyrkasy, Novye Lapsary, Kugesi, Shivlinsk, Staraya Tyurlema, to Kazan in the Republic of Tatarstan. It also forms a connection via Chuvashia through the southern suburbs of Cheboksary and Novocheboksary to the Mari El Republic and the Vyatka Highway. Part of this road is classified as a motorway, the only one in the republic. From Yadrinsky Nikolskoye, the federal road P-178 runs through Yadrin, Shumerlya, Alatyr, to Surskoye in Ulyanovsk Oblast and further to Ulyanovsk. In the eastern part of Chuvashia, the federal road A-151 runs from Tsivilsk through Kanash, Komsomolskoye, Chkalovskoye, Karabay-Shemursha, Shemursha to Ulyanovsk and Saratov. All other roads in Chuvashia are classified as local area roads. Automobiles, trucks, and buses are the major forms of transportation, with the republic ranking fourth in highway density in all of Russia.[10] Cheboksary is situated on one of the main highways of the Russian Federation leading from Moscow to the industrial areas of Tatarstan, the southern Urals, and Siberia. A recently completed bridge across the Volga River in the north connects the republic to the developed Ural and Volga Federal Districts. To the south, highways connect Chuvashia with Saratov and Volgograd. Extensive public and private bus systems connect all towns within the republic with each other and with the surrounding regions.[10] The standard speed of transportation of containers by road is {{convert|400|km|sp=us}} per day. The average time of delivery from Cheboksary to Moscow is 1.5 days; to Saint Petersburg, 2.5 days; and to Western Europe, 10 to 15 days.[10] RailwaysThe railway network is highly developed, convenient, and accessible year-round. One of the largest railway junctions of Russia – Kanash—is in the center of the republic. Via Kanash, the rail system connects the major towns in Chuvashia with the big industrial centers of eastern Siberia, the Urals, and Moscow. Express trains are reliable and provide a low-cost, comfortable way to travel. Express trains to and from Moscow are available every day, with the overnight journey taking approximately fourteen hours each way. The following lines serve railway traffic in the Chuvash Republic:
In addition to these lines, there are {{convert|26|km|mi|sp=us}} of {{Track gauge|1520mm|lk=on}} gauge industrial lines running from Altyshevo station, on Alatyr-Kanash section, to Pervomaysky, located just west of Starye Aybesi in Alatyrsky District. All railway lines in Chuvashia are operated by the MPS Gorky Railway Division. Steam locomotives were mostly replaced in 1970 by diesel locomotives and when the main Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk line was electrified, the diesel locomotives were replaced by electric ones. The Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk line is a double track main line, while the others are single track lines. The 84 km (52 mi) Sviyazhsk-Kanash section was electrified in 1986, the 142 km (88 mi) Kanash-Sergach section in 1987. In 1967, there were four daily passenger trains in both directions on the Alatyr-Kanash line. One of them was the semifast Sochi-Sverdlovsk-Sochi long distance transit train, halting only at Alatyr, Buinsk, and Kanash. Cheboksary was connected by daily semifast passenger train to Moscow. The travel time was 17.30{{Clarify|date=March 2011}} hours for the 758 km (471 mi) journey. 21 express and passenger trains used the Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk main line in the summer high season in both directions. Of these, four did not halt in Chuvashia. Most of the remaining semifast trains stopped at Shumerlya, Piner, Burnary, and Kanash. Four pairs of semifast trains also stopped at Tyurmari. In the 1999–2000 timetable, 11 pairs of Moscow-Kanash-Kazan express trains stopped at Kanash. The Chuvashia 53/54 express trains between Moscow and Kanash took 11.23 hours, back 10.57 hours.{{Clarify|date=March 2011}} In addition to Russian {{Track gauge|1524mm}} gauge railways, there were six {{Track gauge|750mm}} narrow gauge railway lines: two short peat briquette industry lines at Severny and Sosnovka on the north side of the Volga, and four forest railways at Shumerlya, Atrat and Kirya. All opened in the 1930s. In 1965, their total length was {{convert|145|km|sp=us}}:
All lines were closed in the economic uncertainty after the breakup of the Soviet Union. RiversThe Volga and Sura Rivers connect Chuvashia to a national and international water network. To the south, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and Black Sea are directly reachable. To the west, the Volga River connects Cheboksary with Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Moscow and the northern regions of Russia. By using river-sea vessels, cargo transportation is possible from Chuvash river ports all the way to Saint Petersburg, Novorossiysk (on the Black Sea), Astrakhan, and ports situated on the Danube River. However, the river is frozen from December through April.[10] Boat tours to the major cities along the Volga are of tourist interest, and Cheboksary is a frequent stop on the many boat tours that travel up and down the Volga.[10] AirThe international Cheboksary Airport receives both cargo and passenger aircraft of practically all types and sizes. There are regularly scheduled flights to Moscow and other destinations. Additionally, Cheboksary is about a four-hour drive from Strigino International Airport, the airport primarily serving Nizhny Novgorod, which offers a greater number of flights, including connections through Aeroflot, Belavia and AtlasGlobal. CultureWhile Russian is the predominant business language, the Chuvash language is still spoken by many, especially in the country. The Chuvash language belongs to the Oghur subgroup of the Turkic language group. In ancient times a runic system of writing was used. Chuvashi now uses a modified Cyrillic script that was adopted in 1871. There has been a resurgence of native Chuvash pride, with many people looking back to their Chuvash roots and exploring the culture and heritage and relearning the language. Most building signs, road signs, and announcements are in both Russian and Chuvash. At present Chuvash Republic has 6 professional theaters:
and over 30 amateur theaters, a Philharmonic Society, an Academic Folk Song and Dance Group, an Academic Choir, a Chamber Orchestra, and some professional concert groups. There are also more than 20 museums, exhibition halls and modern art galleries.
Chuvash Republic has more than 565 public libraries, the book collection being over 10 million units.
Monuments of Architecture There are about 627 monuments of architecture in Chuvashia, including 54 of national importance: the Vvedensky Cathedral (1657), the Holy Trinity Monastery (1566), the Salt House, the houses of Chuvash famous merchants (Zeleischikov, Solovtsov, the Efremov family) (18th-19th century) in Cheboksary, the Tolmachev family house and Trinity Cathedral (18th century) in the town of Tsivilsk, the Burashnikov house in the town of Yadrin. Surhuri ({{lang-cv|Сурхури}}) is the Chuvash national holiday. Education and sportThere are five higher educational institutions, including the Chuvash State University, the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute, and the Chuvash State Agricultural Academy located in Cheboksary. These, together with 28 colleges and technical schools, are currently attended by approximately 45,000 students. Chuvashia, along with Mordovia, has given some of the best modern race walkers, as Vera Sokolova, Olimpiada Ivanova, Yelena Nikolayeva and Vladimir Andreyev. Additionally, the 2008 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held in Cheboksary. Creative unions
Radio
References1. ^Law #12 2. ^Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, Article 67.2 3. ^Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, Article 8 4. ^Chuvash Republic Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность населения {{ru icon}} 5. ^Nesterov, p. 38 6. ^Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, Article 68 7. ^Official website of the Chuvash Republic. Mikhail Vasilyevich Ignatyev {{ru icon}} 8. ^Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, Article 77 9. ^1 2 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web|title=Economic Overview of the Republic of Chuvashia |publisher=United States Peace Corps Business Development Volunteers in Chuvashia |author=Steven Brown and Olin Lagon |url=http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/0106Chuvashia.htm |date=June 2001 |accessdate=August 9, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050704084704/http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/0106Chuvashia.htm |archivedate=July 4, 2005 }} 11. ^http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b12_111/Main.htm 12. ^http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 13. ^ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/osteopetrosis 14. ^Центр Молекулярной Генетики 15. ^Медицинская генетика Чувашии {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201103911/http://www.genetik.med.cap.ru/Page.aspx?id=580773 |date=February 1, 2016 }} 16. ^1 2 "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012. 17. ^2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived]. 18. ^http://www.regnum.ru/news/1333093.html 19. ^{{cite web |title=Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО |url=https://sbis.ru/contragents?p=companies |website=СБИС |accessdate=20 October 2018 |language=ru}} Sources
|last=Нестеров |first=В. А. |script-title=ru:Населённые пункты Чувашской АССР. 1917–1981 годы: Справочник об административно-территориальном делении |origyear=1981 |year=1981 |publisher=Чувашское книжное издательство |language=Russian }}
|ru_entity=Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики |ru_type=Закон |ru_number=12 |ru_date=14 июля 1997 г. |ru_title=О государственных символах Чувашской Республики |ru_effective_date=со дня официального опубликования |ru_published_in="Чаваш ен", No.30 |ru_published_date=26 июля – 2 августа 1997 г |ru_url= |ru_amendment_type=Закона |ru_amendment_number=59 |ru_amendment_date=30 июля 2013 г. |ru_amendment_title=О внесении изменений в Закон Чувашской Республики "О государственных символах Чувашской Республики" |en_entity=State Council of the Chuvash Republic |en_type=Law |en_number=12 |en_date=July 14, 1997 |en_title=On the State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic |en_effective_date=the day of the official publication |en_url= |en_amendment_type=Law |en_amendment_number=59 |en_amendment_date=July 30, 2013 |en_amendment_title=On Amending the Law of the Chuvash Republic "On the State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic" }} Further reading
|last=Vovina |first=Olessia P. |date=December 2000 |title=Building the road to the temple: Religion and national revival in the Chuvash Republic |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=695–706 |doi=10.1080/00905990020009683 }}
See also
External links{{Commons category|Chuvashia}}
6 : Chuvashia|States and territories established in 1925|Autonomous Turkic states|Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|1925 establishments in the Soviet Union|Regions of Europe with multiple official languages |
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