“Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya ({{IPA-ca|siɾˈkujd də kətəˈluɲə}}) is a motorsport race track in Montmeló, Catalonia, Spain. With long straights and a variety of corners, the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya is seen as an all-rounder circuit. The track has stands with a capacity of 140,700.^[1] The circuit has FIA Grade 1 license.^[2]

Until 2013 the track was known only as the Circuit de Catalunya, before a sponsorship deal with Barcelona City Council added Barcelona to the track's title.^[3]

History

The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya was built in 1991 and began hosting the Spanish Grand Prix that same year. Construction also coincided with the Olympic Games scheduled to take place in Barcelona^[4] the next year, where the circuit acted as the start and finish line for the road team time trial cycling event.^[5] The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya should not be confused with the Montjuïc circuit, which hosted the Spanish Grand Prix four times between 1969 and 1975 and, unlike the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya, is actually located within the city of Barcelona.

Because so much testing is done at this circuit, Formula One drivers and mechanics are extremely familiar with it. This has led to criticism that drivers and mechanics are too familiar with Catalunya, reducing the amount of on-track action.

When first used, overtaking was frequent as cars could follow closely through the last two corners and slipstream down the long straight. As aerodynamic balance became more critical, this overtaking method drastically decreased as the cars were unable to follow each other through the fast final corner due to turbulence created by the leading car.^[4] The 2007 season saw the first of the two final sweepers replaced with a slow chicane in an effort to improve overtaking.

The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya has hosted a motorcycle Grand Prix since 1992, originally the European motorcycle Grand Prix from 1992 and later the Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix since 1996. There are at least five points on the track (turns 1, 2, 4, 10, 14) where riders are known to overtake. As in Formula 1, Turn 1 is arguably the most popular place for overtaking. The circuit is not known to produce copious amounts of overtaking, despite the long straights. Originally, the Formula 1 circuit changes were not instituted for MotoGP; however, after a fatal crash in the 2016 MotoGP round involving a Moto2 rider, the Formula 1 layout was implemented to slow down riders for safety purposes. The FIM made a further change to the chicane for 2017 by moving up the chicane to prevent riders from cutting the pit lane entrance, but that was abandoned because the motorcycle chicane had a surface change that created more safety issues with the transition. Further changes were made to the circuit in December 2017 as grandstands were removed to add additional runoff that allowed the FIM to eliminate that chicane (although the Turn 10 hairpin was kept).

The circuit hosted many other international racing series, including the FIA Sportscar Championship (1999–2002), European Touring Car Championship (2003), FIA GT Championship (2003), Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (2006–2011), European Le Mans Series (2008–2009), and World Series by Renault (2002–2004, 2006–2011). The FIA World Rallycross Championship currently visits Catalunya since 2015.

Layout

The track is demanding of a car's aerodynamic qualities.^[6] The wind direction at the circuit can change drastically during the day, a significant factor given the importance^[7]^[8] of aerodynamics to modern Formula One cars. It is then hard{{according to|date=May 2016}} to find a good setup since cars can have massive aerodynamic drag and understeer on one part of the circuit in the morning, but suffer oversteer at the same part of the circuit in the afternoon. A given tyre compound can work well when tested, but not so well a couple of months later. These changeable conditions can make for unexpected performances from some teams during the race. The changeable wind conditions have also caused accidents at the circuit, with Fernando Alonso's testing accident in 2015 partly blamed on the severity of the wind.

The MotoGP layout uses the 1995-2003 version of the Grand Prix circuit. Originally the layout was the same as Formula One, but in 2004 the La Caixa turn was modified; the motorcycles used the old version, and they also ignored the shorter Europcar turn and RACC chicane. The F1 layout was implemented originally in 2016 following the fatal accident of Luis Salom in Europcar on 3 June 2016 race control switched to the F1 circuit for qualifying and the race on 5 June 2016. On 15 December 2016, the FIM announced the change was permanent by announcing plans for a chicane ahead of the current car chicane. However, during the 2017 race, the new chicane was deemed dangerous by riders because of a surface change, and the car chicane was used during that event. After changes to the track in the off-season including removing grandstands in Turn 12 in creating additional runoff and a complete repaving of the circuit, the F1 layout from 2004-06, including the new La Caixa hairpin instead of sweeper, will be used, eliminating the chicane.

The World RX of Spain uses parts of the track near turns 11–15, with two additional gravel sections.

A lap in a Formula One car

Turn 1 is the main overtaking point at Catalunya, as it is a braking zone at the end of a long DRS straight. The inside and outside are equally difficult for overtaking; drivers who can hold the line around the outside of turn one, can get the inside line for turn two. The corners themselves make up a medium-speed chicane – drivers brake rather late for turn one (Elf)^[9] and shift down to gear two, and turn two is almost full throttle as they try to gain as much exit speed as possible. Turn 3 (Renault)^[9] is a long, flat-out (in most cars) right-hander that has a g-force of about four,^[9] and it leads to a short straight before turn 4, the Repsol^[9] curve. Another right-hander, turn four is similar to Monza's Curva Parabolica – drivers brake and take an early apex (in third gear), carrying lots of speed out of the exit. Turn 5 (Seat)^[9] comes immediately after and is a slow left-hander taken in second gear which drops rapidly downhill towards the left kink of turn 6 which is ignored by F1 cars. Turns 7 and 8 make up a medium-speed, uphill, left-right chicane. Drivers brake and shift down to gear three, and must not run too wide as turn eight has a large kerb on its apex which could potentially damage cars' suspensions. Turn 9, Campsa Corner, is a very fast, sixth-gear right-hander which is made incredibly difficult by being completely blind (drivers cannot see the apex on approach). It is initially quite steep uphill but the exit is then downhill, so it is quite easy to run wide onto the astroturf.^[9] The long back straight leads into turn 10 (La Caixa), a second-gear, left-hand hairpin, then turns 11 and 12, a left kink before a long, slow, third-gear right. The next section has been redesigned by German engineer Hermann Tilke to lower speeds onto the {{convert|1,047|m|yd|abbr=on}} pit straight – which in turn increases overtaking opportunities and safety.^[10] Turn 13 is a tight, third-gear right-hander and drivers have to cross the track quickly to take the racing line through the slow left-right chicane of turns 14 and 15, taken in second gear. Good traction is needed here as it determines speed down the pit straight.^[9] Turn 16 (New Holland)^[9] is a flat-out right-hander which takes cars across the start/finish line.

Racing history

The circuit has been the site of some memorable moments. In 1991, Ayrton Senna and Nigel Mansell went down the entire front straight side-by-side while dueling for second place, with Mansell eventually taking the position and ultimately the race itself.^[4] In 1994, Michael Schumacher managed to finish in second place despite driving over half the race with only fifth gear. In 1996, Schumacher took his first win as a Ferrari driver, after a dominant performance during a torrential rainstorm. The 1999 race was notable as there was only one reported overtaking move during the race. In 2001, Mika Häkkinen suffered a clutch failure while leading the race on the last lap, handing the win to Schumacher. At the 2006 event, Fernando Alonso became the first Spanish Formula One driver to win at his home country's track.^[4]

In 2008, Heikki Kovalainen left the track at {{convert|240|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} after a wheel rim failure at turn 9. He managed to decelerate to {{convert|130|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} when he hit the tyre barrier. He was temporarily unconscious and suffered a minor concussion,^[11] but a few minutes later, spectators were relieved when he gave a thumbs up.

The circuit has been the scene of two debut wins in Formula One. Pastor Maldonado took his first and only Grand Prix victory here in 2012, and in 2016 Max Verstappen won his first Grand Prix.

At the 2009 motorcycle Grand Prix, teammates Valentino Rossi and Jorge Lorenzo fought all race long for first place, culminating in an overtake on the final corner by Rossi. Riders and pundits described the race as "historic" and "genius".^[12]

On 3 June 2016, during Moto2 Free Practice for the 2016 Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix, Luis Salom crashed in turn 12, resulting in the session being red-flagged. After being transferred to the local Hospital General de Catalunya, Salom died of the injuries sustained in the crash. Upon hearing this, FIM decided to change the current layout of the track to the same layout as the one used in Formula One. After off-season discussions, the FIM announced that the track layout would be slightly modified in that the chicane would be moved up a few metres.

Events

Lap records

Official lap record

The fastest laps at each different circuit configuration. (Set under race condition).

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/europe/countries/spain/catalonia.shtml |title=Stadiums in Spain - Catalonia |accessdate=2009-11-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315100621/http://www.worldstadiums.com/europe/countries/spain/catalonia.shtml |archivedate=15 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/tableaulicencescircuit.pdf|title=LIST OF FIA LICENSED CIRCUITS|date=6 February 2015|publisher=FIA|accessdate=28 May 2015}}
3. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.circuitcat.com/en/circuit/noticia.php?&id=3474 |title=Circuit de Catalunya includes Barcelona in its name |date=2 September 2013 |accessdate=4 September 2013 |publisher=Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907123903/http://www.circuitcat.com/en/circuit/noticia.php?&id=3474 |archivedate=7 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
4. ^¹²³{{Cite web |url=http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/circuit/1315.html |title=Circuit de Catalunya |date=November 2009 |accessdate=13 August 2010 |last=Furnell |first=Claire |work=en.espnf1.com |publisher=ESPN EMEA Ltd. }}
5. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20080528011647/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1992/1992s2.pdf 1992 Summer Olympics official report.] Volume 2. pp. 305–7.
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/formula1/44095900|title=Spanish Grand Prix: All you need to know after Lewis Hamilton takes pole|date=2018-05-12|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2018-05-13|language=en-GB}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/championship/inside-f1/understanding-f1-racing/Aerodynamics.html|title=Aerodynamics|quote=Ask any engineer in the pit lane and they'll tell you that the most important consideration in F1 car design [...] is aerodynamics.|publisher=Formula One World Championship Limited|accessdate=27 June 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.f1technical.net/articles/10|title=Aerodynamics in racing|quote=Nowadays, aerodynamics is the utmost important factor in Formula One car performance.|date=14 May 2009|publisher=f1technical.net|accessdate=27 June 2016}}
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite web|title=Catalunya track guide|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/catalunya_barcelona_2012.jpg|publisher=F1 Fanatic|accessdate=23 December 2012}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=How Hermann Tilke conquered the F1 calendar|url=http://www.f1fanatic.co.uk/2009/02/05/how-hermann-tilke-conquered-the-f1-calendar-1996-2009-video/|accessdate=23 December 2012|publisher=F1 Fanatic}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2298747/Heikki-Kovalainen-I-dont-remember-accident.html |title=Heikki Kovalainen: I don't remember accident |accessdate=13 August 2010 |author1=Andrew Baker |author2=Charlie Caroe |date=28 April 2008 |work=telegraph.co.uk |publisher=Telegraph Media Group Limited }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/32756097 |title=Catalunya 2009 Motogp 'Rossi teaches Lorenzo a lesson!' }}