词条 | Claytonia perfoliata | |||
释义 |
|image = Claytonia_perfoliata_6641.JPG |image_caption = Claytonia perfoliata subsp. perfoliata in Washington Park, Anacortes, Washington |genus = Claytonia |species = perfoliata |authority = Donn ex Willd. |synonyms =
|synonyms_ref = [1] }} Claytonia perfoliata (syn. Montia perfoliata), also known as Indian lettuce, spring beauty, winter purslane, or miner's lettuce, is a flowering plant in the Montiaceae family. It is a fleshy, herbaceous annual plant native to the western mountain and coastal regions from southernmost Alaska and central British Columbia all the way south to Central America, but most common in California in the Sacramento and northern San Joaquin Valleys. Together with Claytonia parviflora and Claytonia rubra, C. perfoliata comprises what is almost certainly a polyploid pillar complex based on three diploid species.[2] Two key studies on the population ecology and genetics of the C. perfoliata complex were published in 2012.[3][4] DescriptionClaytonia perfoliata is a tender rosette-forming plant that grows to a maximum of {{Convert|40|cm|}} in height, but mature plants can be as short as {{Convert|1|cm|}}. The cotyledons are usually bright green (rarely purplish- or brownish-green), succulent, long and narrow. The first true leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant, and are {{Convert|0.5|to|4|cm}} long, with a typically long petiole (exceptionally up to {{Convert|20|cm|}} long). The small pink or white flowers have five petals {{Conv|2|to|6|mm}} long. The flowers appear from February to May or June, and are grouped 5–40 together. The flowers grow above a pair of leaves that are connected together around the stem so as to appear as a single circular leaf. Mature plants form a rosette; they have numerous erect to spreading stems that branch from the base. C. perfoliata is common in the spring time, and prefers a cool, damp environment. The plant first appears in sunlit areas after the first heavy rains of the year, though the best stands are found in shaded areas, especially in the uplands, into early summer. As the days get hotter and drier, the leaves turn a deep red color as they dry out. SubspeciesThere are three well-studied geographical subspecies of C. perfoliata:[5]
UsesThe common name of "miner's lettuce" refers to how the plant was used by California Gold Rush miners, who ate it to prevent scurvy.[6] It can be eaten as a leaf vegetable. Most commonly, it is eaten raw in salads, but it is not quite as delicate as actual lettuce that is cultivated. Sometimes it is boiled like spinach, which it resembles in taste and chemical composition. Caution: C. perfoliata can sometimes accumulate toxic amounts of soluble oxalates.[7] It has been widely naturalized in western Europe, after being introduced there in the eighteenth century, possibly by the naturalist Archibald Menzies, who brought it to Kew Gardens in London in 1794.[8][9] Other NamesClaytonia perfoliata is called piyada̠ʼ in the Western Mono language. [10] References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2725205 |title=The Plant List: A working list of all plant species |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden |accessdate=8 May 2016}} 2. ^Miller, J. M. and K. L. Chambers. 2006. Systematics of Claytonia (Portulacaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 78: 1-236 {{ISBN|0-912861-78-9}} 3. ^McIntyre, P. J. 2012. Cytogeography and genome size variation in the Claytonia perfoliata (Portulacaceae) polyploid complex. Annals of Botany (Oxford) 110(6): 1195-203. 4. ^McIntyre, P. J. 2012. Polyploidy associated with altered and broader ecological niches in the Claytonia perfoliata (Portulacaceae) species complex. American Journal of Botany 99(4): 655-62. 5. ^Miller, J. M and K. L. Chambers. 2006. Systematics of Claytonia (Portulacaceae). Systematic Botany Monographs 78: 1-236. {{ISBN|0-912861-78-9}} 6. ^See* {{cite book |last1=Small |first1=Ernest |title=North American Cornucopia: Top 100 Indigenous Food Plants |date=2014 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida, USA |page=697 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y83MBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA697#v=onepage&q&f=false}}* Miner's lettuce was prescribed by Rev. William Taylor in 1849 during the California gold rush: {{cite book |last1=Purdy |first1=Helen Throop |title=San Francisco: As It Was, As It Is, And How To See It |date=1912 |publisher=Paul Elder and Co. |location=San Francisco, California, USA |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlMLAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false}}* Rev. William Taylor's account of using miner's lettuce to treat scurvy: {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William |title=California Life Illustrated |date=1860 |publisher=Carlton & Porter |location=New York, New York, USA |pages=230–231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWf5zxGz1qQC&pg=PA230#v=onepage&q&f=false}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Miner's Lettuce|url=http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/WEEDS/miners_lettuce.html|work=UC IPM Online|publisher=UC Davis}} 8. ^{{cite news |author= Hank Shaw |title= Foraging for Miner's Lettuce, America's Gift to Salad |publisher= The Atlantic |date= March 7, 2011 |url= https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/03/foraging-for-miners-lettuce-americas-gift-to-salad/72106/ |accessdate= 2013-04-06}} 9. ^{{cite book |author= Archibald Menzies |title= Menzies' Journal of Vancouver's Voyage, April to October, 1792 [extract] |publisher= W. H. Cullin Printers |date= 1923 |url= http://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Curriculum%20Packets/Indians%20&%20Europeans/Documents/19.html|accessdate= 2013-04-07}} 10. ^"A Dictionary of Western Mono: Second Edition"
External links
20 : Claytonia|Flora of Alaska|Flora of British Columbia|Flora of California|Flora of Central America|Flora of Mexico|Flora of Idaho|Flora of Oregon|Flora of the California desert regions|Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Flora of Washington (state)|Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands|Natural history of the Central Valley (California)|Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Taxa named by Aimé Bonpland|Annual plants|Leaf vegetables|Lettuce|Plants used in Native American cuisine|Pre-Columbian California cuisine |
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