| 释义 |
- Classification
- Phonology Vowels Diphthongs Three Series of Stops Consonants Key
- External links
{{Infobox language family
|name=Coosan
|altname=Kusan
|region=Oregon
|ethnicity=Coos people
|familycolor=American
|fam1=Coast Oregon Penutian ?
|glotto=coos1248
|glottorefname=Coosan
|child1=Hanis
|child2=Miluk
|map=Coos langs.png
|mapcaption=Pre-contact distribution of Coosan languages
}}The Coosan (also Coos or Kusan) language family consists of two languages spoken along the southern Oregon coast. Both languages are now extinct. Classification- Hanis †
- Miluk † ({{sc|aka}} Lower Coquille)
Melville Jacobs (1939) says that the languages are as close as Dutch and German. They share more than half of their vocabulary, though this is not always obvious, and grammatical differences cause the two languages to look quite different. The origin of the name Coos is uncertain: one idea is that it is derived from a Hanis stem gus- meaning 'south' as in gusimídži·č 'southward'; another idea is that it is derived from a southwestern Oregon Athabaskan word ku·s meaning 'bay'. In 1916 Edward Sapir suggested that the Coosan languages are part of a larger Oregon Penutian genetic grouping. This is currently being investigated. See Coast Oregon Penutian languages. Phonology Vowels | SHORT | /i/ | /e/ | /a/ | /u/ | /ə/ | | LONG | /i•/ | /e•/ | /a•/ | /u•/ | /-/ |
Diphthongs Three Series of Stops | Aspirated | /p/, /t/, /c/, /ĉ/, /k/, /kw/, /q/, /ʔ/ | | Optionally Voiced | /b/, /d/, /ɜ/, /g/, /gw/, /G/ | | Ejectives | /p'/, /t'/, /c'/, /k'/, /kw'/, /q'/ |
Consonants | Palatal | Alveolar | Labial | Dental | Velar | Glottal |
|---|
| Plosives | g, gw, k, kw, k', kw' | d, t, t' | b, p, p' | - | - | - | | Affricates | - | s, c | - | d, ts, tc, ts', tc' | - | - | | Nasal | - | n | m | - | - | - | | Lateral | - | l,ɬ | - | - | - | - | | Voiced Constinuants | - | n | m | - | - | - | | Voiceless Constinuants | y | s | w | - | x | h |
Key - Glottal Stops are represented by ʔ for subscript epsilon
- Ejectives raised by an apostrophe (p') can be substituted as exclamation points (p!)
- Length and gemination are shown by a dot (m•)
[1] [2]{{No footnotes|date=April 2009}}1. ^{{cite book |last1=Mithum |first1=Marianne |title=The Languages of Native North America |date=1999 |publisher=The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |location=The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=396-397}}
2. ^Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
{{refbegin}}- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
- Frachtenberg, Leo J. (1914). [https://archive.org/details/lowerumpquatexts00frac Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialects]. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp. 141–150). (Reprinted 1969, New York: AMS Press).
- {{cite book|last1=Frachtenberg|first1=Leo Joachim|title=Coos texts|url=https://archive.org/details/coostexts00fracuoft|accessdate=28 August 2012|year=1913|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA1148&lpg=PA1148#v=onepage Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas]
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
- Whereat, Don. (1992). (Personal communication in Mithun 1999).
{{refend}}
External links{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of North America}}- Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw homepage
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20030803092703/http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/oregon/coos.html Languages of Oregon - Coos]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20030815081827/http://www.npaihb.org/profiles/tribal_profiles/Oregon/Coos%26Siuslaw%26Lower_%20Umpqua.htm Coos, Lower Umpqua & Siuslaw Tribes profile]
{{Penutian languages}}{{Language families}} 3 : Coosan languages|Coast Oregon Penutian languages|Language families |