词条 | Coronary artery bypass surgery | |||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Name = Coronary artery bypass surgery | Image = Coronary artery bypass surgery Image 657C-PH.jpg | Caption = Early in a coronary artery bypass operation, during vein harvesting from the legs (left of image) and the establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass by placement of an aortic cannula (bottom of image). The perfusionist and heart-lung machine are on the upper right. The patient's head (not seen) is at the bottom. | ICD10 = 021209W | ICD9 = {{ICD9proc|36.1}} | MeshID = D001026 | MedlinePlus = 002946 | OPS301 = | OtherCodes = | }} Coronary artery bypass surgery, also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG, pronounced "cabbage") surgery, and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery, is a surgical procedure to restore normal blood flow to an obstructed coronary artery. A normal coronary artery transports blood to and from the heart muscle itself, not through the main circulatory system. There are two main approaches. In one, the left internal thoracic artery, LITA (also called left internal mammary artery, LIMA) is diverted to the left anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. In this method, the artery is "pedicled" which means it is not detached from the origin. In the other, a great saphenous vein is removed from a leg; one end is attached to the aorta or one of its major branches, and the other end is attached to the obstructed artery immediately after the obstruction to restore blood flow. CABG is performed to relieve angina unsatisfactorily controlled by maximum tolerated anti-ischemic medication, prevent or relieve left ventricular dysfunction, and/or reduce the risk of death. CABG does not prevent myocardial infarction (heart attack). This surgery is usually performed with the heart stopped, necessitating the usage of cardiopulmonary bypass. However, two alternative techniques are also available, allowing CABG to be performed on a beating heart either without using the cardiopulmonary bypass, a procedure referred to as "off-pump" surgery, or performing beating surgery using partial assistance of the cardiopulmonary bypass, a procedure referred to as "on-pump beating" surgery. The latter procedure offers the advantages of the on-pump stopped and off-pump while minimizing their respective side-effects. CABG is often indicated when coronary arteries have a 50 to 99 percent obstruction. The obstruction being bypassed is typically due to arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, or both. Arteriosclerosis is characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of the arterial wall, most often resulting in a generalized narrowing in the affected coronary artery. Atherosclerosis is characterized by yellowish plaques of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris deposited into the inner layer of the wall of a large or medium-sized coronary artery, most often resulting in a partial obstruction in the affected artery. Either condition can limit blood flow if it causes a cross-sectional narrowing of at least 50 percent. TerminologyThere are many variations in terminology, in which one or more of "artery", "bypass" or "graft" is left out. The most frequently used acronym for this type of surgery is CABG (pronounced 'cabbage'),[1] pluralized as CABGs (pronounced 'cabbages'). Initially the term aortocoronary bypass (ACB) was more popularly used to describe this procedure.[2] CAGS (coronary artery graft surgery, pronounced phonetically) should not be confused with coronary angiography (CAG). Number of arteries bypassed{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2016}}{{update|section|date=October 2016}}The terms single bypass, double bypass, triple bypass, quadruple bypass and quintuple bypass refer to the number of coronary arteries bypassed in the procedure. In other words, a double bypass means two coronary arteries are bypassed (e.g., the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and right coronary artery (RCA)); a triple bypass means three vessels are bypassed (e.g., LAD, RCA and left circumflex artery (LCX)); a quadruple bypass means four vessels are bypassed (e.g., LAD, RCA, LCX and first diagonal artery of the LAD) while quintuple means five. Left main coronary artery obstruction requires two bypasses, one to the LAD and one to the LCX. A coronary artery may be unsuitable for bypass grafting if it is small (< 1 mm or < 1.5 mm), heavily calcified, or located within the heart muscle rather than on the surface. A single obstruction of the left main coronary artery is associated with a higher risk for a cardiac death and usually receives a double bypass.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} The surgeon reviews the coronary angiogram prior to surgery and identifies the number of obstructions, the percent obstruction of each, and the suitability of the arteries beyond the obstruction(s) as targets. The presumed number of bypass grafts needed as well as the location for graft attachment is determined in a preliminary fashion prior to surgery, but the final decision as to number and location is made during surgery by direct examination of the heart. Efficacy
Age per se is not a factor in determining risk vs benefit of CABG.[5] Prognosis following CABG depends on a variety of factors, and successful grafts typically last 8–15 years.{{Citation needed|date=March 2015}} In general, CABG improves the chances of survival of patients who are at high risk (generally triple or higher bypass), though statistically after about five years the difference in survival rate between those who have had surgery and those treated by drug therapy diminishes. Age at the time of CABG is critical to the prognosis, younger patients with no complicating diseases doing better, while older patients can usually be expected to suffer further blockage of the coronary arteries.[6] Veins that are used either have their valves removed or are turned around so that the valves in them do not occlude blood flow in the graft. External support may be placed on the vein prior to grafting into the coronary circulation of the patient. LITA grafts are longer-lasting than vein grafts, both because the artery is more robust than a vein and because, being already connected to the arterial tree, the LITA need only be grafted at one end. The LITA is usually grafted to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) because of its superior long-term patency when compared to saphenous vein grafts.[7][8] Results compared to stent placementCABG or stent placement is indicated when medical management - anti-anginal medications, statins, antihypertensives, smoking cessation, and /or tight blood sugar control in diabetics - do not satisfactorily relieve ischemic symptoms.
A 2018 meta-analysis with over 4000 patient cases found Hybrid Coronary Revascularization (LIMA-to-LAD anastomosis combined with percutaneous stents at other atherosclerotic sites) to have significant advantages compared with conventional CABG. Reduced incidence of Blood Transfusion, reduced hospital stay duration and reduced intubation duration were all reported. In contrast, HCR was found to be significantly more expensive compared to CABG.[15] Complications{{refimprove section|date=May 2013}}CABG associated
Open heart surgery associated
General surgery associated
Procedure{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2010}}
Minimally invasive techniqueAlternate methods of minimally invasive coronary artery bypass surgery have been developed. Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) is a technique of performing bypass surgery without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (the heart-lung machine).[27] Avoidance of aortic manipulation may be achieved through the "anaortic" or no-touch OPCAB technique, which has been shown to reduce stroke and mortality compared to on-pump CABG.[28] Further refinements to OPCAB have resulted in minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass surgery (MIDCAB), a technique of performing bypass surgery through a 5 to 10 cm incision.[29] Hybrid Coronary Revascualrisation, where the LIMA-to-LAD anastomosis is combined with percutaneous stents in other atherosclerotic sites, has been shown to have significant advantages compared to conventional CABG, including a decrease in the incidence of blood transfusion, and a reduced intubation time. A 2018 meta-analysis has however demonstrated a greater financial cost when compared to conventional CABG.[30] Choice of source of graftsThe choice of vessel(s) is highly dependent upon the particular surgeon and institution. Typically, the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) (previously referred to as left internal mammary artery or LIMA) is grafted to the left anterior descending artery and a combination of other arteries and veins is used for other coronary arteries.[31] The great saphenous vein from the leg is used approximately in 80% of all grafts for CABG.[32] The right internal thoracic (mammary) artery (RITA or RIMA) and the radial artery from the forearm are frequently used as well; in the U.S., these vessels are usually harvested either endoscopically, using a technique known as endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH), or with the open-bridging technique, employing two or three small incisions. The right gastroepiploic artery from the stomach is infrequently used given the difficult mobilization from the abdomen. Follow up
Number performedCABG is one of the most common procedures performed during U.S. hospital stays; it accounted for 1.4% of all operating room procedures performed in 2011.[35] Between 2001 and 2011, however, its volume decreased by 46%, from 395,000 operating procedures performed in 2001 to 213,700 procedures in 2011.[36] Between 2000 and 2012, the number of CABG procedures carried out decreased across the majority of OECD countries. However, there remained substantial variation in the rate of procedures, with the U.S. carrying out four times as many CABG operations per 100,000 people as Spain.[37] These differences do not appear to be closely related to the incidence of heart disease, but may be due to variation in financial resources, capacity, treatment protocols and reporting methods.[38] History
CostAccording to the CDC, the average cost of hospitalization (only) associated with a coronary bypass operation in the United States in 2013 was $38,707, for an aggregate hospitalization cost of $6.4 billion.[53] The International Federation of Healthcare Plans[54] has estimated the average cost of hospitalization and physician fees for a coronary bypass operation in various countries as shown in the Table below.[55]
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4484|title=Bypass Surgery, Coronary Artery|publisher=American Heart Association|accessdate=March 26, 2010}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=aortocoronary+bypass%2Ccoronary+artery+bypass+graft&case_insensitive=on&year_start=1960&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t4%3B%2Caortocoronary%20bypass%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Baortocoronary%20bypass%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BAortocoronary%20bypass%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BAortocoronary%20Bypass%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BAORTOCORONARY%20BYPASS%3B%2Cc0%3B.t4%3B%2Ccoronary%20artery%20bypass%20graft%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bcoronary%20artery%20bypass%20graft%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BCoronary%20artery%20bypass%20graft%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BCoronary%20Artery%20Bypass%20Graft%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BCORONARY%20ARTERY%20BYPASS%20GRAFT%3B%2Cc0|title=Results for "aortocoronary bypass,coronary artery bypass graft" between 1960 and 2008|website=Google Ngram Viewer|accessdate=8 January 2015}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Eagle |first=KA |author2=Guyton RA|author3=Davidoff R|author4=Edwards FH|author5=Ewy GA|author6=Gardner TJ|author7=Hart JC|author8=Herrmann HC|author9=Hillis LD|display-authors=3|title=ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery) |journal=Circulation |volume=110 |issue=14 |pages=e340–437 |date=October 5, 2004 |pmid=15466654 |doi= 10.1161/01.CIR.0000138790.14877.7D}} 4. ^Kolata, Gina. [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/21/us/new-heart-studies-question-the-value-of-opening-arteries.html "New Heart Studies Question the Value Of Opening Arteries"] The New York Times, March 21, 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2011. 5. ^{{cite journal |last=Ohki|first=S|author2=Kaneko T|author3=Satoh Y|author4=Inaba H|author5=Kaki N|author6=Yamagishi T|author7=Morishita Y|display-authors=3 |title=[Coronary artery bypass grafting in octogenarian] |language=Japanese |journal=Kyobu Geka |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=829–33; discussion 833–6 |year=2002 |pmid=12233100 |doi=}} 6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Weintraub|first1=W. S.|title=Twenty-Year Survival After Coronary Artery Surgery: An Institutional Perspective From Emory University|journal=Circulation|date=17 February 2003|volume=107|issue=9|pages=1271–1277|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000053642.34528.D9}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Kitamura|first=S|author2=Kawachi K|author3=Kawata T|author4=Kobayashi S|author5=Mizuguchi K|author6=Kameda Y|author7=Nishioka H|author8=Hamada Y|author9=Yoshida Y|display-authors=3|date=March 1996|title=[Ten-year survival and cardiac event-free rates in Japanese patients with the left anterior descending artery revascularized with internal thoracic artery or saphenous vein graft: a comparative study]|journal=Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi|volume=97|issue=3|pages=202–9|pmid=8649330 |language=Japanese}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last=Arima|first=M|author2=Kanoh T|author3=Suzuki T|author4=Kuremoto K|author5=Tanimoto K|author6=Oigawa T|author7=Matsuda S|display-authors=3|date=August 2005|title=Serial angiographic follow-up beyond 10 years after coronary artery bypass grafting|journal=Circ. J.|volume=69|issue=8|pages=896–902|pmid=16041156|url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/69/8/896/_pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1253/circj.69.896}} 9. ^{{cite journal |author=Rihal C, Raco D, Gersh B, Yusuf S |title=Indications for coronary artery bypass surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic stable angina: review of the evidence and methodological considerations |journal=Circulation |volume=108 |issue=20 |pages=2439–45 |year=2003 |pmid=14623791 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000094405.21583.7C |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/108/20/2439|last2=Raco |last3=Gersh |last4=Yusuf }} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |author=SoS Investigators |title=Coronary artery bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (the Stent or Surgery trial): a randomised controlled trial |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9338 |pages=965–70 |date=September 28, 2002 |pmid=12383664 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11078-6}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Percutaneous Coronary Intervention versus Coronary-Artery Bypass Grafting for Severe Coronary Artery Disease |last=Serruys |first=P.W.|author2=Morice M.-C.|author3=Kappetein A.P.|author4=Colombo A.|author5=Holmes D.R.|author6=Mack M.J.|author7=Ståhle E.|author8=Feldman T.E.|author9=van den Brand M.|display-authors=3|journal=N Engl J Med |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0804626 |pmid=19228612 |volume=360 |issue=10 |pages=961–72}} 12. ^{{cite journal |author=Desai ND |title=Pitfalls assessing the role of drug-eluting stents in multivessel coronary disease |journal=Ann Thorac Surg |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=25–7 |date=January 2008 |pmid=18154771 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.08.063}} 13. ^{{cite journal |last=Hannan |first=EL |author2=Wu C|author3=Walford G|author4=Culliford AT|author5=Gold JP|author6=Smith CR|author7=Higgins RS|author8=Carlson RE|author9=Jones RH |display-authors=3 |title=Drug-eluting stents vs. coronary-artery bypass grafting in multivessel coronary disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=4 |pages=331–41 |date=January 24, 2008 |pmid=18216353 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071804}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last=Li|first=X|author2=Kong, M |author3=Jiang, D |author4= Dong, A|title=Comparing coronary artery bypass grafting with drug-eluting stenting in patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis|journal=Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery|volume=18|issue=3|pages=347–54|date=Dec 16, 2013|pmid=24345688|pmc=3930218|url=http://icvts.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/12/16/icvts.ivt509.long|doi=10.1093/icvts/ivt509}} 15. ^Reynolds {{cite journal|first=AC|last=Reynolds|first2=N.|last2=King|title=Hybrid coronary revascularization versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: Systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Medicine|date=August 2018|volume=97|issue=33|pages=e11941|pmid=30113498|pmc=6112891|doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000011941}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=disease-may-cause-pumphead|title=Heart-Lung Machine May Not Be the Culprit in Post-Op "Pump Head" Syndrome|last=Harmon|first=Katherine|date=August 6, 2009|website=ScientificAmerican.com|accessdate=February 2, 2010}} 17. ^{{cite journal |author=Selnes OA, Gottesman RF, Grega MA, Baumgartner WA, Zeger SL, McKhann GM |title=Cognitive and neurologic outcomes after coronary-artery bypass surgery |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=366 |issue=3 |pages=250–7 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22256807 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1100109 |url=|last2=Gottesman |last3=Grega |last4=Baumgartner |last5=Zeger |last6=McKhann }} 18. ^Stutz, Bruce "Pumphead: Does the heart-lung machine have a dark side?" Scientific American, January 9, 2009. 19. ^{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Arthur E. |last2=Fishman |first2=Elliot K. |year=2003 |title=Evaluation of Complications After Sternotomy Using Single- and Multidetector CT with Three-Dimensional Volume Rendering |journal=American Journal of Roentgenology |volume=181 |issue=4 |pages=1065–1070 |doi=10.2214/ajr.181.4.1811065|pmid=14500232 }} 20. ^{{cite journal |last1=Force |first1=T |year=1990 |title=Perioperative myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass surgery. Clinical significance and approach to risk stratification |journal=Circulation |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=903–12 |pmid=2394010 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.82.3.903 |last2=Hibberd |first2=P |last3=Weeks |first3=G |last4=Kemper |first4=AJ |last5=Bloomfield |first5=P |last6=Tow |first6=D |last7=Josa |first7=M |last8=Khuri |first8=S |last9=Parisi |first9=AF }} 21. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bucerius |first1=J |year=2004 |title=On-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: impact on postoperative renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy |journal=The Annals of Thoracic Surgery |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=1250–6 |pmid=15063246 |doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(03)01346-8 |last2=Gummert |first2=Jan F |last3=Walther |first3=Thomas |last4=Schmitt |first4=Dierk V |last5=Doll |first5=Nicolas |last6=Falk |first6=Volkmar |last7=Mohr |first7=Friedrich W}} 22. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Silber |first1=JH |year=1995 |title=Evaluation of the Complication Rate as a Measure of Quality of Care in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery |journal=JAMA |volume=274 |issue=4 |pages=317–23 |pmid=7609261 |doi=10.1001/jama.1995.03530040045039 |last2=Rosenbaum |first2=PR |last3=Schwartz |first3=JS |last4=Ross |first4=RN |last5=Williams |first5=SV}} 23. ^{{cite journal |last1=Selnes |first1=OA |year=2012 |title=Cognitive and neurologic outcomes after coronary-artery bypass surgery |journal=NEJM |volume=366 |issue=3 |pages=250–7 |pmid=22256807 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1100109 |last2=Gottesman |first2=Rebecca F. |last3=Grega |first3=Maura A. |last4=Baumgartner |first4=William A. |last5=Zeger |first5=Scott L. |last6=McKhann |first6=Guy M.}} 24. ^{{cite journal |last1=Leitch |first1=JW |year=1990 |title=The importance of age as a predictor of atrial fibrillation and flutter after coronary artery bypass grafting |journal=The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=338–42 |pmid=2391970 |last2=Thomson |first2=D |last3=Baird |first3=DK |last4=Harris |first4=PJ}} 25. ^{{cite journal|first=GJ.|last=Murphy|first2=K|last2=Pike|first3=C. A.|last3=Rogers|first4=S.|last4=Wordsworth|first5=E. a.|last5=Stokes|first6=G. D.|last6=Angelini|first7=B. C.|last7=Reeves|title=Liberal or restrictive transfusion after cardiac surgery|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=11|date=March 12, 2015|pages=997–1008|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1403612|pmid=25760354|hdl=2381/36005}} 26. ^{{cite journal|first=J.|last=Spertus|title="TITRe"ing the Approach to Transfusions after Cardiac Surgery|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=372|issue=11|date=March 12, 2015|pages=1069–1070|doi=10.1056/NEJMe1415394|pmid=25760360}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/disorders/cad/offpump.aspx|title=Off Pump Bypass Surgery: Improving outcomes for coronary artery bypass surgery|last=Sabik|first=Joseph|year=2010|website=Clevelandclinic.com|accessdate=February 28, 2011}} 28. ^{{cite journal|last=Zhao|first=Dong Fang|title=Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With and Without Manipulation of the Ascending Aorta: A Network Meta-Analysis|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|date=February 28, 2017 |volume=69|issue=8|pages=924–936|url=http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/69/8/924|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.071|pmid=28231944}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/disorders/cad/mini_cabg.aspx|title=Minimally Invasive Bypass Surgery|last=Sabik|first=Joseph|year=2010|website=Clevelandclinic.com|accessdate=February 28, 2011}} 30. ^{{cite journal |last1=Reynolds |first1=AC |last2=King |first2=N |title=Hybrid coronary revascularization versus conventional coronary artery bypass grafting: Systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |date=2018 |volume=97 |issue=33 |pages=e11941 |pmid=30113498 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000011941 }} 31. ^{{cite journal|last1=Head|first1=Stuart J.|last2=Milojevic|first2=Milan|last3=Taggart|first3=David P.|last4=Puskas|first4=John D.|title=Current Practice of State-of-the-Art Surgical Coronary Revascularization|journal=Circulation|date=2 October 2017|volume=136|issue=14|pages=1331–1345|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022572|pmid=28972063}} 32. ^{{cite journal|last1=Mawhinney|first1=Jamie A|last2=Mounsey|first2=Craig A|last3=Taggart|first3=David P|title=The potential role of external venous supports in coronary artery bypass graft surgery†|journal=European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery|volume=53|issue=6|pages=1127–1134|date=8 December 2017|doi=10.1093/ejcts/ezx432|pmid=29228235}} 33. ^{{Cite journal |author1 = American College of Cardiology |author1-link = American College of Cardiology |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |journal = Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation |page = |url = http://choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/5things_12_factsheet_Amer_Coll_Cardio.pdf |accessdate = August 17, 2012|postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}} 34. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.002 | last1 = Douglas | first1 = P. S.| last2 = Garcia | first2 = M. J. | last3 = Haines | first3 = D. E. | last4 = Lai | first4 = W. W.| last5 = Manning | first5 = W. J. | last6 = Patel | first6 = A. R. | last7 = Picard | first7 = M. H.| last8 = Polk | first8 = D. M.| last9 = Ragosta | first9 = M.| last10 = Ward | first10 = R. P. | last11 = Douglas | first11 = R. B. | last12 = Weiner | first12 = R. B. | author13 = Society for Cardiovascular Angiography Interventions | author14 = Society of Critical Care Medicine| author15 = American Society of Echocardiography| author16 = American Society of Nuclear Cardiology| author17 = Heart Failure Society of America| author18 = Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance| author19 = Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography| author20 = American Heart Association| author21 = Heart Rhythm Society| title = ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography | journal = Journal of the American College of Cardiology | volume = 57 | issue = 9 | pages = 1126–1166 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21349406 | pmc = }} 35. ^{{cite web |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A, Andrews RM | title = Characteristics of Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2011 | website = HCUP Statistical Brief #170 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = February 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb170-Operating-Room-Procedures-United-States-2011.jsp }} 36. ^{{cite web |vauthors=Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A | title = Trends in Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2001—2011 | website = HCUP Statistical Brief #171 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | date = March 2014 | url = http://hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb171-Operating-Room-Procedure-Trends.jsp }} 37. ^{{cite web|title=Indicator: International comparisons of surgical procedures|url=http://www.qualitywatch.org.uk/indicator/international-comparisons-surgical-procedures|website=QualityWatch|publisher=Nuffield Trust & Health Foundation|accessdate=5 May 2015}} 38. ^{{cite web|last1=Lafortune|first1=Gaetan|title=Comparing activities and performance of the hospital sector in Europe: how many surgical procedures performed as inpatient and day cases?|url=http://www.oecd.org/health/Comparing-activities-and-performance-of-the-hospital-sector-in-Europe_Inpatient-and-day-cases-surgical-procedures.pdf|website=OECD|publisher=OECD|accessdate=5 May 2015}} 39. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Dee | first1 = R |title=Who Assisted Whom?|journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=30 |issue=1 |page=90 |year=2003 |pmid=12638685 |pmc=152850}} 40. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Haller | first1 = JD | last2 = Olearchyk | first2 = AS |title=Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries|journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=342–4 |year=2002 |pmid=12484626 |pmc=140304}} 41. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Kolessov | first1 = VI |title=Mammary artery-coronary artery anastomosis as method of treatment for angina pectoris |journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=535–44 |date=October 1967 |pmid=6051440 }} 42. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | last1 = Mehta | first1 = NJ | last2 = Khan | first2 = IA |year=2002 |title=Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries of the 20th Century |journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=164–71 |pmc=124754 |pmid=12224718}} 43. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Kolesov | first1 = VI | last2 = Potashov | first2 = LV|title=Surgery of coronary arteries |language=Russian |journal=Eksp Khir Anesteziol |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=3–8 |year=1965 |pmid=5851057}} 44. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Olearchyk | first1 = AS |title=Coronary revascularization: past, present and future |journal=J Ukr Med Assoc North Am |volume=1 |issue=117 |pages=3–34 |year=1988 }} 45. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(98)01225-9 | last1 = Olearchyk | first1 = AS | last2 = Olearchyk | first2 = RM |title=Reminiscences of Vasilii I. Kolesov |journal=Ann Thorac Surg |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=273–6 |date=January 1999 |pmid=10086577}} 46. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Glenn | first1 = WW |title=Some reflections on the coronary bypass operation |journal=Circulation |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=869–77 |date=April 1972 |pmid=5016019 | doi = 10.1161/01.CIR.45.4.869}} 47. ^{{cite book |vauthors=Ochsner JL, Mills NL |title=Coronary artery surgery|publisher=Lea & Febiger |location=Philadelphia |year=1978 }} 48. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Cushing | first1 = WJ | last2 = Magovern | first2 = GJ | last3 = Olearchyk | first3 = AS |title=Internal mammary artery graft: retrospective report with 17 years' survival |journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=963–4 |date=November 1986 |pmid=3773554 }} 49. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Konstantinov |first1 = IE |title=Robert H. Goetz: the surgeon who performed the first successful clinical coronary artery bypass operation |journal=Ann Thorac Surg |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=1966–72 |date=June 2000 |pmid=10892969 |doi=10.1016/S0003-4975(00)01264-9}} 50. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Kolesov | first1 = VI | last2 = Kolesov | first2 = EV|title=Twenty years' results with internal thoracic artery-coronary artery anastomosis |journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg |volume=101 |issue=2|pages=360–1 |date=February 1991 |pmid=1992247 }} 51. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Haller | first1 = JD | last2 = Olearchyk | first2 = AS|title=Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries |journal=Tex Heart Inst J |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=342–4 |year=2002 |pmid=12484626 |pmc=140304|quote=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC140304/?tool=pmcentrez#r4-24 Reference 4]}} 52. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Favaloro | first1 = RG | last2 = Effler |first2 = DB | last3 = Cheanvechai | first3 = C | last4 = Quint | first4 = RA | last5 = Sones Jr | first5 = FM |title=Acute coronary insufficiency (impending myocardial infarction and myocardial infarction): surgical treatment by the saphenous vein graft technique |journal=Am J Cardiol|volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=598–607 |date=November 1971 |pmid=5116978 |doi=10.1016/0002-9149(71)90104-4}} 53. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus13.pdf#116 |title=www.cdc.gov |format= |website= |accessdate=}} 54. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ifhp.com/about-ifhp/ |title=About IFHP — IFHP |format= |website= |accessdate=}} 55. ^{{cite web |url=http://static.squarespace.com/static/518a3cfee4b0a77d03a62c98/t/534fc9ebe4b05a88e5fbab70/1397737963288/2013+iFHP+FINAL+4+14+14.pdf |title=static.squarespace.com |format= |website= |accessdate=}} 56. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-28/heart-surgery-in-india-for-1-583-costs-106-385-in-u-s-.html | work=Bloomberg | first=Ketaki | last=Gokhale | title=Heart Surgery in India for ,583 Costs $106,385 in U.S | date=July 28, 2013}} External links
1 : Cardiac surgery |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。