1. See also

2. Notes

3. External links

4. References

The A-0 system (Arithmetic Language version 0), written by Grace Murray Hopper ^[1] in 1951 and 1952 for the UNIVAC I, was an early^[2] compiler related tool developed for electronic computers.^[3] The A-0 functioned more as a loader or linker than the modern notion of a compiler. A program was specified as a sequence of subroutines and arguments. The subroutines were identified by a numeric code and the arguments to the subroutines were written directly after each subroutine code. The A-0 system converted the specification into machine code that could be fed into the computer a second time to execute the said program.

The A-0 system was followed by the A-1, A-2,^[4] A-3 (released as ARITH-MATIC), AT-3 (released as MATH-MATIC) and B-0 (released as FLOW-MATIC).

The A-2 system was developed at the UNIVAC division of Remington Rand in 1953 and released to customers by the end of that year.^[5] Customers were provided the source code for A-2 and invited to send their improvements back to UNIVAC. Thus A-2 was an early example of free and open-source software.^[6]

See also

Notes

External links

• Proceedings of the 1954 MIT Summer Session on "Digital Computers - Advanced Coding Techniques, section 7 - A2 Compiler and Associated Routines for use with Univac

References

1. {{ cite conference |last=Hopper|first=Grace|title=The Education of a Computer|booktitle=Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery Conference (Pittsburgh) May 1952|date=May 1952|pages=243–249|doi=10.1145/609784.609818|url=http://xover.mud.at/~marty/iug2/p243-hopper.pdf}}
2. {{ cite conference |last=Hopper|first=Grace|title=Automatic Coding for Digital Computers|booktitle=High Speed Computer Conference (Louisiana State University) February 1955|publisher=Remington Rand|date=16 February 1955 | url=http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/univac/HopperAutoCodingPaper_1955.pdf }}
3. {{cite conference |last=Hopper|first=Grace|title=Keynote Address|booktitle=Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN History of Programming Languages (HOPL) conference }}
4. {{cite conference |last=Ridgway|first=Richard K.|title=Compiling Routines|booktitle=

Proceedings of the 1952 ACM national meeting (Toronto) ACM '52|year=1952 }}

1. {{cite book | last = Sammet | first = Jean | title = Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1969|pages=g. 12}}

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