“Crenarchaeota”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Crenarchaeota (Greek for "spring old quality" as specimens were originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy) (also known as Crenarchaea or eocytes) are archaea that have been classified as a phylum of the Archaea domain.^[1]^[2]^[3] Initially, the Crenarchaeota were thought to be sulfur-dependent extremophiles but recent studies have identified characteristic Crenarchaeota environmental rRNA indicating the organisms may be the most abundant archaea in the marine environment.^[4] Originally, they were separated from the other archaea based on rRNA sequences; other physiological features, such as lack of histones, have supported this division, although some crenarchaea were found to have histones.^[5] Until recently all cultured Crenarchaea had been thermophilic or hyperthermophilic organisms, some of which have the ability to grow at up to 113 °C.^[6] These organisms stain Gram negative and are morphologically diverse having rod, cocci, filamentous and oddly shaped cells.^[7]

Sulfolobus

One of the best characterized members of the Crenarcheota is Sulfolobus solfataricus. This organism was originally isolated from geothermally heated sulfuric springs in Italy, and grows at 80 °C and pH of 2–4.^[8] Since its initial characterization by Wolfram Zillig, a pioneer in thermophile and archaean research, similar species in the same genus have been found around the world. Unlike the vast majority of cultured thermophiles, Sulfolobus grows aerobically and chemoorganotrophically (gaining its energy from organic sources such as sugars). These factors allow a much easier growth under laboratory conditions than anaerobic organisms and have led to Sulfolobus becoming a model organism for the study of hyperthermophiles and a large group of diverse viruses that replicate within them.

Marine species

Beginning in 1992, data were published that reported sequences of genes belonging to the Crenarchaea in marine environments.^[9]^,^[10] Since then, analysis of the abundant lipids from the membranes of Crenarchaea taken from the open ocean have been used to determine the concentration of these “low temperature Crenarchaea” (See TEX-86). Based on these measurements of their signature lipids, Crenarchaea are thought to be very abundant and one of the main contributors to the fixation of carbon .{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} DNA sequences from Crenarchaea have also been found in soil and freshwater environments, suggesting that this phylum is ubiquitous to most environments.^[11]

In 2005, evidence of the first cultured “low temperature Crenarchaea” was published. Named Nitrosopumilus maritimus, it is an ammonia-oxidizing organism isolated from a marine aquarium tank and grown at 28 °C.^[12]

Eocyte hypothesis

The eocyte hypothesis proposed in the 1980s by James Lake suggests that eukaryotes evolved from the prokaryotic eocyte.^[14]

One possible piece of evidence supporting a close relationship between Crenarchaea and eukaryotes is the presence of a homolog of the RNA polymerase subunit Rbp-8 in Crenarchea but not Euryarchaea^[15]

See also

References

1. ^See the NCBI [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=28889 webpage on Crenarchaeota]
2. ^C.Michael Hogan. 2010. Archaea. eds. E.Monosson & C.Cleveland, Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC.
3. ^Data extracted from the {{cite web | url=ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/taxonomy/ | title=NCBI taxonomy resources | publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate=2007-03-19}}
4. ^{{cite book | author = Madigan M; Martinko J (editors). | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-13-144329-7 }}
5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Cubonova L, Sandman K, Hallam SJ, Delong EF, Reeve JN | title=Histones in Crenarchaea | journal=Journal of Bacteriology | year=2005 | pages=5482–5485 | volume=187 | issue=15 | pmid=16030242 | doi=10.1128/JB.187.15.5482-5485.2005 | pmc=1196040}}
6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Blochl E, Rachel R, Burggraf S, Hafenbradl D, Jannasch HW, Stetter KO | title=Pyrolobus fumarii, gen. and sp. nov., represents a novel group of archaea, extending the upper temperature limit for life to 113 °C | journal=Extremophiles | year=1997 | pages=14–21 | volume=1 | issue=1 | pmid=9680332 | doi=10.1007/s007920050010 }}
7. ^{{cite book | author = Garrity GM, Boone DR (editors) | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria | edition = 2nd | publisher = Springer | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-387-98771-2 }}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Zillig W, Stetter KO, Wunderl S, Schulz W, Priess H, Scholz I | title = The Sulfolobus-"Caldariellard" group: Taxonomy on the basis of the structure of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases | journal = Arch. Microbiol. | year = 1980 | volume = 125 | issue = 3| pages = 259–269 | url= | doi = 10.1007/BF00446886}}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Fuhrman JA, McCallum K, Davis AA | title=Novel major archaebacterial group from marine plankton | journal=Nature | year=1992 | pages=148–9 | volume=356 | issue=6365 | pmid=1545865 | doi=10.1038/356148a0 |bibcode = 1992Natur.356..148F }}
10. ^{{cite journal | author=DeLong EF | title=Archaea in coastal marine environments | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | year=1992 | pages=5685–9 | volume=89 | issue=12 | pmid=1608980 | doi=10.1073/pnas.89.12.5685 | pmc=49357|bibcode = 1992PNAS...89.5685D }}
11. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Barns SM, Delwiche CF, Palmer JD, Pace NR | title=Perspectives on archaeal diversity, thermophily and monophyly from environmental rRNA sequences | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | year=1996 | pages=9188–93 | volume=93 | issue=17 | pmid=8799176 | doi=10.1073/pnas.93.17.9188 | pmc=38617|bibcode = 1996PNAS...93.9188B }}
12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Könneke M, Bernhard AE, de la Torre JR, Walker CB, Waterbury JB, Stahl DA | title=Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon | journal=Nature | year=2005 | pages=543–6 | volume=437 | issue=7058 | pmid=16177789 | doi=10.1038/nature03911 |bibcode = 2005Natur.437..543K }}
13. ^{{cite journal |author1=Cox, C. J. |author2=Foster, P. G. |author3=Hirt, R. P. |author4=Harris, S. R. |author5=Embley, T. M. | year = 2008 | title = The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 105 | issue = 51 | pages = 20356–61 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0810647105 | pmid = 19073919 | pmc = 2629343|bibcode = 2008PNAS..10520356C }}
14. ^(UCLA) The origin of the nucleus and the tree of life {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20030207012259/http://genomics.ucla.edu/eocyte/ |date=2003-02-07 }}
15. ^{{cite journal |pmid=18384908 | doi=10.1016/j.tig.2008.02.002 | volume=24 | issue=5 | title=Early evolution of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases | year=2008 | journal=Trends Genet. | pages=211–5 | last1 = Kwapisz | first1 = M | last2 = Beckouët | first2 = F | last3 = Thuriaux | first3 = P}}

Further reading

Scientific journals

{{cite journal | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = T | year = 2002 | title = The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 52 | pages = 7–76 | pmid = 11837318 | issue = Pt 1 | doi=10.1099/00207713-52-1-7}}

{{cite journal | last = Stackebrandt | first = E |author2=Frederiksen W |author3=Garrity GM |author4=Grimont PA |author5=Kampfer P |author6=Maiden MC |author7=Nesme X |author8=Rossello-Mora R |author9=Swings J |author10=Truper HG |author11=Vauterin L |author12=Ward AC |author13=Whitman WB | year = 2002 | title = Report of the ad hoc committee for the re-evaluation of the species definition in bacteriology | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 52 | pages = 1043–1047 | pmid = 12054223 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02360-0 | issue = Pt 3}}

{{cite journal | last = Gurtler | first = V |author2=Mayall BC | year = 2001 | title = Genomic approaches to typing, taxonomy and evolution of bacterial isolates | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 3–16 | pmid = 11211268 | issue = Pt 1 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-51-1-3 }}

{{cite journal | last = Dalevi | first = D |author2=Hugenholtz P |author3=Blackall LL | year = 2001 | title = A multiple-outgroup approach to resolving division-level phylogenetic relationships using 16S rDNA data | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 385–391 | pmid = 11321083 | issue = Pt 2 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-51-2-385}}

{{cite journal | last = Keswani | first = J |author2=Whitman WB | year = 2001 | title = Relationship of 16S rRNA sequence similarity to DNA hybridization in prokaryotes | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 667–678 | pmid = 11321113 | issue = Pt 2 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-51-2-667 }}

{{cite journal | last = Young | first = JM | year = 2001 | title = Implications of alternative classifications and horizontal gene transfer for bacterial taxonomy | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 945–953 | pmid = 11411719 | issue = Pt 3 | doi=10.1099/00207713-51-3-945}}

{{cite journal | last = Christensen | first = H |author2=Bisgaard M |author3=Frederiksen W |author4=Mutters R |author5=Kuhnert P |author6=Olsen JE | year = 2001 | title = Is characterization of a single isolate sufficient for valid publication of a new genus or species? Proposal to modify recommendation 30b of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision) | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 51 | pages = 2221–2225 | pmid = 11760965 | issue = Pt 6 | doi=10.1099/00207713-51-6-2221}}

{{cite journal | last = Christensen | first = H |author2=Angen O |author3=Mutters R |author4=Olsen JE |author5=Bisgaard M | year = 2000 | title = DNA-DNA hybridization determined in micro-wells using covalent attachment of DNA | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1095–1102 | pmid = 10843050 | doi=10.1099/00207713-50-3-1095 | issue = 3}}

{{cite journal | last = Xu | first = HX |author2=Kawamura Y |author3=Li N |author4=Zhao L |author5=Li TM |author6=Li ZY |author7=Shu S |author8=Ezaki T | year = 2000 | title = A rapid method for determining the G+C content of bacterial chromosomes by monitoring fluorescence intensity during DNA denaturation in a capillary tube | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1463–1469 | pmid = 10939651 | doi=10.1099/00207713-50-4-1463 | issue = 4}}

{{cite journal | last = Young | first = JM | year = 2000 | title = Suggestions for avoiding on-going confusion from the Bacteriological Code | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1687–1689 | pmid = 10939677 | doi=10.1099/00207713-50-4-1687 | issue = 4}}

{{cite journal | last = Hansmann | first = S |author2=Martin W | year = 2000 | title = Phylogeny of 33 ribosomal and six other proteins encoded in an ancient gene cluster that is conserved across prokaryotic genomes: influence of excluding poorly alignable sites from analysis | journal = Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. | volume = 50 | pages = 1655–1663 | pmid = 10939673 | doi=10.1099/00207713-50-4-1655 | issue = 4}}

{{cite journal | last = Tindall | first = BJ | year = 1999 | title = Proposal to change the Rule governing the designation of type strains deposited under culture collection numbers allocated for patent purposes | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 49 | pages = 1317–1319 | pmid = 10490293 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1317 | issue = 3}}

{{cite journal | last = Tindall | first = BJ | year = 1999 | title = Proposal to change Rule 18a, Rule 18f and Rule 30 to limit the retroactive consequences of changes accepted by the ICSB | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 49 | pages = 1321–1322 | pmid = 10425797 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1321 | issue = 3}}

{{cite journal | last = Tindall | first = BJ | year = 1999 | title = Misunderstanding the Bacteriological Code | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 49 | pages = 1313–1316 | pmid = 10425796 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1313 | issue = 3}}

{{cite journal | last = Tindall | first = BJ | year = 1999 | title = Proposals to update and make changes to the Bacteriological Code | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 49 | pages = 1309–1312 | pmid = 10425795 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1309 | issue = 3}}

{{cite journal | last = Burggraf | first = S |author2=Huber H |author3=Stetter KO | year = 1997 | title = Reclassification of the crenarchael orders and families in accordance with 16S rRNA sequence data | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 47 | pages = 657–660 | pmid = 9226896 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-47-3-657 | issue = 3}}

{{cite journal | last = Palys | first = T |author2=Nakamura LK |author3=Cohan FM | year = 1997 | title = Discovery and classification of ecological diversity in the bacterial world: the role of DNA sequence data | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 47 | pages = 1145–1156 | pmid = 9336922 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-47-4-1145 | issue = 4}}

{{cite journal | last = Euzeby | first = JP | year = 1997 | title = List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 47 | pages = 590–592 | pmid = 9103655 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-47-2-590 | issue = 2}}

{{cite journal | last = Clayton | first = RA |author2=Sutton G |author3=Hinkle PS Jr |author4=Bult C |author5=Fields C | year = 1995 | title = Intraspecific variation in small-subunit rRNA sequences in GenBank: why single sequences may not adequately represent prokaryotic taxa | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 45 | pages = 595–599 | pmid = 8590690 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-45-3-595 | issue = 3}}

{{cite journal | last = Murray | first = RG |author2=Schleifer KH | year = 1994 | title = Taxonomic notes: a proposal for recording the properties of putative taxa of procaryotes | journal = Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. | volume = 44 | pages = 174–176 | pmid = 8123559 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-44-1-174 | issue = 1}}

{{cite journal | last = Winker | first = S |author2=Woese CR | year = 1991 | title = A definition of the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya in terms of small subunit ribosomal RNA characteristics | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 14 | pages = 305–310 | pmid = 11540071 | issue = 4 | doi=10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80303-6}}

{{cite journal | last = Woese | first = CR |author2=Kandler O |author3=Wheelis ML | year = 1990 | title = Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 87 | pages = 4576–4579 | pmid = 2112744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 | issue = 12 | pmc = 54159 | bibcode=1990PNAS...87.4576W}}

{{cite journal | last = Achenbach-Richter | first = L |author2=Woese CR | year = 1988 | title = The ribosomal gene spacer region in archaebacteria | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 211–214 | pmid = 11542149 | doi=10.1016/s0723-2020(88)80002-x}}

{{cite journal | last = McGill | first = TJ |author2=Jurka J |author3=Sobieski JM |author4=Pickett MH |author5=Woese CR |author6=Fox GE | year = 1986 | title = Characteristic archaebacterial 16S rRNA oligonucleotides | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 7 | pages = 194–197 | pmid = 11542064 | doi = 10.1016/S0723-2020(86)80005-4 | issue = 2–3}}

{{cite journal | last = Woese | first = CR |author2=Gupta R |author3=Hahn CM |author4=Zillig W |author5=Tu J | year = 1984 | title = The phylogenetic relationships of three sulfur dependent archaebacteria | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 5 | pages = 97–105 | pmid = 11541975 | doi = 10.1016/S0723-2020(84)80054-5}}

{{cite journal | last = Woese | first = CR |author2=Olsen GJ | year = 1984 | title = The phylogenetic relationships of three sulfur dependent archaebacteria | journal = Syst. Appl. Microbiol. | volume = 5 | pages = 97–105 | pmid = 11541975 | doi=10.1016/S0723-2020(84)80054-5}}

{{cite journal | last = Woese | first = CR |author2=Fox GE | year = 1977 | title = Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA | volume = 74 | pages = 5088–5090 | pmid = 270744 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 | issue = 11 | pmc = 432104|bibcode = 1977PNAS...74.5088W }}

Scientific books

{{cite book |vauthors=Garrity GM, Holt JG | year = 2001 | chapter = Phylum AI. Crenarchaeota phy. nov. | title = Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Volume 1: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria | edition = 2nd |editor1=DR Boone |editor2=RW Castenholz | pages = 169 | publisher = Springer Verlag | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-387-98771-2 }}

Scientific databases

Sulfolobus