| 词条 | Montivipera raddei | ||
| 释义 |
| status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image = Armenian viper.jpg | genus = Montivipera | species = raddei | authority = Boettger, 1890 | range_map = Montivipera raddei distribution (IUCN).png | synonyms = *Vipera xanthina {{small|Strauch, 1869 (non Gray, 1849)}} (nomen nudum)
}}Montivipera raddei is a venomous viper species found in Armenia, Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, and possibly also Iraq. There are two subspecies currently recognized.[4] EtymologyThe specific name, raddei, is in honor of German naturalist Gustav Radde.[5] Common namesCommon names for M. raddei include rock viper, Radde's mountain viper, Kurdistan viper (Vipera raddei kurdistanica),[6] Armenian mountain viper,[7] Armenian viper,[8] Radde's viper,[9] Armenian mountain adder,[10] and Zanjhani viper.[11] DescriptionAdult males of M. raddei grow to a maximum total length (including tail) of {{convert|99|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Adult females are smaller with a maximum total length of {{convert|79|cm|abbr=on}}.[7] Geographic rangeM. raddei is found in Eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and probably Iraqi Kurdistan. This species is parapatric or slightly sympatric with M. wagneri in the Aras river valley, Kars Province, eastern Turkey. The type locality is listed as "Kasikoparan in Armenien ". According to Nilson and Andrén (1986), Kasikoparan, Armenia (40°02'N, 43°26'E) is now part of Turkey (Kazikkiran [Kazikkoparan]), Tuzluca, Kars Province, northeastern Anatolia).[2] Conservation statusM. raddei is classified as Lower Risk with a subcategory of least concern (LR/lc) according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v2.3, 1994).[12] This indicates that it has been evaluated, but that it does not satisfy the criteria for any of the categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Also, it does not qualify for Conservation Dependent or Near Threatened either. Year assessed: 1996.[13]It is, however, listed as a protected species (Appendix III) under the Berne Convention.[14] TaxonomyM. raddei is apparently closely related to Montivipera. r. albicornuta and M. latifii; together they sometimes form the Montivipera raddei complex.[2] There are two subspecies: the nominate from Armenia, Azerbaijan, eastern Turkey, northwest Iran, and adjacent Turkmenistan, and M. r. kurdistanica from southeast Turkey and adjacent Iraq and Iran.[4]See also
References1. ^{{Cite journal|author=Nilson, Göran|author2=Andrén, Claes; Avci, Aziz; Akarsu, Ferdi|title=Montivipera raddei |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|volume=2009|page=e.T22993A9406370|publisher=IUCN|date=2009|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22993/0|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T22993A9406370.en|access-date=15 January 2018}} 2. ^1 2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume). 3. ^"Montivipera raddei ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. 4. ^1 {{cite web |title=Montivipera raddei |url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Montivipera&species=raddei&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Vipera+raddei%27%29%29 |website=The Reptile Database|quote=Montivipera raddei (BOETTGER, 1890)}} 5. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Vipera raddei, p. 215). 6. ^http://www.reptilesmagazine.com/Snakes/Wild-Snakes/Venomous-Snakes-In-Iraq/ 7. ^1 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}. 8. ^Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}. 9. ^Gotch AF (1986). Reptiles – Their Latin Names Explained. Poole, UK: Blandford Press. 176 pp. {{ISBN|0-7137-1704-1}}. 10. ^Brown JH (1973). Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 184 pp. LCCCN 73-229. {{ISBN|0-398-02808-7}} 11. ^Latifi (1991). 12. ^{{Redlist species|no=22993|genus=Montivipera|species=raddei|date=2 September|year=2007}} 13. ^{{Redlist CC1994|date=2 September|year=2007}} 14. ^Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Appendix III at Council of Europe. Accessed 9 October 2006. Further reading{{refbegin}}
External links{{Commons}}
3 : Montivipera|Reptiles of Asia|Reptiles described in 1890 |
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