| 词条 | Discovery Institute |
| 释义 |
| name = Discovery Institute | image = | type = IRS exemption status: 501(c)(3) | founded_date = {{start date and age|1990}}.[1] Incorporated in 1991[2] | founder = {{unbulleted list|Bruce Chapman|George Gilder}} | location_city = Seattle, Washington | location_country = United States of America | focus = | mission = | key_people = Steven J. Buri, President | revenue = {{US$||link=yes}}4,074,669 (2013)[3] | expenses = $4,981,381 (2013)[3] | website = {{URL|https://www.discovery.org/}} }}{{Intelligent Design}} The Discovery Institute (DI) is a politically conservative[4][5] non-profit think tank based in Seattle, Washington, that advocates the pseudoscientific concept[6][7][8] of intelligent design (ID). Its "Teach the Controversy" campaign aims to permit the teaching of anti-evolution, intelligent-design beliefs in United States public high school science courses in place of accepted scientific theories, positing that a scientific controversy exists over these subjects.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] HistoryIn 1990, the Institute was founded as a non-profit educational foundation and think tank.[1] Originally founded as a branch of the Hudson Institute, an Indianapolis-based conservative think tank, and is named after the Royal Navy ship HMS Discovery in which George Vancouver explored Puget Sound in 1792.[16] Discovery Institute PressDiscovery Institute Press is the Institute's publishing arm[17] and has published intelligent design books by its fellows including David Berlinski's Deniable Darwin & Other Essays (2010), Jonathan Wells' The Myth of Junk DNA (2011) and an edited volume titled Signature Of Controversy, which contains apologetic works in defense of the Institute's Center for Science and Culture director Stephen C. Meyer. Physicians and Surgeons for Scientific IntegrityThe Physicians and Surgeons for Scientific Integrity (PSSI), formally registered as PSSI International Inc, is a United States 501(c)(3) nonprofit anti-evolution organization promoting the pseudoscience of intelligent design associated with the Discovery Institute, based in Clearwater, Florida. While in the past, the organization sponsored events promoting intelligent design and fundamentalist Christianity, it is currently largely inactive.[18] The PSSI was established in early 2006 by Rich Akin.[19] Geoffrey Simmons, M.D., Discovery Institute fellow, is one of the Directors of the PSSI. The PSSI created a public list of medical professionals who dissent from Darwinism. This list is used by the Discovery Institute in its anti-evolution campaigns. The list is used in support of the Discovery Institute claims that intelligent design is scientifically valid while asserting that evolution lacks broad scientific support.[20] The PSSI, which was active between 2006 - 2008, held a "Doctors Doubting Darwin" rally at the University of South Florida's Sun Dome in September 2006. Attendance was estimated at 3,500 to 4,000 people by a local reporter.[21] Apologetic organizations promoting the event had hoped to fill all 7,700 seats in the Sun Dome.[22][23] This meeting featured the Discovery Institute's Jonathan Wells and fellow Michael Behe, and received local radio coverage. This rally was opposed by the Florida Citizens for Science organization.[24][25] Teach the Controversy{{Main|Teach the Controversy}}"Teach the Controversy" is a campaign conducted by the Discovery Institute to promote the pseudoscientific principle of intelligent design, a variant of traditional creationism, while attempting to discredit the teaching of evolution in United States public high school science courses.[26][27][28] The scientific community and science education organizations have replied that there is no scientific controversy regarding the validity of evolution and that the controversy exists solely in terms of religion and politics.[32][33][29] A federal court, along with the majority of scientific organizations, including the American Association for the Advancement of Science, say the Institute has manufactured the controversy they want to teach by promoting a "false perception" that evolution is "a theory in crisis" by falsely claiming it is the subject of wide controversy and debate within the scientific community.[30][31][32][33] In the December 2005 ruling of Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, Judge John E. Jones III concluded that intelligent design is not science and "cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents".[34] Center for Science and Culture{{Main|Center for Science and Culture}}Center for Science and Culture (CSC), formerly known as the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture (CRSC), is part of the Discovery Institute. It publishes the blog [https://evolutionnews.org/ Evolution News & Science Today] (formerly Evolution News & Views and often shortened to Evolution News (EN)), that promotes "a rigorously God-centered view of creation, including a new 'science' based solidly on theism."[35] See also{{Div col}}
Notes1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.discovery.org/a/2190/ |title=Media Backgrounder: Intelligent Design Article Sparks Controversy |author= |date=September 7, 2004 |website=Center for Science and Culture |publisher=Discovery Institute |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=June 24, 2010}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=https://bulk.resource.org/irs.gov/eo/2011_12_EO/91-1521697_990_201012.pdf |title=Form 990 for DISCOVERY INSTITUTE (91-1521697) for 12/2010 |website=Bulk.Resource.Org |publisher=Public.Resource.Org |location=Sebastopol, CA |format=PDF |accessdate=May 11, 2014}} 3. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=9757 |title=Charity Navigator Rating - Discovery Institute |author= |website=Charity Navigator |publisher=Charity Navigator |location=Glen Rock, NJ |accessdate=September 11, 2015}}*{{cite web |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=9757 |title=Charity Navigator Rating - Discovery Institute |accessdate=September 11, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517162303/http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=9757 |archivedate=May 17, 2015}} FYE 12/2012*{{cite web |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=9757 |title=Charity Navigator Rating - Discovery Institute |accessdate=September 11, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228222023/http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=9757 |archivedate=February 28, 2014}} FYE 12/2011 4. ^{{cite journal |author= |title=Intelligent Design: Creationism's Trojan Horse - A Conversation With Barbara Forrest |date=February 2005 |url=https://www.au.org/church-state/february-2005-church-state/featured/intelligent-design-creationism%E2%80%99s-trojan-horse-a |journal=Church & State |location=Washington, D.C. |type=Unabridged interview |publisher=Americans United for Separation of Church and State |issn=2163-3746 |accessdate=May 27, 2014}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Thomas |date=November 1, 2001 |title=Short Cuts |url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n21/thomas-jones/short-cuts |journal=London Review of Books |volume=23 |issue=21 |page=22 |issn=0260-9592 |accessdate=June 24, 2010}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Boudry |first1=Maarten |authorlink1=Maarten Boudry |last2=Blancke |first2=Stefaan |last3=Braeckman |first3=Johan |authorlink3=Johan Braeckman |date=December 2010 |title=Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=473–482 |doi=10.1086/656904 |pmid=21243965|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/952482/file/6828579.pdf |hdl=1854/LU-952482}} Article available from [https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/952482 Universiteit Gent] 7. ^Pigliucci 2010 8. ^Young & Edis 2004 pp. 195-196, Section heading: But is it Pseudoscience? 9. ^{{cite web |url=https://centerforinquiry.org/uploads/attachments/intelligent-design.pdf |title=Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals |last=Forrest |first=Barbara |authorlink=Barbara Forrest |date=May 2007 |website=Center for Inquiry |publisher=Center for Inquiry |location=Washington, D.C. |format=PDF |accessdate=August 6, 2007}} 10. ^{{cite news |date=November 9, 2005 |title=Small Group Wields Major Influence in Intelligent Design Debate |url=https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/story?id=1297170&WNT=true |work=World News Tonight |location=New York |publisher=American Broadcasting Company |accessdate=June 24, 2010}} 11. ^{{cite journal |last=Mooney |first=Chris |authorlink=Chris Mooney (journalist) |date=December 2002 |title=Survival of the Slickest |url=https://prospect.org/article/survival-slickest |journal=The American Prospect |location=Washington, D.C. |volume=13 |issue=22 |accessdate=July 23, 2008}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.arn.org/docs/dembski/wd_teachingid0201.htm |title=Teaching Intelligent Design: What Happened When? |last=Dembski |first=William A. |authorlink=William A. Dembski |year=2001 |website=Access Research Network |location=Colorado Springs, CO |accessdate=May 5, 2014}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2006/07/no_one_here_but.html |title=No one here but us Critical Analysis-ists… |last=Matzke |first=Nick |authorlink=Nick Matzke |date=July 11, 2006 |website=The Panda's Thumb |publisher=The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. |location=Houston, TX |type=Blog |accessdate=May 5, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906051325/http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2006/07/no_one_here_but.html |archivedate=September 6, 2015 |df=mdy-all}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url= https://evolutionnews.org/2016/02/discovery_insti_7/|title= Mississippi Legislators Should Drop Academic Freedom Bill or Make Clear It Doesn't Permit Creationism|date= |access-date= February 22, 2016|website= |publisher= |last= |first=}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url= https://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?command=download&id=1453|title= The Theory of Evolution: Educator's Briefing Packet|date= |access-date= February 19, 2016|website= The Discovery Institute: Center for Science & Culture|publisher= |last= |first= |pages=5–6}} 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.discovery.org/f/4441 |title=Discovery Institute: A Brief History |author= |website=Center for Science and Culture |publisher=Discovery Institute |location=Seattle, WA |format=PDF |accessdate=May 9, 2014}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.discoveryinstitutepress.com |title=Discovery Institute Press |website=Discovery Institute Press |publisher=Discovery Institute |location=Seattle, WA |accessdate=May 5, 2014}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.evolutionnews.org/2006/10/over_3600_floridians_were_trea002673.html|accessdate=15 February 2012|title=Intelligent Design Presentation at USF Draws Crowds and Complaints From Darwinists - Evolution News & Views|work=Evolution News}} 19. ^https://www.podomatic.com/podcasts/intelligentdesign/episodes/2009-06-10T16_05_38-07_00 20. ^[https://centerforinquiry.org/uploads/attachments/intelligent-design.pdf Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals; A Position Paper from the Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy] Barbara Forrest. May, 2007. 21. ^ Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Hank Tippins, Tippin the Scales, The Observer News, Tampa Bay, Florida, October 21, 2006. 22. ^Recent Events Archive: Apologetics Events in the U.S. and Beyond, apologetics.org. 23. ^September 23, 2006 - News, Texans for Better Science Education Newsletter, Sept 23, 2006. 24. ^Florida Citizens for Science official webpage 25. ^Doomed in the Dome, Red State Rabble blog, September 28, 2006. 26. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://centerforinquiry.org/uploads/attachments/intelligent-design.pdf |format=PDF |title=Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals. A Position Paper from the Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy |first=Barbara |last=Forrest |author-link=Barbara Forrest |date=May 2007 |publisher=Center for Inquiry, Inc. |place=Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2007-08-06 |postscript= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519124655/http://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/intelligent-design.pdf |archivedate=2011-05-19 |df=}}. 27. ^Small Group Wields Major Influence in Intelligent Design Debate ABC News, November 9, 2005 28. ^"ID's home base is the Center for Science and Culture at Seattle's conservative Discovery Institute. Meyer directs the center; former Reagan adviser Bruce Chapman heads the larger institute, with input from the Christian supply-sider and former American Spectator owner George Gilder (also a Discovery senior fellow). From this perch, the ID crowd has pushed a "teach the controversy" approach to evolution that closely influenced the Ohio State Board of Education's recently proposed science standards, which would require students to learn how scientists "continue to investigate and critically analyze" aspects of Darwin's theory." Chris Mooney. The American Prospect. December 2, 2002 Survival of the Slickest: How anti-evolutionists are mutating their message {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405230851/http://www.prospect.org/print/V13/22/mooney-c.html |date=2005-04-05}} 29. ^"Such controversies as do exist concern the details of the mechanisms of evolution, not the validity of the over-arching theory of evolution, which is one of the best supported theories in all of science." [https://www.nap.edu/read/6024/chapter/1 Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition] United States National Academy of Sciences 30. ^1 "That this controversy is one largely manufactured by the proponents of creationism and intelligent design may not matter, and as long as the controversy is taught in classes on current affairs, politics, or religion, and not in science classes, neither scientists nor citizens should be concerned." [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMlim055660 Intelligent Judging — Evolution in the Classroom and the Courtroom] George J. Annas, New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 354:2277-2281 May 25, 2006 31. ^1 "Some bills seek to discredit evolution by emphasizing so-called "flaws" in the theory of evolution or "disagreements" within the scientific community. Others insist that teachers have absolute freedom within their classrooms and cannot be disciplined for teaching non-scientific "alternatives" to evolution. A number of bills require that students be taught to "critically analyze" evolution or to understand "the controversy." But there is no significant controversy within the scientific community about the validity of the theory of evolution. The current controversy surrounding the teaching of evolution is not a scientific one." AAAS Statement on the Teaching of Evolution {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221000000/http://www.aaas.org/news/releases/2006/pdf/0219boardstatement.pdf |date=2006-02-21}} American Association for the Advancement of Science. February 16, 2006 32. ^"ID's backers have sought to avoid the scientific scrutiny which we have now determined that it cannot withstand by advocating that the controversy, but not ID itself, should be taught in science class. This tactic is at best disingenuous, and at worst a canard." Ruling, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, page 89 33. ^Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals. A Position Paper from the Center for Inquiry, Office of Public Policy {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630002824/http://www.centerforinquiry.net/uploads/attachments/Forrest_Paper.pdf |date=2007-06-30}} Barbara Forrest. May, 2007. 34. ^Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, Conclusion (pages 136-138) 35. ^Forrest & Gross 2004, pp. 19, 23 }} References
External links
9 : Discovery Institute|Articles with inconsistent citation formats|Conservatism in the United States|Faith and theology think tanks in the United States|Intelligent design movement|Intelligent design organizations|Non-profit organizations based in Seattle|Political and economic think tanks in the United States|Think tanks established in 1990 |
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