“Absalom Jones”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Absalom Jones (November 7, 1746 – February 13, 1818) was an African-American abolitionist and clergyman who became prominent in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Disappointed at racial discrimination in a local Methodist church, with Richard Allen, he founded the Free African Society, a mutual aid society for African Americans in the city. These included people newly freed from slavery after the American Revolutionary War.

In 1794 Jones founded the first black Episcopal congregation, and in 1802^[1], he was the first African American to be ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church of the United States. He is listed on the Episcopal calendar of saints. He is remembered liturgically on the date of his death, February 13, in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer as "Absalom Jones, Priest, 1818".

Early life

Absalom Jones was born into slavery in Sussex County, Delaware, in 1746. When he was sixteen, his owner sold him along with his mother and siblings to a neighboring farmer. That year the farmer kept Absalom, but sold his mother and siblings, and moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he became a merchant. Absalom was allowed to attend a school and learned to read and write. While still enslaved by Mr. Wynkoop (who was a vestryman of Christ Church and later St. Peter's), Absalom married Mary King (an enslaved woman owned by S. King, a neighbor to the Wynkoops),^[2] on January 4, 1770. Rev. Jacob Duché performed the wedding ceremony.

By 1778 Absalom had purchased his wife's freedom so that their children would be free; he asked for aid by donations and loans. (According to colonial law, children took the status of their mother, so children born to slave women were born enslaved.) Absalom also wrote to his master seeking his own freedom, but was initially denied. In 1784, however, Wynkoop manumitted him, possibly inspired by revolutionary ideals. Absalom took the surname "Jones" as an indication of his American identity.^[2]^[3]

Methodist Church

Around 1780, a Methodist movement was sweeping through the colonies as part of the Second Great Awakening. It came at a time of revolutionary ferment in the closing period of the American Revolutionary War. The movement was especially popular in New York, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. Methodists had developed in Great Britain as evangelicals within the Church of England. In December 1784, Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury established the Methodist Episcopal Church as a new denomination, separate from the Church of England.^[4]

Ministerial career

Pennsylvania abolished slavery and became a free state in the new United States. Jones became a lay minister of the interracial congregation of St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia. The Methodist church admitted persons of all races and allowed African Americans to preach. Together with Richard Allen, Jones was one of the first African Americans licensed to preach by the Methodist Episcopal Church.

But members of the church still practiced racial discrimination. In 1792, while at St. George's Methodist Episcopal Church^[5]^[6], Absalom Jones and other black members were told that they could not join the rest of the congregation in seating and kneeling on the first floor and instead had to be segregated first sitting against the wall and then in the gallery or balcony. After completing their prayer, Jones and most of the church's black members got up and walked out.^[7]

Jones and Allen founded the Free African Society (FAS), first conceived as a non-denominational mutual aid society, to help newly freed slaves in Philadelphia. Jones and Allen later separated, as their religious lives took different directions after 1794 as discussed below. They remained lifelong friends and collaborators.^[8]

As 1791 began, Jones started holding religious services at FAS, which the following year became the core of his African Church in Philadelphia. Jones wanted to establish a black congregation independent of white control, while remaining part of the Episcopal Church. After a successful petition, the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, the first black church in Philadelphia, opened its doors on July 17, 1794.^[8] Jones was ordained as a deacon in 1795 and as a priest in 1802, became the first African-American priest in the Episcopal Church.^[8]

A month after St. Thomas church opened, the Founders and Trustees published "The Causes and Motives for Establishing St. Thomas's African Church of Philadelphia," saying their intent was

Famous for his oratory, Jones helped establish the tradition of anti-slavery sermons on New Year's Day. His sermon for January 1, 1808, the date on which the U.S. Constitution mandated the end of the African slave trade, was called "A Thanksgiving Sermon" and published in pamphlet form. It became famous.^[10] Rumors persisted that Jones had supernatural abilities to influence the minds of assembled congregations. White observers failed to recognize his oratory skills, perhaps because they believed rhetoric to be beyond the capabilities of black people. Numerous other African-American leaders were similarly said to have supernatural abilities.^[9]

Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

In 1775, the state of North Carolina had made it illegal to free slaves unless approved by a county court, a provision largely ignored by members of the Society of Friends (Quakers). They not only continued to free their own slaves, but in some cases bought slaves from other men in order to free them. In 1788 the North Carolina legislature passed a law allowing the capture and sale of any former slave who had been freed without court approval, with twenty percent of the sale price going as reward to the person who reported the illegal manumission. Many freed African Americans fled the state to avoid being captured and sold back into slavery.

After becoming the first black and freedman to be ordained as a priest, and as the Constitution's deadline for abolition of the slave trade passed, Jones took part in the first group of African Americans to petition the U.S. Congress. Their petition related to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which they criticized for encouraging cruelty and brutality, as well as supporting the continuing criminal practice of kidnapping free blacks and selling them into slavery. Jones drafted a petition on behalf of four freed slaves and asked Congress to adopt "some remedy for an evil of such magnitude."^[11]

The petition was presented on 30 January 1797 by U.S. Representative John Swanwick of Pennsylvania. Jones used moral suasion: trying to convince whites that slavery was immoral, offensive to God, and contrary to the nation's ideal.^[12] Although U.S. Representative George Thatcher of Massachusetts argued that the petition should be accepted and referred to the Committee on the Fugitive Law, but the House of Representatives declined to accept the petition by a vote of 50 to 33.^[11] Jones submitted a similar petition two years later, which was also declined.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

On a parallel path, Richard Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black church within the Methodist tradition. He and his followers converted a building and opened on July 29, 1794, as Bethel AME Church. In 1799, Allen was ordained as the first black minister in the Methodist Church by Bishop Francis Asbury. In 1816, Allen gathered other black congregations in the region to create a new and fully independent denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1816, Allen was elected as the AME's first bishop.

Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793

Yellow fever repeatedly struck Philadelphia and other coastal cities in the 1790s, until sanitary improvements advocated by Dr. Benjamin Rush were adopted and completed. In the meantime, Allen and Jones assisted Rush in helping people afflicted by the plague, for black people initially were rumored to be immune. Many whites (including most doctors except for Rush and his assistants, some of whom died) fled the city hoping to escape infection. Allen and Jones' corps of black Philadelphians helped nurse the sick, as well as bury the dead. Jones in particular sometimes worked through the night. However, Rush's reliance on bleeding and purging as a medical treatment proved misplaced.

When Mathew Carey published a popular pamphlet accusing Blacks of profiting from nursing sick White citizens, Jones and Allen published a protest pamphlet in response. They described sacrifices that they and members of the Free African Society made for the health of the city. Philadelphia Mayor Matthew Clarkson, who had called upon them for help, publicly recognized that Jones and Allen acted upon their desires to improve the entire community. Jones' responses to the overall crisis strengthened ties between free Blacks and many progressive whites, aiding him later on when he established St. Thomas' Episcopal Church.^[13] Almost twenty times more black people helped the plague-struck than did whites, which later proved crucial in helping St. Thomas Church to gain social acceptance.^[14]

Death and legacy

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts, 2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Church Publishing |location=New York |isbn=0-89869-410-8 |page=160}}
2. ^¹http://www.christchurchphila.org/Welcome-to-the-Christ-Church-Website/Who-We-Are/Sermons/Sermons/202/month--200802/vobid--678/
3. ^[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h93.html "Absalom Jones' Marriage to Mary"], Brotherly Love, PBS, accessed 14 January 2009
4. ^{{cite web |last1=Shenise |first1=Mark |title=Associate Archivist - GCAH |url=http://www.gcah.org/history/united-methodist-church-timeline |website=www.gcah.org |publisher=General Commission on Archives and History, The United Methodist Church |accessdate=30 May 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web |last1=Shenise |first1=Mark |title=Associate Archivist - GCAH |url=http://www.gcah.org/history/united-methodist-church-timeline |website=www.gcah.org |publisher=General Commission on Archives and History, The United Methodist Church |accessdate=30 May 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web |last1=Shenise |first1=Mark |title=Associate Archivist |url=http://www.gcah.org/history/united-methodist-church-timeline |website=www.gcah.org |publisher=General Commission on Archives and History, The United Methodist Church |accessdate=30 May 2018}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=White|first=Deborah Gray|title=Freedom On My Mind: A History of African Americans|year=2013|publisher=Bedford/ St. Martin's|location=Boston|page=179}}
8. ^¹²[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h471.html "A Discourse...African Church"], Brotherly Love, PBS, accessed 14 January 2009.
9. ^¹[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h1588.html "The Causes and Motives for Establishing St. Thomas's African Church..."], Africans in America, PBS, accessed 15 January 2009.
10. ^"Absalom Jones", The Gilder Lehrman Institute for American History
11. ^¹"The 1797 Petition", The Making of African American Identity: Vol. I, 1500–1865, National Humanities Center, 2007
12. ^{{cite book|last=White|first=Deborah Gray|title=Freedom On My Mind: A History of African Americans|year=2013|publisher=Bedford/ St. Martin's|location=Boston}}
13. ^"Confession of John Joyce, Alias Davis, Who Was Executed on Monday, the 14th of March, 1808, for the Murder of Mrs. Sarah Cross"; With an Address to the Public, and People of Colour (Philadelphia, 1808). Photograph. Accessed October 13, 2016. http://www.librarycompany.org/blackfounders/section7.htm.
14. ^{{cite journal|last=Will| first=Thomas E. |year=2002 |title=Liberalism, Republicanism, and Philadelphia's Black Elite in the Early Republic: The Social Thought of Absalom Jones and Richard Allen |journal=Pennsylvania History| volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=558–576}} America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed November 12, 2013), 560–564.
15. ^
16. ^