| 词条 | Downfall (2004 film) |
| 释义 |
| name = Downfall | image = Der Untergang Downfall poster.png | caption = Theatrical release poster | director = Oliver Hirschbiegel | producer = Bernd Eichinger | screenplay = Bernd Eichinger | based on = {{Plain list|
}} | starring = {{Plain list|
}} | music = Stephan Zacharias[1] | cinematography = Rainer Klausmann[1] | editing = Hans Funck[1] | studio = Constantin Film[1] | distributor = Constantin Film {{small|(Germany, Austria)}} 01 Distribution {{small|(Italy)}} | released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|09|16|Germany|2004|09|17|Austria|2005|03|18|Greece|2005|04|29|Italy|}} | runtime = 155 minutes[2] | country = Germany Italy Austria[3] | language = German[2] | budget = €13.5 million[4] | gross = $92.2 million[5] }} Downfall ({{lang-de|Der Untergang}}) is a 2004 historical war drama film directed by Oliver Hirschbiegel from a screenplay by its producer, Bernd Eichinger. The film stars Bruno Ganz, Alexandra Maria Lara, Corinna Harfouch, Ulrich Matthes, Juliane Köhler, Heino Ferch, Christian Berkel, Matthias Habich, and Thomas Kretschmann. It is set during the Battle of Berlin in World War II, when Germany is on the verge of defeat, and depicts the final days of Adolf Hitler (portrayed by Ganz). It is based on the books Inside Hitler's Bunker by historian Joachim Fest and Until the Final Hour by Hitler's former private secretary Traudl Junge, among other accounts of the period. Principal photography took place from September to November 2003, on location in Berlin, Munich, and in Saint Petersburg, Russia. As the film is set in and around the Führerbunker, Hirschbiegel used eyewitness accounts, survivors' memoirs, and other historical sources during production to reconstruct the look and atmosphere of 1940s Berlin. The film premiered at the Toronto Film Festival on 14 September 2004. It was, in part, controversial with audiences for showing the human side of Hitler and its portrayal of members of the Third Reich. It later received a wide theatrical release in Germany under its production company Constantin Film. The film grossed over $92 million, received favourable reviews from critics, and was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 77th Academy Awards. Scenes from the film, such as the scene where Hitler displays rage after Felix Steiner fails to obey his orders, spawned a series of Internet memes. PlotIn November 1942, at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia, Chancellor of Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler selects Traudl Junge as his personal secretary. Three years later, the Red Army has pushed back Germany's advance and surrounded Berlin. On Hitler's 56th birthday, the Red Army begins shelling Berlin's city centre. Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler tries to persuade Hitler to leave Berlin, but Hitler refuses. Himmler leaves to negotiate terms with the Western Allies in secret. Later, Himmler's adjutant Hermann Fegelein also attempts to persuade Hitler to flee, but Hitler insists that he will win or die in Berlin. Dr. Ernst-Günther Schenck is ordered to leave Berlin per Operation Clausewitz, though he persuades an SS general to let him stay in Berlin to treat the injured. In the streets, Hitler Youth child soldier Peter Kranz's father approaches Peter's unit and tries persuading him to leave. Peter, who destroyed two enemy tanks and will soon be awarded a medal by Hitler, calls his father a coward and runs away. At a meeting in the Führerbunker, Hitler forbids the outnumbered 9th Army to retreat, ordering SS commander Felix Steiner's units to mount a counter-attack. The generals find the orders impossible and irrational. Above ground, Hitler awards Peter his medal, hailing Peter as braver than his generals. In his office, Hitler talks to Minister of Armaments Albert Speer about his scorched earth policy. Speer is concerned of the destruction of German infrastructure, but Hitler believes the German people left behind are weak and deserve death. Meanwhile, Hitler's companion Eva Braun holds a party in the Reich Chancellery. Fegelein tries persuading Eva, his sister-in-law, to leave Berlin with Hitler, but she dismisses him. Artillery fire eventually breaks up the party. On the battlefield, General Helmuth Weidling is informed he will be executed for allegedly ordering a retreat. Weidling comes to the Führerbunker to clear himself. His action impresses Hitler, who promotes him to oversee all Berlin defences. At another meeting, Hitler learns Steiner did not attack because his unit was too weak. Hitler becomes enraged at what he saw as betrayal, stating that everyone has failed him and denounces his generals as cowards and traitors, before finally acknowledging that the war is lost, but that he would rather commit suicide than leave Berlin. Schenck witnesses mass civilian casualties and executions as supposed traitors. Hitler receives a message from Luftwaffe chief Hermann Göring requesting state leadership. Hitler declares Göring a traitor, ordering his arrest. Speer then admits to Hitler that he has defied his orders. Hitler, however, does not punish Speer who decides to leave Berlin. Peter's unit is defeated and he runs back to his parents. Hitler imagines more ways for Germany to turn the tide. At dinner, Hitler learns of Himmler's secret negotiations and orders his execution and also finds out that Fegelein has deserted Berlin, having him executed despite Eva's pleas. SS physician Ernst-Robert Grawitz asks Hitler's permission to evacuate for fear of Allied reprisal. Hitler refuses, leading Grawitz to kill himself and his family. The Soviets continue their advance, Berlin's supplies run low, and German morale plummets. Hitler hopes that the 12th Army will save Berlin. After midnight, Hitler dictates his last will and testament to Junge, before marrying Eva. The following morning, Hitler learns that the 12th Army is stuck and cannot relieve Berlin. Refusing surrender, Hitler plans his death. He administers poison to his dog Blondi, bids farewell to the bunker staff, and commits suicide with Eva. The two are cremated in the Chancellery garden. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels assumes Chancellorship. General Hans Krebs fails to negotiate a conditional surrender with Soviet General Vasily Chuikov. Goebbels declares that Germany will not surrender as long as he is alive. Goebbels' wife Magda poisons her six children with cyanide, before committing suicide with Goebbels; Weidling announces unconditional surrender of German forces in Berlin. Many government and military officials commit suicide after learning of Germany's defeat. Peter discovers his parents were executed. Junge leaves the bunker and tries to flee the city; Peter joins her as she sneaks through a group of Soviet soldiers before the two find a bicycle and leave Berlin. Cast{{Cast listing|
}} ProductionDevelopmentProducer-screenwriter Bernd Eichinger wanted to make a film about Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party for 20 years but was, at first, discouraged after its enormity prevented him from doing so. After reading a publication about the book by historian Joachim Fest called Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich (2002), he became inspired by Fest's academic writings and included them in the film.[6][7][8] Eichinger also based the film on the memoirs of Traudl Junge, one of Hitler's secretaries, called Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary (2002);[9][10] he used the books Inside the Third Reich (1969), by Albert Speer,[11] one of the highest-ranking Nazi officials to survive both the war and the Nuremberg trials; Hitler's Last Days: An Eye-Witness Account (1973), by Gerhard Boldt;[12] Das Notlazarett unter der Reichskanzlei: Ein Arzt erlebt Hitlers Ende in Berlin (1995) by Ernst-Günther Schenck; and Soldat: Reflections of a German Soldier, 1936–1949 (1992) by Siegfried Knappe as references when writing the screenplay.[13] After completing the script for the film, Eichinger presented it to director Oliver Hirschbiegel who hesitated at first because he "reacted to the idea of nazism as a taboo", as he himself was German. He eventually agreed to helm the project.[14][13] CastingWhen Bruno Ganz was offered the role of Hitler, he was reluctant to accept the part, and many of his friends advised against accepting it:[4][22] {{Cquote|quote=I had some doubts when I was first offered the part of Hitler in Downfall. I asked myself whether I really wanted to get involved in this ugly, terrible stuff. But it was also a temptation—the subject has a fascinating side—so I agreed.|author=Bruno Ganz|source=The Guardian[15]|work=The Guardian}}In order to prepare for the role, Ganz conducted four months of research and studied an 11-minute recording of Hitler in private conversation with Finnish Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim in order to properly mimic Hitler's conversational voice and Austrian dialect. Ganz also became convinced that Hitler had Parkinson's Disease after seeing him in the newsreel Die Deutsche Wochenschau presenting medals to Hitler Youth, and had visited a hospital to observe patients with the disorder.[15] Ganz auditioned in the casting studio with makeup for half an hour and tested his voice for Hirschbiegel who was convinced by his performance.[4][26] Alexandra Maria Lara was cast as Traudl Junge; she was given Junge's book Until the Final Hour (2002), which she called her "personal treasure", to read during filming. Before she was cast, she had seen André Heller's documentary film Im toten Winkel which impressed her and influenced her perspective on Junge.[16][17]Numerous actors were cast in the roles for members of the Nazi party and the other people in the bunker; Juliane Köhler, Ulrich Noethen, Ulrich Matthes, Corinna Harfouch, Heino Ferch, and Michael Mendl were cast as Eva Braun, Heinrich Himmler, Joseph Goebbels, Magda Goebbels, Albert Speer, and Helmuth Weidling respectively.[1][30] Filming and designPrincipal photography lasted 12 weeks, in the period from September to November 2003, under the working title Sunset.[18][13] Since the film is set mostly in and around the Führerbunker, Hirschbiegel said he made an effort to accurately reconstruct the look and atmosphere of World War II through eyewitness accounts, survivors' memoirs, and other historical sources by filming in the cities of Berlin, Munich, and Saint Petersburg, Russia, where an industrial district slum along the Obvodny Canal was also used to portray the historical setting in Berlin.[18][19] According to Lara, the atmosphere for the actors during filming was intense but depressing. Her other colleagues briefly stopped during production to do other activities, such as play football, to brighten up their mood. Ganz kept a happy mood in between takes for his scenes.[17] Hirschbiegel also noted the shoot to be deeply depressing and said he would often find relief at home by listening to Johann Sebastian Bach's music.[22] There was tremendous interest for the film during filming which lead the Russian press to visit the set, making the producers uneasy and occasionally defensive. Yana Bezhanskay, director of Globus Film, Constantin's Russian partner, raised her voice to Russian journalists and said: "This is an antifascist film and nowhere in it do you see Hitler praised."[18] The film was produced on a €13.5 million budget.[4] The bunker and Hitler's Wolf's Lair was constructed at Bavaria Studios in Munich by production designer Bernd Lepel.[20][1] One CGI scene of the Reichstag building as it would have appeared before the restoration was created. Hirschbiegel decided to limit the amount of CGI, props, and sets so as not to make the set design look like that of a theatre production.[20] He explained: {{Cquote|quote=The only CGI shot that's been used in the film was the one with the Reichstag because of course we could not reconstruct that—that's the only thing. I'm very proud of that, because if you do a war movie, you cannot do that and build sets. You feel the cardboard. You feel that it's all made to entertain, and it takes away from that horror that war basically means.|author=Oliver Hirschbiegel|source=AboutFilm.com[20]|publisher=AboutFilm.com}}ThemesThe film explores Hitler's decisions and motives during his final days through the perspective of the people in the Führerbunker. The overlaying idea, according to Eichinger, was to make a film about Hitler and war-time Germany that was very close to historical truth, as part of a theme that would allow the German nation to save their own history and "experience their own trauma".[21] Eichinger chose not to include mention of the Holocaust, because it was not the topic of the film. He also thought it was "impossible" to show the "misery" and "desperation" of the concentration camps cinematically.[44][45] The addition of Peter Kranz, a fictional Hitler Youth boy who is awarded by Hitler for destroying two tanks and later escapes Berlin with Junge, was a symbolic representation of Germany's attempt to defend itself, leading up to its chance at rebirth.[22][23] Hitler and the Nazi partyDuring production, Hirschbiegel came to the conclusion that Hitler often charmed people with his personality, saying that he was "like a shell", attracting people with his self-pity, but inside the shell was only "an enormous will for destruction".[22] Many of the people in the film, including Traudl Junge, are shown to be enthusiastic in interacting with Hitler instead of feeling threatened or anxious by his presence and authority. Hirschbiegel said that the production team sought to give Hitler a three-dimensional personality, telling NBC: "We know from all accounts that he was a very charming man – a man who managed to seduce a whole people into barbarism."[24] The film explores the suicides and deaths of the Nazi party as opposed to the people who choose life. Hitler's provision of cyanide pills to those in the bunker and the Goebbel's murder of their children are shown as selfish deeds while people such as Schenck, who choose to help the injured and escape death, are shown as rational and generous.[23][51] In the DVD commentary, Hirschbiegel said that the events in the film were "derived from the accounts, from descriptions of people" in the bunker.[25] The film also includes an introduction and closing with the real Junge in an interview from Im toten Winkel, where she admits feeling guilt for "not recognizing this monster in time".[26] ReleaseDownfall premiered at the Toronto Film Festival on 14 September 2004.[12][27] The film, at first, failed to find a distributor, but was released by Constantin Film in Germany on 16 September 2004.[7][57] It premiered in the U.S. in Manhattan on 18 February 2005 under Newmarket Films.[28] On its broadcast in the UK, Channel 4 marketed it with the strapline: "It's a happy ending. He dies."[29]Controversy{{Quote box|quote = They just got it wrong. Bad people do not walk around with claws like vicious monsters, even though it might be comforting to think so. Everyone intelligent knows that evil comes along with a smiling face.[30] |source = — Hirschbiegel in 2015, on the criticism surrounding the portrayal of Hitler |width = 40% |bgcolor = }}Downfall was the subject of dispute by critics and audiences in Germany before and after its release, with many concerned of Hitler's role in the film as a human being with emotions in spite of his actions and ideologies.[31][57] The portrayal sparked debate in Germany due to publicity from commentators, film magazines, and newspapers.[24][32] The German tabloid Bild asked, "Are we allowed to show the monster as a human being?" in their newspaper.[24] It was also criticized for its scenes with the members of the Nazi party, including the portrayal of officers such as Schenk.[33] The film was also seen as controversial because it was made by Germans instead of British or American filmmakers.[7] Cristina Nord from Die Tageszeitung criticized the portrayal, and said that though it was important to make films about perpetrators, "seeing Hitler cry" had not informed her on the last days of the Third Reich.[34] Some have supported the film: Hans-Jürgen Syberberg, director of A Film from Germany, felt the time was right to "paint a realistic portrait" of Hitler.[30] Eichinger replied to the response from the film by stating that the "terrifying thing" about Hitler was that he was human and "not an elephant or a monster from Mars".[7] Ganz said that he was proud of the film; though he said people had accused him of "humanizing" Hitler.[32] Home mediaThe film was released on DVD in August 2005, by Columbia-TriStar Home Entertainment.[35] Shout! Factory released a collector's edition Blu-ray in March 2018, with a "making-of" featurette, cast and crew interviews, and audio commentary from director Oliver Hirschbiegel.[36] ReceptionBox office and awardsDownfall sold nearly half a million tickets in Germany for its opening weekend and attracted 4.5 million viewers in the first three months.[37][27] The final North American gross was $5,509,040.[5] $86,671,870 was made with its foreign gross, and it became the fourth most popular film at the 2005 Norwegian box office.[5][38] The film made $93.6 million altogether.[13]In 2005, Downfall was nominated for an Oscar at the 77th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film.[39] It won the 2005 BBC Four World Cinema competition.[40] The film was also ranked number 48 in Empire magazine's "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010.[41] Critical responseThe review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 91 percent based on 138 reviews from critics, and a weighted average of 8 out of 10. The website's critical consensus describes the film as "an illuminating, thoughtful and detailed account of Hitler's last days".[42] At Metacritic, the film has a score of 82 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[43] The film was debated by critics and audiences upon its release,[6][44][45] although Bruno Ganz's portrayal of Hitler was praised.[46][47][48] On the film's depiction of Hitler, David Denby for The New Yorker said that Ganz "made the dictator into a plausible human being".[49] Addressing other critics like Denby, Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert said the film did not provide an adequate portrayal of Hitler's actions, because he felt no film could, and that no response would be sufficient. Ebert said Hitler was in reality "the focus for a spontaneous uprising by many of the German people, fuelled by racism, xenophobia, grandiosity and fear".[50] Author Giles MacDonogh criticised the film for its sympathetic portrayals of the SS officers Wilhelm Mohnke, and Ernst-Günther Schenck, the former of which was accused of murdering a group of British prisoners of war in the Wormhoudt massacre.{{refn|group=N|Mohnke was rumoured, but never proven, to have ordered the execution near Dunkirk in 1940.[51] He strongly denied the accusations against him, and told historian Thomas Fischer that he never issued any orders to take or execute English prisoners.[52]}} MacDonogh also pointed out that Schenck's medical experiments on concentration camp prisoners using herbs in 1938 allegedly led to deaths among his subjects and among the slaves growing the herbs.[53] But at a discussion in London, Hirschbiegel said in response that he did his own research and did not find the allegations for Schenck convincing.[54] Hermann Graml, history professor and former Luftwaffe helper, praised the film and said that he had not seen a film that was "so insistent and tormentingly alive". Graml said that Hitler's portrayal was presented correctly by showing Hitler's will "to destroy, and his way of denying reality".[55] Julia Radke of the German website Future Needs Remembrance praised the film's acting and called it well crafted and a solid Kammerspielfilm, though it could lose viewer interest due to a lack of concentration on the narrative perspective.[56] German author Jens Jessen said that the film "could have been stupider" and called it a "chamber play that could not be staged undramatically". Jessen also said that it was not as spectacular as the pre-media coverage could have led one to believe, and it did not arouse the "morbid fascination" the magazine Der Spiegel was looking for.[57]Hitler biographer Sir Ian Kershaw wrote in The Guardian that the film had enormous emotive power, calling it a triumph and "a marvelous historical drama". Kershaw also said that he found it hard to imagine anyone would find Hitler to be a sympathetic figure in his final days.[58] Wim Wenders, in a review for the German newspaper Die Zeit, said the film was absent of a strong point of view for Hitler which made him harmless, and compared Downfall to Apocalypse, stating that in Resident Evil the viewer would know which character was evil.[4][31] Rochus Misch, who acted as telephonist and bodyguard in the bunker, called Downfall "americanised" in a 2005 interview while comparing what happened in the film to what happened in real life. He stated that although the film portrayed the important facts accurately, it exaggerated other details for dramatic effect, such as the film's characters screaming and shouting when, in his recollection, most people in the bunker spoke quietly.[59] Parodies{{see also|List of Internet phenomena}}Downfall is well known for its rise in popularity due to Internet parodies called "Hitler Rants", which use scenes in the film where Hitler becomes angry after realizing the war is lost, where Hitler orders Otto Günsche to find SS-Gruppenführer Hermann Fegelein, and where Hitler discusses a counterattack against advancing Soviet forces with his generals. In the videos, the original German audio is retained, but new subtitles are added so that Hitler and his subordinates seem to be reacting to an issue of setback in present-day politics, sports, entertainment, popular culture, or everyday life.[60][61][62][63] By 2010, there were thousands of parodies.[64] Various YouTubers make Downfall reaction videos and some have cited their reasons for making them.[65][62]Hirschbiegel spoke positively about these parodies in a 2010 interview with New York magazine, saying that many of them were funny and a fitting extension of the film's purpose: {{Cquote|quote=The point of the film was to kick these terrible people off the throne that made them demons [...] I think it's only fair if now it's taken as part of our history, and used for whatever purposes people like.|author=Oliver Hirschbiegel|source=New York[66]|work=New York}}Nevertheless, Constantin Film has asked video sites to remove many of them.[67] The producers initiated a removal of parody videos from YouTube in 2010.[68] This prompted more posting of parody videos of Hitler complaining that the parodies were being taken down, and a resurgence of the videos on the site.[65] See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|last1=Elley|first1=Derek|title=Downfall|url=https://variety.com/2004/film/markets-festivals/downfall-2-1200531040/|website=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|accessdate=12 May 2018}} Citations{{Reflist}}2. ^1 {{cite web|title=DOWNFALL (15)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/AFF205943/|publisher=British Board of Film Classification|date=24 December 2004|accessdate=11 June 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Downfall (2004)|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b895609f7|website=British Film Institute|accessdate=12 May 2018}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/kino/eichinger-film-der-untergang-bruno-ganz-spielt-spaeten-hitler-a-245058.html|title= Eichinger-Film "Der Untergang": Bruno Ganz spielt späten Hitler|date=16 April 2003 |publisher=Spiegel Online |language=de |accessdate=14 December 2015}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=downfall.htm|title=DOWNFALL|publisher=Box Office Mojo}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|title=Perspectives on European Film and History|last1=Engelen|first1=Leen|last2=Winkel|first2=Roel Vande|publisher=Academia Press|date=2007|chapter=Hitler's Downfall, a film from Germany (Der Untergang, 2004)|isbn=9789038210827}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/mar/20/features.review1|title=Now the Germans have their say|last=Summers|first=Sue|work=The Guardian|date=20 March 2005|accessdate=February 20, 2019}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/15/world/europe/the-alltoohuman-hitler-on-your-big-screen.html|title=The All-Too-Human Hitler, on Your Big Screen|work=The New York Times|last=Landler|first=Mark|date=15 September 2004|accessdate=14 November 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/02/14/back-in-the-bunker|title=Back in the Bunker|work=The New Yorker|last=Denby|first=David|date=14 February 2005|accessdate=3 January 2019}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Hitler - Films from Germany: History, Cinema and Politics since 1945|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|last1=Machtans|first1=Karolin|last2=Ruehl|first2=Martin A.|date=November 30, 2012|isbn=9781137032386}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/60957/pass-the-fault|title=Pass the Fault|work=The New Republic|last=Oren|first=Michael B.|date=4 July 2005|accessdate=3 January 2019}} 12. ^1 {{cite web|title=Whose Hi/story Is It? The U.S. Reception of Downfall|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/new-german-critique/article/34/3%20(102)/1/32990/Whose-Hi-story-Is-It-The-U-S-Reception-of-Downfall|publisher=Duke University Press|last=Bathrik|first=David|date=1 November 2007|accessdate=3 January 2019}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|title=100 Great War Movies: The Real History Behind the Films|last=Niemi|first=Robert|date=2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440833861}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/interview/51595/|title=The Downfall - Interview: Oliver Hirschbiegel • Director|publisher=Cineuropa|last=Trapani|first=Salvatore|date=5 February 2005|accessdate=21 February 2019}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/mar/25/1|title=Desperately seeking Adolf|work=The Guardian|author1=Diver, Krysia |author2=Moss, Stephen|date=25 March 2003 |location=London |accessdate=6 February 2009}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://filmreporter.de/stars/interview/223-Alexandra-Maria-Lara-ueber-ihr/2|title=Alexandra Maria Lara über ihr Gefühls-Chaos|last=Bonke|first=Johannes|publisher=Filmreporter.de|date=17 September 2004 |language=de |accessdate=23 February 2019}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.planet-interview.de/interviews/alexandra-maria-lara/33863/|title=Das Böse kann niemals eindimensional sein.|last=Sarkar|first=David|publisher=Planet Interview|date=25 August 2004 |language=de |accessdate=23 February 2019}} 18. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/07/movies/a-war-torn-berlin-reborn-in-russia.html|title=A War-Torn Berlin Reborn in Russia|work=The New York Times|last=Varoli|first=John|date=7 October 2003|accessdate=12 November 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2003/film/news/hitler-pic-lands-in-russia-1117890770/|title=Hitler pic lands in Russia|work=Variety|last=Meza|first=Ed|date=12 August 2003|accessdate=12 November 2018}} 20. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.aboutfilm.com/features/downfall/feature.htm|title=Interviews: DOWNFALL|publisher=AboutFilm.Com|last=Cavagna|first=Carlo|accessdate=14 November 2018}} 21. ^{{cite book|title=European Cinema and Intertextuality: History, Memory and Politics|last=Mazierska|first=Ewa|publisher=Springer|date=12 July 2011|isbn=9780230319547}} 22. ^{{cite book|title=The Collapse of the Conventional: German Film and Its Politics at the Turn of the Twenty-first Century|last1=Fisher|first1=Jaimey|last2=Prager|first2=Brad|publisher=Wayne State University Press|date=2010|isbn=9780814333778}} 23. ^1 {{cite book|title=Perspectives on European Film and History|last1=Engelen|first1=Leen|last2=Winkel|first2=Roel Vande|publisher=Academia Press|date=2007|isbn=9789038210827}} 24. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6019248/ns/world_news/t/film-showing-hitlers-soft-side-stirs-controversy/ |title=Film showing Hitler's soft side stirs controversy |publisher=NBC News|last=Eckardt |first=Andy|date=16 September 2004 |accessdate=12 December 2018}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.popmatters.com/downfall-2005-dvd-2496235231.html|title=Downfall (2004)|last=Fuchs|first=Cynthia|publisher=PopMatters|date=3 August 2005|accessdate=26 February 2019}} 26. ^1 {{cite book|title=The Nazi Past in Contemporary German Film: Viewing Experiences of Intimacy and Immersion|last=Bangert|first=Axel|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|date=2014|isbn=9781571139054}} 27. ^1 {{cite journal |title=Facing Hitler: German Responses to 'Downfall' |last=Bendix |first=John |journal=German Politics and Society |volume=25 |issue=1 (82) |pages=70–89 |date=Spring 2007 |jstor=23742889}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/18/movies/the-last-days-of-hitler-raving-and-ravioli.html|title=The Last Days of Hitler: Raving and Ravioli|last=Scott|first=A. O.|work=The New York Times|date=18 February 2005|accessdate=20 February 2019}} 29. ^{{cite web|title=Hitler: The Lost Files|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/hitler-the-lost-files-1.1288885|website=The Irish Times|accessdate=19 March 2017}} 30. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |last1=Johnston |first1=Sheila |title=The dangers of portraying Hitler |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/11573042/The-dangers-of-portraying-Hitler.html |website=The Telegraph |date=30 April 2015 |accessdate=16 November 2018}} 31. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/culture/Downfall.htm|title=A film depicting Adolf Hitler's human side is attracting crowds and stirring debate in Germany|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 32. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/my-hitler-part-in-downfall-1.426739|title=My Hitler part in 'Downfall'|work=The Irish Times|date=26 March 2005|accessdate=14 November 2018}} 33. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/controversial-hitler-film-opens-across-germany/a-1331328-1|title=Controversial Hitler Film Opens Across Germany|work=Deutsche Welle|date=September 17, 2004|accessdate=March 25, 2019}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3663044.stm|title='Human' Hitler disturbs Germans|work=BBC|last=Furlong|first=Ray|date=September 16, 2004|accessdate=March 26, 2019}} 35. ^{{cite web |last1=Atanasov |first1=Svet |title=Downfall |url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/17098/downfall/ |website=DVD Talk |date=8 August 2005 |accessdate=16 November 2018}} 36. ^{{cite web |title=Downfall Collector's Edition Blu-ray Detailed |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=22861 |website=Blu-ray.com |date=12 February 2018 |accessdate=16 November 2018}} 37. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/german-film-on-hitler-s-demise-a-box-office-hit-1.990608|title=German film on Hitler's demise a box office hit|work=The Irish Times|date=20 September 2004|accessdate=14 November 2018}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/51146/|title=Downfall climbs local box office|publisher=Cineuropa|last=Pham|first=Annika|date=31 March 2005|accessdate=14 November 2018}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/hitler-film-wins-oscar-nomination/a-1470071|title=Hitler Film Wins Oscar Nomination|publisher=DW|date=26 January 2005|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 40. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4652074.stm|title=Downfall wins BBC world film gong |publisher=BBC |date=26 January 2006 |accessdate=20 July 2009}} 41. ^{{cite web |title=The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema – 48. Downfall |url=http://www.empireonline.com/features/100-greatest-world-cinema-films/default.asp?film=48 |work=Empire}} 42. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/downfall/ |title=Downfall (Der Untergang) (2004) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=31 March 2018}} 43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/downfall |title=Downfall Reviews |website=Metacritic |accessdate=31 March 2018}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/~lnp3/mydocs/culture/Downfall.htm|title=A film depicting Adolf Hitler's human side is attracting crowds and stirring debate in Germany|publisher=Columbia University|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 45. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/kino/der-untergang-die-unerzaehlbare-geschichte-a-318031.html|title="Der Untergang": Die unerzählbare Geschichte|last=Borcholte|first=Andreas|work=Der Spiegel|date=15 September 2004 |language=de |accessdate=23 February 2019}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/News_Story/Critic_Review/Guardian_Film_of_the_week/0,4267,1449213,00.html|title=Downfall Review|work=The Guardian|last=Bradshaw|first=Peter|date=1 April 2005|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/downfall/review/|title=Downfall Review|work=Empire|last=Newman|first=Kim|date=10 May 2017|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.colesmithey.com/reviews/2005/05/downfall.html |title=German Filmmakers do Justice to the Fall of Hitler's Empire|date=9 May 2005|publisher=Smart New Media|last=Smithey|first=Cole}} 49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/02/14/back-in-the-bunker|title=David Denby's comments on Der Untergang|date=14 February 2005 |work=The New Yorker |last=Denby |first=David |accessdate=5 May 2015}} 50. ^{{cite news|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050310/REVIEWS/50222002/1023|title=Downfall|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=11 March 2005|work=Chicago Sun-Times}} 51. ^{{cite book|title=Army of Evil: A History of the SS|last=Weale|first=Adrian|publisher=NAL Caliber (Penguin Group)|date=2012|location=New York; Toronto|isbn=978-0-451-23791-0}} 52. ^Fischer, Thomas. Soldiers of the Leibstandarte, J. J. Fedorowicz Publishing, Inc. 2008, p 26. 53. ^Eberle, Henrik, MacDonogh, Giles and Uhl, Matthias. The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin, New York: PublicAffairs, 2005, p 370. {{ISBN|1-58648-366-8}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/apr/05/secondworldwar.filmnews|title=Bunker film 'is too kind to Nazis'|work=The Guardian|last=Higgins|first=Charlotte|date=5 April 2005|accessdate=3 January 2019}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/kino/historiker-zu-der-untergang-faktisch-genau-dramaturgisch-lau-a-318336.html|title="Der Untergang": Faktisch genau, dramaturgisch lau|work=Der Spiegel|language=de|date=16 August 2004|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 56. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/der-untergang-hirschbiegel/|title=Hirschbiegel: Der Untergang. Filmrezension.|work=Future Needs Rememberence|language=de|last=Radke|first=Julia|date=1 November 2004|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 57. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/2004/36/Der_Untergang|title=Stilles Ende eines Irren unter Tage|work=Die Zeit|language=de|last=Jessen|first=Jens|author-link=:de:Jens Jessen (Journalist)|date=26 August 2004|accessdate=15 November 2018}} 58. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,4120,1306616,00.html|title=The human Hitler|work=The Guardian|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Kershaw|date=17 September 2004 |location=London |accessdate=20 July 2009}} 59. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com:80/2005/02/21/nazi_3/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223215218/http://www.salon.com/2005/02/21/nazi_3/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=23 February 2012|title=Hitler's bodyguard|first=Ida|last=Hattemer-Higgins|publisher=Salon|date=21 February 2005|access-date=29 November 2017|df=dmy-all}} 60. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8617454.stm|title=The rise, rise and rise of the Downfall Hitler parody|date=13 April 2010|publisher=BBC News}} 61. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/internetting/hitler-downfall-video-youtube |title=Internetting: a user's guide #18 - How downfall gained cult status |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=5 July 2013 |accessdate=10 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031010218/http://www.theguardian.com/internetting/hitler-downfall-video-youtube |archivedate=31 October 2013 |df=dmy }} 62. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.svtplay.se/video/1110425/del-2-av-12-hitlerhumor |title=Kobra - Del 2 av 12: Hitlerhumor |publisher=SVT Play |language=Swedish |accessdate=23 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323023042/http://www.svtplay.se/video/1110425/del-2-av-12-hitlerhumor |archivedate=23 March 2013 |df=dmy }} 63. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/oliver-hirschbiegel-from-hitler-to-princess-diana-and-back-again-1.2301956|title=Oliver Hirschbiegel: from Hitler to Princess Diana and back again|last=Brady|first=Tara|date=31 July 2015|work=The Irish Times|accessdate=10 May 2018}} 64. ^{{cite web|last=Boutin|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Boutin (journalist)|title=Video Mad Libs With the Right Software|work=The New York Times|pages=B10|date=25 February 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/25/technology/personaltech/25basics.html|accessdate=26 February 2010|quote=In various home-subtitled remakes over the last few years, Hitler explodes when told that the McMansion he was trying to flip is in foreclosure, that the band Oasis has split up, that the Colts lost the Super Bowl or that people keep making more "Downfall" parodies.}} 65. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/g00/business/article/Parody-copyright-law-clash-in-online-clips-3180412.php |title=Parody, copyright law clash in online clips |work=San Francisco Chronicle |first=Benny |last=Evangelista |date=23 July 2010 |accessdate=19 February 2012}} 66. ^{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2010/01/the_director_of_downfall_on_al.html|title=The Director of Downfall Speaks Out on All Those Angry YouTube Hitlers |last=Rosenblum|first=Emma|date=15 January 2010|work=New York|accessdate=16 January 2010}} 67. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8617454.stm|title=The rise, rise and rise of the Downfall Hitler parody|author=Finlo Rohrer|publisher=BBC News|date=13 April 2010|accessdate=13 April 2010}} 68. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/apr/21/constantin-films-intellectual-property-spoofs|title=Downfall filmmakers want YouTube to take down Hitler spoofs|author=Finlo Rohrer|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2010 |location=London |accessdate=21 April 2010}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Downfall (film)}}{{Wikiquote}}
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