| 词条 | Edward Charles Pickering |
| 释义 |
|name = Edward Charles Pickering |image =Edward Charles Pickering 1880s.jpg |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date|1846|7|19}} |birth_place = Boston, Massachusetts |death_date = {{death date and age|1919|2|3|1846|7|19}} |death_place = Cambridge, Massachusetts |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = American |ethnicity = |field = Astronomy |work_institutions = |alma_mater = Harvard |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = spectroscopic binary stars |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = Henry Draper Medal (1888) Valz Prize (1888) Bruce Medal (1908) Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1886 and 1901) |religion = |footnotes = |signature = }} Prof Edward Charles Pickering FRS(For) HFRSE (July 19, 1846 – February 3, 1919) was an American astronomer and physicist[1] and the older brother of William Henry Pickering. Along with Carl Vogel, Pickering discovered the first spectroscopic binary stars. He wrote Elements of Physical Manipulations (2 vol., 1873–76). LifePickering was born in Boston on 19 July 1846 the son of Edward Pickering and his wife, Charlotte Hammond.[2] He was educated at Boston Latin School, and then studied Science at Harvard, where he received his BS degree in 1865. Soon after graduating from Harvard, Pickering taught physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[3] Later, he served as director of Harvard College Observatory from 1877 to his death in 1919, where he made great leaps forward in the gathering of stellar spectra through the use of photography. At Harvard, he recruited over 80 women to work for him, including Annie Jump Cannon, Henrietta Swan Leavitt, and Antonia Maury. These women, the Harvard Computers (also described as "Pickering's Harem" by the scientific community at the time), made several important discoveries at HCO.[4] Leavitt's discovery of the period-luminosity relationship for Cepheids, published by Pickering,[5] would prove the foundation for the modern understanding of cosmological distances. In 1864 he married Lizzie Wadsworth Sparks.[6] In 1876 he co-founded the Appalachian Mountain Club. DiscoveriesIn 1882, Pickering developed a method to photograph the spectra of multiple stars simultaneously by putting a large prism in front of the photographic plate.[7] He also, along with Williamina Fleming and Annie Jump Cannon[8] designed a stellar classification system based on an alphabetic system for spectral classes that was first known as the Harvard Stellar Classification and became the basis for the Henry Draper Catalog. In 1896, Pickering published observations of previously unknown lines in the spectra of the star ζ-Puppis.[9] These lines became known as the Pickering series[10] (or the Pickering–Fowler series[10]) and Pickering attributed them to hydrogen in 1897.[11][12] Alfred Fowler gave the same attribution to similar lines that he observed in a hydrogen-helium mixture in 1912.[13] Analysis by Niels Bohr included in his 'trilogy'[14][15] on atomic structure[16] argued that the spectral lines arose from ionised helium, He+, and not from hydrogen.[17] Fowler was initially-skeptical[18] but was ultimately convinced[19] that Bohr was correct,[14] and by 1915 "spectroscopists had transferred [the Pickering series] definitively [from hydrogen] to helium."[10][20] Bohr's theoretical work on the Pickering series had demonstrated the need for "a re-examination of problems that seemed already to have been solved within classical theories" and provided important confirmation for his atomic theory.[21] Pickering is credited for making the Harvard College Observatory known and respected around the world, and it continues today to be a well-respected observatory and program.[22] HonorsAwards and honors
(all jointly named after him and his brother William Henry Pickering) Publications
|pmid = 17788756 |last=Pickering |first= |publication-date=Oct 4, 1912 |year=1912 |title=The Allegheny Observatory In Its Relation To Astronomy |volume=36 |issue=927 |periodical=Science |pages=417–421 |doi = 10.1126/science.36.927.417 |first1 = EC |bibcode = 1912Sci....36..417P }} References1. ^{{cite magazine|title=PICKERING, Edward Charles|magazine=The International Who's Who in the World|year=1912|page=856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-wRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA856}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} 3. ^Daintith, John. (1999) A Dictionary of Scientists. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4. ^The 19th century women who catalogued the cosmos, Michelle Starr, Cnet News, March 7, 2016 5. ^Miss Leavitt in Pickering, Edward C. "Periods of 25 Variable Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud" Harvard College Observatory Circular 173 (1912) 1–3. 6. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} 7. ^Bunch, Bryan H. and Hellemans, Alexander (2004) The History of Science and Technology: A Browser's Guide to the Great Discoveries, Inventions, and the People Who Made Them, from the Dawn of Time to Today. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.projectcontinua.org/annie-jump-cannon/|title=Annie Jump Cannon -|website=www.projectcontinua.org|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-31}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last = Pickering|first = E. C.|journal = Harvard College Observatory Circular|volume = 12|title = Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable stars in Crux and Cygnus.|pages = 1–2|year = 1896|bibcode = 1896HarCi..12....1P}} Also published as: {{cite journal|title = Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable stars in Crux and Cygnus.|last1 = Pickering|first1 = E. C.|last2 = Fleming|first2 = W. P.|authorlink2 = Williamina Fleming|journal = Astrophysical Journal|volume = 4|pages = 369–370|year = 1896|doi = 10.1086/140291|bibcode = 1896ApJ.....4..369P}} 10. ^{{cite book|title = The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes|first = Imre|last = Lakatos|authorlink = Imre Lakatos|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1980|isbn = 9780521280310|editor1-first = John|editor1-last = Worrall|editor2-first = Gregory|editor2-last = Currie|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RRniFBI8Gi4C&pg=PA62|chapter = Bohr: A Research Programme Progressing on Inconsistent Foundations|pages = 55–68}} 11. ^{{cite journal|title = Stars having peculiar spectra. New variable Stars in Crux and Cygnus.|first = E. C.|last = Pickering|year = 1897|journal = Astronomische Nachrichten|volume = 142|issue = 6|pages = 87–90|doi = 10.1002/asna.18971420605|bibcode = 1896AN....142...87P}} 12. ^{{cite journal|title = The spectrum of zeta Puppis|last = Pickering|first = E. C.|year = 1897|journal = Astrophysical Journal|url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1897ApJ.....5...92P&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf|volume = 5|pages = 92–94|doi = 10.1086/140312|bibcode = 1897ApJ.....5...92P}} 13. ^{{cite journal|title = Observations of the Principal and other Series of Lines in the Spectrum of Hydrogen.|first = A.|last = Fowler|authorlink = Alfred Fowler|journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume = 73|issue = 2|year = 1912|pages = 62–63|doi = 10.1093/mnras/73.2.62|bibcode = 1912MNRAS..73...62F}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|first = Ulrich|last = Hoyer|chapter = Constitution of Atoms and Molecules|pages = 103–316 (esp. pp. 116–122)|title = Niels Bohr – Collected Works: Volume 2 – Work on Atomic Physics (1912–1917)|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zGczmJjSO6kC&pg=PA117|editor-first = Ulrich|editor-last = Hoyer|publisher = North Holland Publishing Company|location = Amsterdam|year = 1981|isbn = 978-0720418002}} 15. ^{{cite book|last = Kennedy|first = P. J.|year = 1985|chapter = A Short Biography|editor1-last = French|editor1-first = A. P.|editor2-last = Kennedy|editor2-first = P. J.|title = Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume|pages = 3–15|publisher = Harvard University Press|isbn = 978-0-674-62415-3}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last = Bohr|first = N.|authorlink = Niels Bohr|year = 1913|title = On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part I|journal = Philosophical Magazine|volume = 26|issue = 151|pages = 1–25|doi = 10.1080/14786441308634955|url = http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13/eng.pdf}} {{cite journal|last = Bohr|first = N.|authorlink = Niels Bohr|year = 1913|title = On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part II: Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus|journal = Philosophical Magazine|volume = 26|issue = 153|pages = 476–502|url = http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13b/eng.pdf|doi = 10.1080/14786441308634993}} {{cite journal|last = Bohr|first = N.|authorlink = Niels Bohr|year = 1913|title = On the constitution of atoms and molecules, part III: Systems containing several nuclei|journal = Philosophical Magazine|volume = 26|issue = 155|pages = 857–875|doi = 10.1080/14786441308635031}} 17. ^{{cite journal|title = The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen|first = N.|last = Bohr|authorlink = Niels Bohr|journal = Nature|volume = 92|issue = 2295|year = 1913|pages = 231–232|doi = 10.1038/092231d0|bibcode = 1913Natur..92..231B}} 18. ^{{cite journal|title = The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen|first = A.|last = Fowler|authorlink = Alfred Fowler|journal = Nature|volume = 92|issue = 2291|year = 1913|pages = 95–96|doi = 10.1038/092095b0|bibcode = 1913Natur..92...95F}} 19. ^{{cite journal|title = Reply to: The Spectra of Helium and Hydrogen|first = A.|last = Fowler|authorlink = Alfred Fowler|journal = Nature|volume = 92|issue = 2295|year = 1913|pages = 232–233|bibcode = 1913Natur..92..232F|doi = 10.1038/092232a0}} 20. ^{{cite journal|title = The Spectra of Hydrogen and Helium|first = N.|last = Bohr|authorlink = Niels Bohr|journal = Nature|volume = 95|issue = 6–7|pages = 6–7|year = 1915|doi = 10.1038/095006a0|bibcode = 1915Natur..95....6B}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite journal|title = The Spectrum of ζ Puppis and the Historical Evolution of Empirical Data|first = Nadia|last = Robotti|journal = Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences|volume = 14|issue = 1|year = 1983|pages = 123–145|doi = 10.2307/27757527|jstor = 27757527}} 22. ^Clark, David H. and Clark, Matthew D. H. (2004). Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. 23. ^{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterP.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=7 April 2011}} 24. ^{{cite book | title = Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, Part 1 | chapter = Miscellaneous | publisher = Smithsonian Institution, Board of Regents | date = 1890 |page=192 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-flAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA192}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Henry Draper Medal |url=http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |accessdate=19 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126003930/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html |archivedate=26 January 2013 |df= }} External links{{Commons category|Edward Charles Pickering}}{{Wikisource1911Enc|Pickering, Edward Charles}}
12 : 1846 births|1919 deaths|Harvard University alumni|Harvard University staff|American astronomers|American astrophysicists|Boston Latin School alumni|Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society|Recipients of awards from the United States National Academy of Sciences|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Recipients of the Bruce Medal|People from Boston |
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