| 词条 | Encaustic painting |
| 释义 |
Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface. Today, tools such as heat lamps, heat guns, and other methods of applying heat allow artists to extend the amount of time they have to work with the material. Because wax is used as the pigment binder, encaustics can be sculpted as well as painted. Other materials can be encased or collaged into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to stick them to the surface. HistoryThe word encaustic originates from the Greek word enkaustikos[2] which means to burn in, and this element of heat is necessary for a painting to be called encaustic. This technique was notably used in the Fayum mummy portraits from Egypt around 100–300 AD, in the Blachernitissa and other early icons, as well as in many works of 20th-century North American artists, including Jasper Johns, Tony Scherman, Mark Perlman, and Fernando Leal Audirac. Kut-kut, a lost art of the Philippines, employs sgraffito and encaustic techniques. It was practiced by the indigenous tribe of Samar island around 1600 to 1800. Artists in the Mexican muralism movement, such as Diego Rivera[3] and Jean Charlot{{sfn|Charlot|1998}} sometimes used encaustic painting. The Belgian artist James Ensor also experimented with encaustic.[4] The wax encaustic painting technique was described by the Roman scholar Pliny the Elder in his Natural History from the 1st Century AD.{{sfn|Pliny the Elder|1885|loc= Book 35, ch 41}} The oldest surviving encaustic panel paintings are the Romano-Egyptian Fayum mummy portraits from the 1st Century BC.{{sfn|Doxiadis|1995|p=193}} In the 20th century, painter Fritz Faiss (1905–1981), a student of Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky at the Bauhaus, together with Dr. Hans Schmid, rediscovered the so-called "Punic wax" technique of encaustic painting. Faiss held two German patents related to the preparation of waxes for encaustic painting. One covered a method for treating beeswax so that its melting point was raised from {{convert|60|to|100|C}}. This occurred after boiling the wax in a solution of sea water and soda three successive times. The resulting harder wax is the same as the Punic wax referred to in ancient Greek writings on encaustic painting.[5][6] Encaustic art has seen a resurgence in popularity since the 1990s with people using electric irons, hotplates and heated styli on different surfaces including card, paper and even pottery. The iron makes producing a variety of artistic patterns easier. The medium is not limited to just simple designs; it can be used to create complex paintings, just as in other media such as oil and acrylic.[7] Although technically difficult to master, attractions of this medium for contemporary artists are its dimensional quality and luminous color.[8] ==Encaustic painters== Artists specializing in encaustic painting include the following.{{flatlist|
}} See also
Notes and references1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eainm.com/what-is-encaustic/|title=What Is Encaustic?|work=Encaustic Art Institute}} 2. ^{{citation | chapter=Encaustic | title=The Oxford American Dictionary }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://gallery.sjsu.edu/arth198/painting/encaustic.html |title=Painting: Encaustic |accessdate=2011-05-13 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513061000/http://gallery.sjsu.edu/arth198/painting/encaustic.html |archivedate=May 13, 2011 |df= }} 4. ^"Fireworks", 1887, James Ensor (see "James Ensor" MoMA, New York, 2009) 5. ^{{cite news |last=Reams |first=Maxine |date=October 19, 1952 |title=Unique Wax Paintings by Immigrant Artist Should Endure 10,000 Years |url= |work=Los Angeles Times |location=G14 |access-date= }} 6. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Fritz Faiss Encaustic Work Shown |url= |work=Los Angeles Times |location=D6 |date=February 3, 1952 |access-date= }} 7. ^{{cite web|last1=Mayer|first1=Ralph|title=Encaustic Painting - Ralph Mayer|url=http://www.abstract-art.com/RonDavis/b_shows/b4_loyd/w31_encaustic_ptg.html|website=www.abstract-art.com|accessdate=21 October 2016}} 8. ^Gianquinto, Michael A., Cape Cod Museum Curator of Art. Swept Away: Translucense, Transparence, Transcendence in Contemporary Encaustic. (2014) Curator's foreword to Hunterdon Art Museum Exhibition Catalog,p. 6. }}
Further reading
External links{{commons category|Encaustic painting}}
3 : Painting techniques|Painting materials|Art media |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。