| 词条 | Erode | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Erode | settlement_type = Metropolitan | image_skyline = Cauvery at Erode.JPG | image_alt = Kaveri River | image_caption = River Kaveri at Erode. | nicknames = Turmeric City Textile City Loom City of India | pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India | coordinates = {{coord|11|20|27|N|77|43|02|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_type3 = District | subdivision_name1 = Tamil Nadu | subdivision_name3 = Erode District | founder = | named_for = | parts_type = Region | parts = Kongu Nadu | government_type = Municipal Corporation | governing_body = Erode Municipal Corporation | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 109.52 | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 183 | population_total = 521,776 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = | population_urban = | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = PIN | postal_code = 63800x | area_code = 91 (424) | area_code_type = Telephone code | registration_plate = TN-33, TN-86, TN-56 | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | website = {{URL|http://erodecorporation.gov.in}} | footnotes = | demographics1_info1 = Tamil | official_name = }} Erode ({{IPA-ta|iːroːɽɯ|}}) is a city and seventh largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu, India. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the district. Administered by a municipal corporation since 2009, Erode is a part of the Erode Lok Sabha constituency that elects its member of parliament. Located on the banks of River Kaveri, it is situated centrally on South Indian Peninsula, about {{convert|400|km|mi|0}} southwest of its state capital Chennai and about {{convert|80|km|mi|0}} east of Coimbatore and about {{convert|50|km|mi|0}} east of Tiruppur. Erode is an agricultural, textile[1] and a BPO hub[2] and among the largest producers of turmeric,[3][4] hand-loom and knitwear,[5] and food products. HistoryEtymology of Erode might have its origin in the Tamil phrase Eru Odai meaning two streams based on presence of two water courses of Perumpallam and Kalingarayan Canal. Alternatively, it might have been derived from Tamil phrase Eera Odu meaning 'wet skull' based on Indian mythology.[6][7] During Sangam age, Erode region formed a part of the historical Kongu Nadu region ruled by Cheras and then by Kalabhras who were ousted by Pandyas around 590 CE. Afterwards, it was ruled by Rashtrakutas and by Cholas from 10th to early 13th century, when Erode briefly came under the rule of Delhi Sultanate. Erode was annexed by Vijayanagar Empire in 1378 CE till gaining independence in 1559 CE by Madurai Nayaks, who were defeated by Hyder Ali in 1736 CE. Consequent to fall of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799, Erode was controlled by British East India Company with Maharaja of Mysore as principal ruler. Erode remained under British rule until Indian independence in 1947.[8][9][10] GeographyErode has a hilly terrain with undulating topography as the Urugumalai, Athimalai, Chennimalai hills surround the city. The Amaravathy, Noyyal, Bhavani, and Kaveri rivers flow into the city. While no notable mineral resources are available, loam, gravel and limestone are found in abundance in the river beds. ClimateThe city has a semi-arid climate with moderate to high temperatures throughout the year and relatively low rainfall. Temperature ranges from {{convert|80|°F|°C}} to {{convert|96|°F|°C}} with an average rainfall of {{convert|812|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Like rest of the state, March to June are the hottest and December to January are the coldest months of the year. While the Southwest monsoon (June to August) brings scanty rainfall, bulk of the rainfall is received during the Northeast monsoon in October, November and December. The municipality covers an area of {{convert|8.44|sqkm|sqm|abbr=on}}[11] {{Weather box|location = Erode |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |temperature colour = pastel |Jan high C = 31.4 |Feb high C = 34.1 |Mar high C = 36.5 |Apr high C = 37.1 |May high C = 36.6 |Jun high C = 34.5 |Jul high C = 33 |Aug high C = 33.2 |Sep high C = 33.3 |Oct high C = 32.2 |Nov high C = 30.9 |Dec high C = 30.4 |Jan low C = 20.1 |Feb low C = 21.1 |Mar low C = 23.2 |Apr low C = 25.4 |May low C = 25.7 |Jun low C = 24.7 |Jul low C = 24 |Aug low C = 23.9 |Sep low C = 23.7 |Oct low C = 23.4 |Nov low C = 22.1 |Dec low C = 20.5 |Jan precipitation mm = 9 |Feb precipitation mm = 13 |Mar precipitation mm = 12 |Apr precipitation mm = 47 |May precipitation mm = 82 |Jun precipitation mm = 28 |Jul precipitation mm = 50 |Aug precipitation mm = 80 |Sep precipitation mm = 77 |Oct precipitation mm = 171 |Nov precipitation mm = 88 |Dec precipitation mm = 43 |source = Climate-data.org[12] |date = June 2013 }} Demographics{{Historical populations|align = right |state=collapsed |1901|15529 |1911|16701 |1921|22911 |1931|33672 |1941|39483 |1951|57576 |1961|73762 |1971|105111 |1981|142252 |1991|159232 |2001|173600 |2011|498129 |footnote=Sources:
}}{{bar box|title=Religion[15]|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Hindu|Orange|83.15}}{{bar percent|Muslim|Green|12.37}}{{bar percent|Christian|purple|3.94}}}} As of 2011, Erode has 521,776[15] in population with a sex-ratio of 996, above national average of 929. Literacy rate of 85% compares favorably to the national average of 73%.[15] The city had 43,184 households with Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounting for 11% and 0.15% of the population respectively. Of its 66,135 workers, 61,382 are classified as other workers and rest in agriculture and household industries.[16] As of 2001, 52 slums were identified with 33,000 people residing in slums.[17] Per religious census of 2011, Erode had 83% Hindus, 12% Muslims and 4% Christians.[18] The population had increased 11 times during the 20th century.[13] While Tamil is the main spoken language, English is common as the medium of instruction in educational institutions and in service sector.[19] EconomyErode district's gross domestic product (GDP) grew at 15.5% in 2008 ahead of the state's GDP growth by 4%.[20] According to Indian Census of 2001, urban workforce participation rate for Erode is 35% with growth in secondary and tertiary sectors and a corresponding decrease in the primary sector. Major employment is provided by textile industry, turmeric industry and oil and rice mills with 69% of its workforce employed in tertiary sector. Erode was famous for several markets.Erode has the countries largest turmeric market.Turmeric prices for whole India which was fixed in Erode Turmeric Market [https://www.google.co.in/search?q=erode+turmeric+market+price&oq=erode+turmeric+market+price&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i60.6850j0j7&client=ms-android-samsung&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8].Erode has the countries largest textile market one is Abdul Gani Textile Market and another one is Texvalley. PDEXCIL (Powerloom Development & Export Promotion Council) is set up its regional office in the city by Ministry of Textiles, Government of India. It is a non-profit organization working for the development of Powerloom Industry and promoting export of Fabrics and Made ups from Powerloom Manufacturers. Erode was also famous for its cattle market in district.There was four major nottable cattle market in the district. Among that one was in the core city known as karungalpalayam cattle market one of the largest cattle market in the state [https://www.google.co.in/search?q=erode+cattle+market&oq=erode+cattle+market&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l2.7065j0j7&client=ms-android-samsung&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8] As of 2001, district had two industrial estates with 60 tanneries, 165 lock manufacturing and several cotton spinning mills.[21][22] While hand loom weaving and carpet manufacturing flourished in early days, emergence of power loom led to 24,189 small scale and 59 large scale units by 2000. Because of the district was rich in agriculture.The city was largest manufactures of food products in the [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Erode-a-destination-for-food-processing-sector/article14385160.ece state] .Lot of food product companies and poultries were found in and around the city Erode is known as "Turmeric City" or "Yellow City" on account of production of turmeric in the state. It has one of the largest markets for coconut.[21] and coconut oil production in south India.[23] Erode stands second in leather processing in the state, next to Ambur. Paper companies like Seshasayee paper boards are located on banks of river Kaveri. Sugarcane processing extracts juice to make sugar with its remains used for paper manufacturing. Additionally, dal mills, cotton, vanaspathi manufacturing, wax and screen printing and printing press are located in the city. Erode is also known for its train service centers(loco shed). TourismThindal Murugan Temple, situated {{convert|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the city is the most prominent temple in the city. Periya Mariamman Temple, Natadreeswarar Temple, the hillock temple of the Kaveri river, Sangameswarar Temple, CSI Brough Church, Thowheeth mosque, Ravlathul Janna mosque, Bazaar Mosque and Jamia Pallivasal are prominent religious destinations in the city. While the city is built around a demolished fort, a temple for Arudra Kabaleeswar (Shiva) praising the Saiva and one for Kasthuri Ranganatha Perumal (Vishnu) praising the Vaishnava aspects of Hinduism exists. E.V.R Corporation Museum and Thanthai Periyar Memorial House, which depicts the life of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, are prominent museums in the city. Sankagiri Fort and Vellode Birds Sanctuary are other visitor attractions around the city.[24][25]RecreationThere are amusement parks around the city namely Chill out in perundurai R.S road and Green leaf theme park in perundurai road. Cinema theaters namely Anna,Abrami,Devi abrami, Maharaja,Maharaja VSP, Aanoor, Krishna,etc.. Parks in the city includes VOC park near erode bus stand, SKM children's park, P S park. Malls available in the city, namely Reliance mall and Texvally mall. Law and Government
Law and order is maintained by Erode sub division of Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There are seven law & order police stations located at Karungalpalayam, Bazaar, Surampatti, Veerappanchatram, Rangampalayam, Chithode and Periyar GH Police Station. There are special units like armed reserve, prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and a special branch.[30] Erode is the headquarters of Erode District which was bifurcated from Coimbatore District in 1979. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1871, promoted to special-grade during 1980 and upgraded as a corporation in 2008. City's corporation area covers part of Bhavani, Modakurichi, Perundurai and Komarapalayam constituencies. Its functions are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT) under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.[31] Erode has 60 wards with an elected councillor.[32] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 60 members, one each from the 60 wards.[33] The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[34] The current Member of Parliament is Selvakumara Chinnayan from the AIADMK party.[27] While Erode has two state assembly constituencies namely Erode East and Erode West to elect members to Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years, until 2004 elections, Erode had only one constituency.[35] The current MLA of Erode (East) is K.S.Thennarasu from AIADMK and Erode (West) is K.V. Ramalingam from AIADMK.[28][29][36] Public services{{Main|List of Educational Institutions in Erode}}As of 2006, there were 46 public and private schools with four technical institutes; Government Technical Institute being most prominent. Three types of schools operate in Erode: government run schools, schools funded by the government but run by private trusts (aided schools) and schools funded completely by private trusts.[201] Schools may follow Tamil Nadu Anglo Indian School Board, Tamil Nadu State Board, Matriculation or CBSE syllabus.[201] The city falls under the purview of Coimbatore Education District. There are four school playgrounds in the city.[37] Electricity supply is regulated and distributed by Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) as the city along with its suburbs forms Erode Electricity Distribution Circle. A Chief Distribution engineer is stationed at the regional headquarters.[38] Water supply is provided by Erode Municipality from river Kaveri through its eight reservoirs. For 2000–01, 14 million litres of water was supplied everyday for households in the city.[39] About 110-125 metric tonnes of solid waste were processed by the sanitary department in 2011.[40] As there is no underground drainage system, disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences[41] with its {{convert|192|km|mi|abbr=on}} of storm water drains.[42] Thandhai Periyar Government General Hospital serves as primary centre of healthcare. Several private hospitals such as Lotus Hospitals, Kumarasamy hospital, Idhayam Apollo Specialty Hospital, C.K Hospital, Maruthi Medical Center Hospital (MMCH), Kovai Medical Center Hospital (KMCH), Erode Trust Hospital, National Hospital (formerly Savitha Hospital) serve in the area.[43] As of 2011, municipality maintained 4,678 street lamps.[44] The corporation operates two markets, namely the Nethaji market and Silambarasan kuttai market and a textile market named EKM Abdul Gani Market in Brough road.[45] TransportRoadErode maintains {{convert|102|km|mi|abbr=on}} of local roads with {{convert|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} of concrete and rest bituminous. Additionally, {{convert|16.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of state highways is maintained by State Highways Department.[46] Also, NH 47 connecting Salem – Coimbatore – Kanyakumari, bypasses the city via Bhavani, Chithode, nasiyanur and Perundurai.[47] The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation has a sub-divisional headquarters at Erode (jeeva) under the Coimbatore division. Erode Central Bus Terminus, is the Second Largest main bus station complex for Tamil Nadu State Express Transport Corporation and private carriers operate long distance buses connecting to major cities like Chennai, Bangalore etc.[48][49] The main arterial roads include:
RailErode Junction railway station is a major rail junction in Salem division of Southern Railway with a diesel locomotive shed and an electric locomotive shed attached. It also serves as a hub for water filling facilities, food provisions and cleaning services for long-distance trains that run via Erode.[50] The following are the lines running from Erode junction:
AirThe nearest airport to Erode is the Coimbatore International Airport at a distance of 90 km with regular flights to domestic destinations including Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Mumbai, Pune and international destinations including Sharjah and Singapore.[54] The Tiruchirappali International Airport is 158 km from Erode. 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web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Water%20Supply.htm|title=Water Supply Details|year=2011|publisher=Erode Municipality|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926235346/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Water%20Supply.htm|archivedate=26 September 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=29 December 2012|df=dmy}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm|title=Waste management programme|year=2011|publisher=Erode Municipality|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130701061019/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm|archivedate=1 July 2013|deadurl=yes|accessdate=29 December 2012|ref=|df=dmy}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_UGSS.htm|title=Erode sewarage|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130701060918/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_UGSS.htm|archive-date=1 July 2013|dead-url=yes|accessdate=29 December 2012}} 42. ^{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Strom%20water%20drains.htm|title=Storm water drains of Erode|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130701060918/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Strom%20water%20drains.htm|archive-date=1 July 2013|dead-url=yes|accessdate=29 December 2012}} 43. ^{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Hospitals.htm|title=Erode hospitals|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802023538/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/ser_Hospitals.htm|archivedate=2 August 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=29 December 2012|df=dmy}} 44. ^{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Street%20lights.htm|title=Erode street lights|year=2011|publisher=Erode Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908064918/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Street%20lights.htm|archivedate=8 September 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=29 December 2012|df=dmy}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Markets.htm|title=Erode markets|year=2011|publisher=Erode Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113023418/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Markets.htm|archivedate=13 November 2013|deadurl=yes|accessdate=29 December 2012|df=dmy}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Roads.htm|title=Erode roads|year=2011|publisher=Erode municipality|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926235341/http://erodecorp.tn.gov.in/sal_Roads.htm|archivedate=26 September 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=29 December 2012|df=dmy}} 47. ^Urban Infrastructure Report 2006, pp. 44-45 48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|title=S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres|year=2011|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|accessdate=29 December 2012}} 49. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-cbe.pdf|title=Transport Handbook|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|access-date=29 December 2012|format=PDF|year=2011}} 50. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/use-of-water-in-trains-for-bathing-leads-to-shortage/article4190405.ece|title=Use of water in trains for bathing leads to shortage|date=12 December 2012|work=The Hindu|access-date=2013-07-01}} 51. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/29/stories/2008012954330600.htm|title=Re-schedule train timings|date=29 January 2008|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2013-07-01}} 52. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/palakkaderode-train-commences-service/article4710920.ece|title=Palakkad-Erode train commences service|date=13 May 2013|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2013-07-01}} 53. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/trains-partially-cancelled/article4371486.ece|title=Trains partially cancelled|date=2 February 2013|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2013-07-01}} 54. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-airport-to-get-more-facilities/article4097670.ece|title=Trains partially cancelled|date=15 November 2012|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2013-07-01}} External links{{sisterlinks|Erode}}
2 : Erode|Textile industry of India |
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