“Fairbanks, Alaska”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Fairbanks is the largest city in the Interior region of Alaska. 2016 estimates put the population of the city proper at 32,751, and the population of the Fairbanks North Star Borough at 100,605,^[6] making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Alaska (after Anchorage). The Metropolitan Statistical Area encompasses all of the Fairbanks North Star Borough and is the northernmost Metropolitan Statistical Area in the United States, located 196 driving miles (or 140 air miles) south of the Arctic Circle. Fairbanks is home to the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the founding campus of the University of Alaska system.

History

Native American presence

Though, as of yet, there is not a known permanent Alaska Native settlement at the site of Fairbanks, Athabascan peoples have used the area for thousands of years. An archaeological site excavated on the grounds of the University of Alaska Fairbanks uncovered a Native camp about 3,500 years old, with older remains found at deeper levels.^[7] From evidence gathered at the site, archaeologists surmise that Native activities in the area were limited to seasonal hunting and fishing as fridge temperatures precluded berry gathering .^[8] In addition, archeological sites on the grounds of nearby Fort Wainwright date back well over 10,000 years.^[9] Arrowheads excavated from the University of Alaska Fairbanks site matched similar items found in Asia, providing some of the first evidence that humans arrived in North America via the Bering Strait land bridge in deep antiquity.^[7]

European settlers

Captain E. T. Barnette founded Fairbanks in August 1901 while headed to Tanacross (or Tanana Crossing, where the Valdez–Eagle trail crossed the Tanana River), where he intended to set up a trading post. The steamboat on which Barnette was a passenger, the Lavelle Young, ran aground while attempting to negotiate shallow water. Barnette, along with his party and supplies, were deposited along the banks of the Chena River {{convert|7|mi}} upstream from its confluence with the Tanana River. The sight of smoke from the steamer's engines caught the attention of gold prospectors working in the hills to the north, most notably an Italian immigrant named Felice Pedroni (better known as Felix Pedro) and his partner Tom Gilmore. The two met Barnette where he disembarked and convinced him of the potential of the area. Barnette set up his trading post at the site, still intending to eventually make it to Tanacross.^[10] Teams of gold prospectors soon congregated in and around the newly founded Fairbanks; they built drift mines, dredges, and lode mines in addition to panning and sluicing.^[11]

After some urging by James Wickersham, who later moved the seat of the Third Division court from Eagle to Fairbanks, the settlement was named after Charles W. Fairbanks, a Republican senator from Indiana and later the twenty-sixth Vice President of the United States, serving under Theodore Roosevelt during his second term.^[12]

In these early years of settlement, the Tanana Valley was an important agricultural center for Alaska until the establishment of the Matanuska Valley Colonization Project and the town of Palmer in 1935. Agricultural activity still occurs today in the Tanana Valley, but mostly to the southeast of Fairbanks in the communities of Salcha and Delta Junction. During the early days of Fairbanks, its vicinity was a major producer of agricultural goods. What is now the northern reaches of South Fairbanks was originally the farm of Paul J. Rickert, who came from nearby Chena in 1904 and operated a large farm until his death in 1938.^[13] Farmers Loop Road and Badger Road, loop roads north and east (respectively) of Fairbanks, were also home to major farming activity. Badger Road is named for Harry Markley Badger, an early resident of Fairbanks who later established a farm along the road and became known as "the Strawberry King".^[14] Ballaine and McGrath Roads, side roads of Farmers Loop Road, were also named for prominent local farmers, whose farms were in the immediate vicinity of their respective namesake roads. Despite early efforts by the Alaska Loyal League, the Tanana Valley Agriculture Association and William Fentress Thompson, the editor-publisher of the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, to encourage food production, agriculture in the area was never able to fully support the population, although it came close in the 1920s.^[15]

The construction of Ladd Army Airfield starting in 1939, part of a larger effort by the federal government during the New Deal and World War II to install major infrastructure in the territory for the first time, fostered an economic and population boom in Fairbanks which extended beyond the end of the war. In the 1940s the Canol pipeline extended north from Whitehorse for a few years. The Haines - Fairbanks 626 mile long 8" petroleum products pipeline was constructed during the period 1953-55.^[16] The presence of the U.S. military has remained strong in Fairbanks. Ladd became Fort Wainwright in 1960; the post was annexed into Fairbanks city limits during the 1980s.

Fairbanks suffered from several floods in its first six decades, whether from ice jams during spring breakup or heavy rainfall. The first bridge crossing the Chena River, a wooden structure built in 1904 to extend Turner Street northward to connect with the wagon roads leading to the gold mining camps, often washed out before a permanent bridge was constructed at Cushman Street in 1917 by the Alaska Road Commission.^[17] On August 14, 1967, after record rainfall upstream, the Chena began to surge over its banks, flooding almost the entire town of Fairbanks overnight. This disaster led to the creation of the Chena River Lakes Flood Control Project, which built and operates the {{convert|50|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} Moose Creek Dam in the Chena River and accompanying {{convert|8|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} spillway. The project was designed to prevent a repetition of the 1967 flood by being able to divert water in the Chena upstream from Fairbanks into the Tanana River, thus bypassing the city.^[18]

Geography and climate

Topography

Fairbanks is in the central Tanana Valley, straddling the Chena River near its confluence with the Tanana River. Immediately north of the city is a chain of hills that rises gradually until it reaches the White Mountains and the Yukon River. The city's southern border is the Tanana River. South of the river is the Tanana Flats, an area of marsh and bog that stretches for more than {{convert|100|mi|km}} until it rises into the Alaska Range, which is visible from Fairbanks on clear days.^[19] To the east and west are low valleys separated by ridges of hills up to {{convert|3000|ft|m}} above sea level.^[20]

The Tanana Valley is crossed by many low streams and rivers that flow into the Tanana River. In Fairbanks, the Chena River flows southwest until it empties into the Tanana.^[20] Noyes Slough, which heads and foots off the Chena River, creates Garden Island, a district connected to the rest of Fairbanks by bridges and culverted roads.^[21]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of {{convert|32.7|sqmi|km2}}; {{convert|31.9|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.8|sqmi|km2}} of it (2.48%) is water.

Location

The city is extremely far north, being close to 16 parallels north of the Pacific border between the U.S. and Canada. It is on roughly the same parallel as the northern Swedish city of Skellefteå and Finnish city of Oulu. On account of its warm summers, however, Fairbanks is south of the arctic tree line.

Climate

Fairbanks’ climate is classified as subarctic (Köppen Dfc),^[22] with long cold winters and short warm summers. October through January are the snowiest months, and snow is limited from February to May. On average, the season's first snow falls on September 21, the first inch of snow accumulates by October 8 and the last inch of snow falls on April 27. The last flurries happen in April on average, but it occasionally does flurry in May. The snowpack is established by October 18, on average, and remains until April 23.^[23] Snow occasionally arrives early and in large amounts. On September 13, 1992, {{convert|8|in|cm}} of snow fell in the city, bending trees still laden with fall leaves. That September was also one of the snowiest on record, as {{convert|24|in|cm}} fell, compared to a median^[28] of only {{convert|0.3|in|m|disp=or}} during the month.^[24] October and November are the snowiest months, whilst in contrast, March and April are not very snowy, as these are typically very dry months in central Alaska. The snowiest season has been from July 1990 to June 1991 with {{convert|147.3|in|m|2}}, whilst the least snowy was from July 1918 to June 1919 with only {{convert|12.0|in|m|2}}.^[30]

The average first and last dates with a freezing temperature are September 9 and May 15, respectively, allowing a growing season of 116 days, although freezes have occurred in June, July, and August and the last light frost is often in early June and the first light fall frost is often in late August or early September.^[30]

Fairbanks is the coldest large city in the U.S.;^[25] normal monthly mean temperatures range from {{convert|−7.9|°F|1}} in January to {{convert|62.5|°F|1}} in July.^[30] On average, temperatures reach {{convert|−40|°F|0}} and {{convert|80|°F|0}} on 7.3 and 13 days annually, respectively, and the last year that failed to reach the former mark was 2016.^[30] Between 1995 and 2008, inclusive, Fairbanks failed to record a temperature of {{convert|90|°F|0|disp=or}}.^[26] The highest recorded temperature in Fairbanks was {{convert|99|°F|0}} on July 28, 1919, compared to the Alaska-wide record high temperature of {{convert|100|°F|0}}, recorded in Fort Yukon. The lowest was {{convert|−66|°F|0}} on January 14, 1934.^[30] The warmest calendar year in Fairbanks was 1926, when the average annual temperature was {{convert|32.4|°F|1}}, while the coldest was 1956 with an annual mean temperature of {{convert|21.3|°F|1}}.^[30] The warmest month has been July 1975 with a monthly mean of {{convert|68.4|°F|1}} and the coldest January 1906 which averaged {{convert|−36.4|°F|1}}.^[30] Low temperatures below {{convert|0|°F|0|disp=or}} have been recorded in every month outside June through September. The record cold daily maximum is {{convert|−58|°F|0}} on January 18, 1906, and the record warm daily minimum is {{convert|76|°F|0}} on June 26, 1915; the only other occurrence of a {{convert|70|°F|0}} daily minimum was June 25, 2013 in the midst of a particularly warm summer.^[30]

These widely varying temperature extremes are due to three main factors: temperature inversions, daylight, and wind direction.^[27] In winter, Fairbanks' low-lying location at the bottom of the Tanana Valley causes cold air to accumulate in and around the city. Warmer air rises to the tops of the hills north of Fairbanks, while the city itself experiences one of the biggest temperature inversions on Earth.^[28] Heating through sunlight is limited because of Fairbanks's high-latitude location. At the winter solstice, the center of the sun's disk is less than two degrees over the horizon (1.7 degrees) at the local noon (not the time zone noon). Fairbanks experiences 3 hours and 41 minutes of sunlight on December 21 and 22. At the summer solstice, about 182 days later, on June 20 and 21, Fairbanks receives 21 hours and 49 minutes of sunlight.^[29] After sunset, twilight is bright enough to allow daytime activities without any electric lights, since the center of the sun's disk is just 1.7 degrees below horizon.^[30] During winter, the direction of the wind also causes large temperature swings in Fairbanks. When the wind blows from any direction but the south, average weather ensues. Wind from the south can carry warm, moist air from the Gulf of Alaska, greatly warming temperatures. When coupled with a chinook wind, temperatures well above freezing often result:^[31]^[32] for example, in the record warm January 1981, Fairbanks’ average maximum was {{convert|28.7|°F|1}} and 15 days had a maximum above freezing, whilst during a spell of sustained chinook winds from December 4 to 8, 1934 the temperature topped {{convert|50|°F|0|disp=or}} for five consecutive days.^[30]

In addition to the chinook wind, Fairbanks experiences a handful of other unusual meteorological conditions. In summer, dense wildfire smoke accumulates in the Tanana Valley, affecting the weather and causing health concerns.^[33]^[34] When temperature inversions arise in winter, heavy ice fog often results. Ice fog occurs when air is too cold to absorb additional moisture, such as that released by automobile engines or human breath. Instead of dissipating, the water freezes into microscopic crystals that are suspended in the air, forming fog.^[35] Another one of Fairbanks' unusual occurrences is the prevalence of the aurora borealis, commonly called the northern lights, which are visible on average more than 200 days per year in the vicinity of Fairbanks.^[36] Fairbanks also has extremely low seasonal lag; the year's warmest month is July, which averages only {{convert|2.1|F-change}} warmer than June. Average daily temperatures begin to fall by late July and more markedly in August, which on average is {{convert|4.3|F-change}} cooler than June.^[30] The pattern of fall being colder than spring and a relatively early (late June/early July) peak in the year's average highest temperatures is due to the city's strategic location in a valley, far from any large body of water. This specific combination of features is virtually nonexistent elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere.

Since 1949, Fairbanks's average winter temperature has risen by {{convert|7.8|F-change}}, average spring temperature by {{convert|4.2|F-change}}, and its average summer temperature by {{convert|2.1|F-change}}.^[37] During the same period the average autumn temperature has only risen by {{convert|1.1|F-change}}.^[37]

{{Weather box|location = Fairbanks International Airport, Alaska (1981–2010 normals,^[38] extremes 1904–present)

|collapsed = Y
|single line = Y
| Jan record high F = 52
| Feb record high F = 50
| Mar record high F = 56
| Apr record high F = 76
| May record high F = 90
| Jun record high F = 96
| Jul record high F = 99
| Aug record high F = 93
| Sep record high F = 84
| Oct record high F = 72
| Nov record high F = 54
| Dec record high F = 58
| Jan avg record high F =29.7
| Feb avg record high F =35.2
| Mar avg record high F =44.7
| Apr avg record high F =61.8
| May avg record high F =75.6
| Jun avg record high F =84.9
| Jul avg record high F =85.1
| Aug avg record high F =80.2
| Sep avg record high F =68.2
| Oct avg record high F =52.6
| Nov avg record high F =32.4
| Dec avg record high F =32.2
|year avg record high F =87.3
| Jan high F = 1.1
| Feb high F = 10.0
| Mar high F = 25.4
| Apr high F = 44.5
| May high F = 61.0
| Jun high F = 71.6
| Jul high F = 72.7
| Aug high F = 65.9
| Sep high F = 54.6
| Oct high F = 31.9
| Nov high F = 10.9
| Dec high F = 4.8
|year high F = 38.0
| Jan low F = −16.9
| Feb low F = −12.7
| Mar low F = −2.5
| Apr low F = 20.6
| May low F = 37.8
| Jun low F = 49.3
| Jul low F = 52.3
| Aug low F = 46.4
| Sep low F = 35.1
| Oct low F = 16.5
| Nov low F = −5.7
| Dec low F = −12.9
|year low F = 17.4
| Jan avg record low F = −41.3
| Feb avg record low F = −36.2
| Mar avg record low F = −24.4
| Apr avg record low F = −2.8
| May avg record low F = 26.8
| Jun avg record low F = 39.6
| Jul avg record low F = 44.4
| Aug avg record low F = 35.1
| Sep avg record low F = 22.5
| Oct avg record low F = −5.6
| Nov avg record low F = −26.7
| Dec avg record low F = −37.2
|year avg record low F = −45.9
| Jan record low F = −66
| Feb record low F = −58
| Mar record low F = −56
| Apr record low F = −32
| May record low F = −1
| Jun record low F = 27
| Jul record low F = 30
| Aug record low F = 19
| Sep record low F = 3
| Oct record low F = −27
| Nov record low F = −54
| Dec record low F = −62
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 0.58
| Feb precipitation inch = 0.42
| Mar precipitation inch = 0.25
| Apr precipitation inch = 0.31
| May precipitation inch = 0.60
| Jun precipitation inch = 1.37
| Jul precipitation inch = 2.16
| Aug precipitation inch = 1.88
| Sep precipitation inch = 1.10
| Oct precipitation inch = 0.83
| Nov precipitation inch = 0.67
| Dec precipitation inch = 0.64
|year precipitation inch =10.81
| Jul snow inch = 0
| Aug snow inch =trace
| Sep snow inch = 1.8
| Oct snow inch = 10.8
| Nov snow inch = 13.2
| Dec snow inch = 12.1
| Jan snow inch = 10.3
| Feb snow inch = 8.1
| Mar snow inch = 4.9
| Apr snow inch = 2.9
| May snow inch = 0.9
| Jun snow inch = trace
|year snow inch = 65.0
| unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
| Jan precipitation days = 8.5
| Feb precipitation days = 6.6
| Mar precipitation days = 4.8
| Apr precipitation days = 3.6
| May precipitation days = 7.1
| Jun precipitation days = 10.9
| Jul precipitation days = 12.9
| Aug precipitation days = 13.3
| Sep precipitation days = 10.4
| Oct precipitation days = 11.2
| Nov precipitation days = 10.3
| Dec precipitation days = 9.0
|year precipitation days =108.6
| unit snow days = 0.1 in
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 1.4
| Oct snow days = 10.2
| Nov snow days = 11.9
| Dec snow days = 10.8
| Jan snow days = 10.1
| Feb snow days = 7.9
| Mar snow days = 5.9
| Apr snow days = 2.8
| May snow days = 0.8
| Jun snow days = 0
|year snow days = 61.8
|humidity colour =
| Jan humidity = 69.3
| Feb humidity = 65.5
| Mar humidity = 60.4
| Apr humidity = 56.2
| May humidity = 50.2
| Jun humidity = 56.6
| Jul humidity = 64.2
| Aug humidity = 70.8
| Sep humidity = 68.9
| Oct humidity = 74.1
| Nov humidity = 72.8
| Dec humidity = 71.3
|year humidity = 65.0
|Jan sun = 54
|Feb sun = 120
|Mar sun = 224
|Apr sun = 302
|May sun = 319
|Jun sun = 334
|Jul sun = 274
|Aug sun = 164
|Sep sun = 122
|Oct sun = 85
|Nov sun = 71
|Dec sun = 36
|year sun=
| source 1 =^[39]^[40] NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)^[41]^[42]^[43]
|source 2 = Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)^[44]
| date = September 2010}}

People and culture

Demographics

{{US Census population
|1910= 3541
|1920= 1155
|1930= 2101
|1940= 3455
|1950= 5771
|1960= 13311
|1970= 14771
|1980= 22645
|1990= 30843
|2000= 30224
|2010= 31535
|estyear=2016
|estimate=32751
|estref=^[45]
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census^[46]
}}

Fairbanks first appeared on the 1910 U.S. Census as an incorporated city. It incorporated in 1903.

The U.S. Census Bureau estimates that the population of 2011 in the city was 32,036 people, 11,075 households, and 7,187 families residing in the city. The population density was 995 people per square mile (366.3/km²). There were 12,357 housing units at an average density of 387.9 per square mile (149.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 66.1% White, 9.0% Black or African American, 10.0% Native American or Alaska Native, 3.6% Asian, 0.8% Pacific Islander. In addition, 9.0% of the population identified as Hispanic or Latino. The population estimate for the Fairbanks North Star Borough was 99,192. The racial makeup of the North Star Borough was 78.2% White, 5.0% Black, 7.2% Alaska Native or Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander; 6.3% identified as Hispanic or Latino.^[47]

Of the 11,075 households, 39.9% had children under the age of 18, 47.2% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.15.

The median age of the population was 28 years, with 9.6% under the age of 5, 26.0% under the age of 18, 14.7% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 16.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.2 males.

The median income for a household between 2007 and 2011 was $55,409. Males had a median income of $30,539 versus $26,577 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,814. About 7.4% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over. The percentage of high school graduates or higher is 88%. 20.4% of the population 25 years and up had a bachelor's degree or higher.^[48]

Media

Fairbanks' largest newspaper is the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, which also includes a weekly entertainment guide, Latitude 65. A few other periodicals also serve Fairbanks and the Fairbanks North Star Borough: The Ester Republic and the University of Alaska Fairbanks student newspaper, the Sun Star.

Fairbanks is also served by television and radio. Leading radio stations include AM Stations KFAR 660 talk radio, KCBF 820 ESPN Radio Network, KFBX 970 talk radio and KJNP 1170 religious radio. FM stations include 88.3 popular Christian, KUAC 89.9 National Public Radio, KSUA 91.5 University of Alaska, Fairbanks, KDJF ("CHET FM") 93.5 everything country KXLR 94.3 Alaska's new country KWDD 95.9 classic rock KYSC 96.9 soft rock, KWLF 98.1-"Wolf 98.1", top 40, KJNP-FM 100.3 religious radio, KAKQ-FM 101.1-"Magic 101.1" pop music, KIAK-FM 102.5 country music, KTDZ 103.9-"K-TED" adult hits, KKED 104.7 rock music, and KDFJ-LP 105.9 religious radio.

Fairbanks' major television affiliates are KATN (ABC) 2.1, Fox 2.2, The CW 2.3, KUAC-TV (PBS), KTVF (NBC), and KXDF-CD (CBS). Cable TV is available from GCI. Satellite TV from Dish Network and DirecTV are also available.

Sports

Fairbanks hosted the 2014 Arctic Winter Games from March 15–22, 2014.^[49]

The Carlson Center is home to University of Alaska Fairbanks Nanooks men's ice hockey.

The Fairbanks Ice Dogs, a junior hockey team in the North American Hockey League, play at the Big Dipper Ice Arena. Prior to the formation of the Ice Dogs, the Fairbanks Gold Kings was formed as a league team by the Teamsters Local 959 in 1974. The team took on a life of its own beyond local league play, and played out of the Big Dipper for many years until moving to Colorado Springs, Colorado (becoming the Colorado Gold Kings) in 1998.

The Alaska Goldpanners and the Fairbanks AIA Fire are summer collegiate baseball teams, playing home games at Growden Memorial Park. The park is home to the annual Midnight Sun Game, an annual tradition since 1906, played without artificial lights starting after ten at night on the summer solstice.

The city was briefly represented in the Indoor Football League by the Fairbanks Grizzlies.

Also, Fairbanks is a hub for cross-country skiing in Alaska. It has hosted many different big ski events including the 2003 Junior Olympic Cross Country Ski Championship and the 2008 and 2009 U.S. Cross Country Distance Nationals^[50] It also has an annual 50k race called the Sonot Kkaazoot and the Fairbanks Town Series races which consists of four different races and the Chest Medicine Distance Series races which consists of only 3 races.

Fairbanks is also home to the Yukon Quest, an international 1,000 mile sled dog race that is considered one of the toughest in the world. The race alternates its starting and finishing points each year between Fairbanks, Alaska and Whitehorse, Yukon.

Notable people

Fairbanks, Alaska was the birthplace of a significant number of successful musicians. Some distinguished individuals are Kelly Moneymaker, Kevin Johansen, Kevin Lenear of The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Vivica Genaux, Lincoln Brewster, Rick Holmstrom, John Luther Adams, and Jon Button.

Susan Butcher, four time Iditarod winner, and husband David Monson, winner of the Yukon Quest, lived in Fairbanks. After Susan's death David kept on running their dog farm, Trail Breaker Kennels.

Lance Mackey, four-time winner of the Yukon Quest and Iditarod sled dog races, lives in the Fairbanks area.

Fairbanks was also the starting place for Daryn Colledge, an offensive guard for the Arizona Cardinals. Colledge played for the Green Bay Packers and helped the team gain their victory in Super Bowl XLV.

Mike Dunlap, NBA and college basketball head coach, was born in Fairbanks.

Jessica Gavora is a conservative writer on culture and politics. She was the chief speechwriter for Attorney General John Ashcroft and a senior policy advisor at the Department of Justice.

The late John Drury Clark was born and raised in Fairbanks. He became a noted American rocket fuel developer, science fiction writer, and chemist.

The late Bob Ross, artist and host of The Joy of Painting on PBS, made his home in Fairbanks.^[51]

Government and politics

The majority of Fairbanks is politically conservative, with three distinct geographical areas representing differing ideological views. The western part of the city, centered on the University of Alaska Fairbanks is Democratic-leaning. The downtown area and the eastern parts near Fort Wainwright are Republican-leaning, and the North Pole area farther east is even more conservative. Thus, many residents have noted that a neighborhood's position on the map of Fairbanks (west to east) mirrors its political orientation (left to right).

Federal

**Presidential Election Results for the City of Fairbanks (Central/Downtown) 2004–2008**
Year	Democrat	Republican
2016
2012
2008	39.3%	58.0%
2004	35.2%	61.5%

State

At present, the Fairbanks area comprises two entire districts, and most of a third district, in the Alaska Senate. The state senators for the Fairbanks area are John Coghill, Jr., Click Bishop, and Pete Kelly, all Republicans. The area comprises five entire districts, and a portion of one other district, in the Alaska House. Representatives for the Fairbanks area are Adam Wool, David Guttenberg, Scott Kawasaki (all Democrats), Steve Thompson and Tammie Wilson (both Republicans). Dave Talerico, a Republican member of the House who lives in the Denali Borough community of Healy, represents Richardson Highway communities beyond the North Pole area but within the Fairbanks North Star Borough boundaries.

Fairbanksans elected the first two Libertarian Party members to serve in a state legislature in the United States. Dick Randolph, who had previously served two terms in the Alaska House as a Republican, was first elected as a Libertarian in 1978 and re-elected in 1980. Ken Fanning was also elected to the House as a Libertarian in 1980. In the 1982 elections, Randolph ran unsuccessfully as the LP's nominee for Governor of Alaska, while Fanning lost re-election to the House following redistricting.

Fairbanks is a regional center for most departments of the State of Alaska, though the vast majority of state jobs are based in either Anchorage or Juneau.

Municipal

Fairbanks, unlike other larger cities in Alaska, still has separate borough and city governments. The City of Fairbanks was incorporated on November 10, 1903. The city council held a special meeting at the Carlson Center on November 10, 2003 for the express purpose of denoting the centennial of incorporation. The Fairbanks North Star Borough, created by the Alaska Legislature under the Mandatory Borough Act of 1963, was incorporated on January 1, 1964.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Police

The Fairbanks Police Department is the law enforcement agency responsible for the city. Since its establishment, 3 officers have died in the line of duty.^[52]

Facilities and services

Utilities

Electricity is provided by the Golden Valley Electric Association. The Chena power site has four steam turbines fueled by coal and one oil-fueled electrical generator. Interior Alaska is not connected to the electrical grid of the contiguous United States and Canada, but a transmission line constructed in 1985 connects Fairbanks with power plants in the coal-producing area of Healy and the Anchorage area. Fairbanks currently holds the world record for the largest rechargeable battery, which weighs approximately 1,300 tons. The battery was installed to help bridge the gaps that occur during frequent power outages. The battery will provide power for 7 minutes to about 12,000 homes.^[53]

The University of Alaska Fairbanks operates its own coal-fired generating station on campus, providing electricity and steam heat to university buildings.^[54]

Until 1996, telephone service was provided by the Municipal Utilities Service, a public company. In that year, telephone service was sold to Alaska Communications Systems, a private company.^[55] General Communications Inc. has competed against ACS in Fairbanks since 1997.^[56] Both companies offer mobile phone service in Fairbanks, as do national and local providers such as AT&T Mobility and Verizon Wireless.^[57]

A pair of fiber optic cables provide long-distance telephone and Internet service. One parallels the Parks Highway and connects Fairbanks to Anchorage, while the other parallels the Richardson Highway and connects Fairbanks to Valdez.^[58] A third, spur fiber optic cable parallels the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and connects Fairbanks to Prudhoe Bay.^[59] Broadband Internet access is provided by GCI, ACS, Ace Tekk and a handful of satellite Internet and wireless Internet services.^[56]^[60]

Economy

Among the companies based in Fairbanks are Doyon, Limited.

Taxes

Sales: None^[61]
Property: 20.777 mills (7.171 city/13.606 borough areawide)^[61]
Special: 5% alcohol tax (city only); 16% tobacco tax (8% city/8% borough); 8% accommodations tax^[61]

Education

Fairbanks North Star Borough School District operates public schools serving the City of Fairbanks.

The Yukon–Koyukuk School District has its administrative headquarters in College CDP,^[62] but its schools are in the Yukon-Koyukuk area, not Fairbanks.

Transportation

{{multiple image
|footer = Airport Way, eastbound (left) and westbound (right), is the main east–west thoroughfare in Fairbanks. Constructed in the early and mid-1970s, it links the main gate of Fort Wainwright with the main terminal of Fairbanks International Airport.
|width = 180
|align = right
|image1 = Airport Way Fairbanks Alaska Eastbound.jpg
|image2 = Airport Way Fairbanks Alaska Westbound.jpg
}}

As the transportation hub for Interior Alaska, Fairbanks features extensive road, rail, and air connections to the rest of Alaska and Outside. At Fairbanks' founding, the only way to reach the new city was via steamboat on the Chena River.^[63] In 1904, money intended to improve the Valdez-Eagle Trail was diverted to build a branch trail, giving Fairbanks its first overland connection to the outside world.^[64] The resulting Richardson Highway was created in 1910 after Gen. Wilds P. Richardson upgraded it to a wagon road. In the 1920s, it was improved further and made navigable by automobiles, but it was not paved until 1957.^[65]

Fairbanks' road connections were improved in 1927, when the {{convert|161|mi|km|adj=on}} Steese Highway connected the city to the Yukon River at the gold-mining community of Circle.^[66] In 1942, the Alaska Highway connected the Richardson Highway to the Canadian road system, allowing road travel from the rest of the United States to Fairbanks, which is considered the unofficial end of the highway. Because of World War II, civilian traffic was not permitted on the highway until 1948.^[67]

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a series of roads were built to connect Fairbanks to the oil fields of Prudhoe Bay. The Elliott Highway was built in 1957 to connect Fairbanks to Livengood, southern terminus of the Dalton Highway,^[68] which ends in Deadhorse on the North Slope.^[69] West of the Dalton intersection, the Elliott Highway extends to Manley Hot Springs on the Tanana River.^[68] To improve logistics in Fairbanks during construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, the George Parks Highway was built between Fairbanks and Palmer in 1971.^[70]

Until 1940, none of Fairbanks' surface streets were paved.^[71] The outbreak of World War II interrupted plans to pave most of the city's roads, and a movement toward large-scale paving did not begin until 1953, when the city paved 30 blocks of streets.^[72] During the late 1950s and the 1960s, the remainder of the city's streets were converted from gravel roads to asphalt surfaces.^[73] Few have been repaved since that time; a 2008 survey of city streets indicated the average age of a street in Fairbanks was 31 years.{{Update after|2012|11|3|reason=Repaving of city streets began in earnest in 2004 under Mayor Thompson, and has continued to the present, mostly since the cited news story was published.}}^[74]

Public transportation has been provided by the Metropolitan Area Commuter System, an agency of the borough government, since 1977. Bus service links much of the urban Fairbanks area, with most routes connecting at the downtown transit center. University Bus Lines, a private company, existed for several decades before MACS started. The company, which was owned first by Paul Greimann and later by Walt Conant, mainly linked downtown Fairbanks with the university campus and the military bases.

Commercial airlines connect Fairbanks to the rest of Alaska as well as the lower 48 and select international destinations via Fairbanks International Airport. Fairbanks is the smallest city in the United States to be served by transatlantic flights, as Condor operates direct flight to Frankfurt in the summer tourist season.

Rail transport

{{multiple image
| footer = The Alaska Railroad provides regular freight and passenger service between Fairbanks and Southcentral Alaska towns. Shown on the left is the railroad's Fairbanks depot, off the Johansen Expressway on the northern edge of the railroad yards. It opened in 2005, replacing the depot in downtown Fairbanks (right) which opened in 1960.
| direction =
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| image1 = Fairbanks AK train station.jpg
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| image2 = Old Alaska Railroad Depot Fairbanks Alaska.jpg
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After large-scale gold mining began north of Fairbanks, miners wanted to build a railroad from the steamboat docks on the Chena River to the mine sites in the hills north of the city. The result was the Tanana Mines Railroad, which started operations in September 1905, using what had been the first steam locomotive in the Yukon Territory.^[75] In 1907, the railroad was reorganized and named the Tanana Valley Railroad. The railroad continued expanding until 1910, when the first gold boom began to falter and the introduction of automobiles into Fairbanks took business away from the railroad.^[75] Despite these problems, railroad backers envisioned a rail line extending from Fairbanks to Seward on the Gulf of Alaska, home to the Alaska Central Railway.^[76]

In 1914, the US Congress appropriated $35 million for construction of the Alaska Railroad system, but work was delayed by the outbreak of World War I.^[77] Three years later, the Alaska Railroad purchased the Tanana Valley Railroad, which had suffered from the wartime economic problems.^[77] Rail workers built a line extending northwest from Fairbanks, then south to Nenana, where President Warren G. Harding hammered in the ceremonial final spike in 1923.^[77] The rail yards of the Tanana Valley Railroad were converted for use by the Alaska Railroad, and Fairbanks became the northern end of the line and its second-largest depot.^[77]

From 1923 to 2004, the Alaska Railroad's Fairbanks terminal was in downtown Fairbanks, just north of the Chena River. In May 2005, the Alaska Railroad opened a new terminal northwest of downtown, and that terminal is in operation today.^[78] In summer, the railroad operates tourist trains to and from Fairbanks, and it operates occasional passenger trains throughout the year. The majority of its business through Fairbanks is freight.^[79] The railroad is planning an expansion of the rail line from Fairbanks to connect the city via rail with Delta Junction, about {{convert|100|mi|km}} southeast.^[80]

Crime

Rape

In 2010 Fairbanks ranks as the third most dangerous U.S. city for women with a rate of rape more than double the national average: 70 forcible rapes per 100,000 inhabitants.^[81]

Statistics

Compared to communities of similar population, Fairbanks' crime rate (violent and property crimes combined) is higher than Alaska's average, which in turn is higher than the U.S. average.^[82]

2014 Crime Statistics Per 100,000 People^[83]
Crime Types	U.S.	Alaska	Fairbanks
Violent Crime	366	636	659
Murder	5	6	12
Forcible Rape	37	105	120
Robbery	102	85	160
Aggravated Assault	233	440	366
Property Crime	2,596	2,760	3,840
Burglary	543	428	477
Larceny Theft	1,837	2,096	2,984
Motor Vehicle Theft	216	236	379

Attractions and points of interest

The city of Fairbanks and the greater Fairbanks area is home to a number of attractions and events, which draw visitors from outside of Alaska throughout the year. Summer tourist traffic primarily consists of cruise ship passengers who purchase package tours which include travel to Fairbanks. Many of these tourists spend one or more nights at a local hotel and visit one or more attractions. Tourism the rest of the year is mostly concentrated around the winter season, centered upon the northern lights, ice carving and winter sports. In addition, other events draw visitors from within Alaska, mostly from the community's trading area throughout Interior Alaska and the North Slope.

Within city limits

Creamer's Field Migratory Waterfowl Refuge
Golden Days Parade (July)
Midnight Sun Game (June 21)
Open North American Championship Sled Dog Race (March)
Pioneer Park
World Eskimo Indian Olympics (July)

Outside city limits

Birch Hill Recreation Area
Ski Land
Georgeson Botanical Garden
Gold Dredge No. 8
World Ice Art Championships and IceAlaska Ice Park
Riverboat Discovery
Robert G. White Large Animal Research Station
Santa Claus House in North Pole
Sternwheeler Tanana Chief
Tanana Valley State Fair (August)
University of Alaska Museum of the North

State Parks

Alaska State Parks operates the Chena River State Recreation Site, a {{convert|29|acres}} park in the middle of Fairbanks with a campground, trails, and a boat launch. (There is a similarly named Chena River State Recreation Area, a much larger park, about {{convert|30|mile}} outside Fairbanks)^[84]

Sister cities

Fairbanks is twinned with:{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

{{flagdeco|Mongolia}} Erdenet, Orkhon Province, Mongolia^[85]
{{flagdeco|Italy}} Fanano, Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy^[86]
{{flagdeco|Norway}} Mo i Rana, Norway^[87]
{{flagdeco|JPN}} Monbetsu, Hokkaido, Japan (dormant)^[88]
{{flagdeco|ROC}} Tainan, Taiwan^[87]
{{flagdeco|Russia}} Yakutsk, Russia^[89]^[90]
{{flagdeco|Washington}} Richland, Washington, United States{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
{{flagdeco|Canada}} Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

Notes

1. ^{{Cite book|title=2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=Juneau|publisher=Alaska Municipal League|year=2015|page=61}}
2. ^¹The boundaries for Alaska legislative districts were based upon 2010 Census data. The districts of Bishop and Wool contain a small portion of city limits which Fairbanks annexed after that census was completed, and which contains zero resident population.
3. ^{{cite book|title=1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory|location=Juneau|publisher=Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs|date=January 1996|page=55}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_02.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jun 22, 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |accessdate=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archivedate=May 31, 2011 |df=mdy }}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/02/02090.html |title=Alaska State and Local Quickfacts |publisher=The United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2015-07-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/603udzl2A?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/02/02090.html |archivedate=July 10, 2011 |df= }}
7. ^¹Gibbon, Guy E. and Ames, Kenneth M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia]. Taylor & Francis, 1998. p. 116
8. ^Gold Rush Town, p. 65
9. ^U.S. Army. "Cultural resources at Fort Wainwright" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115091033/http://www.usarak.army.mil/conservation/CR_fwa.htm |date=January 15, 2009 }},, www.usarak.army.mil. March 18, 2009. Accessed August 5, 2009.
10. ^{{cite web|author=Aurora WebMasters |url=http://fairbanks-alaska.com/fairbanks-history.htm |title=History of Fairbanks |website=Fairbanks-alaska.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-29}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Gold Rush History|url=http://explorefairbanks.com/go/explore/gold-rush-history/36|work=Explore Fairbanks|publisher=Fairbanks Convention and Visitors Bureau|accessdate=January 28, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101012139/http://www.explorefairbanks.com/go/explore/gold-rush-history/36|archivedate=January 1, 2013|df=mdy-all}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/charles_fairbanks.pdf |title=Vice Presidents of the United States: Charles W. Fairbanks |website=Senate.gov |accessdate=2012-10-24}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Atwood|first1=Evangeline|last2=DeArmond|first2=Robert N.|authorlink2=R. N. DeArmond|title=Who's Who in Alaskan Politics|year=1977|publisher=Binford & Mort for the Alaska Historical Commission|location=Portland|page=84}}
14. ^Atwood and DeArmoun, Who's Who in Alaskan Politics, p. 4
15. ^Like a Tree to the Soil: A History of Farming in Alaska's Tanana Valley, 1903 to 1940, by Josephine E. Papp and Josie A. Phillips
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/AlaskaGas/Report4/Report_CEMML_2003_HainesFairbanksPipeline.pdf |format=PDF |title=The Haines-Fairbanks Pipeline |date=April 2003 |website=Arlis.org |accessdate=2015-11-19}}
17. ^{{cite book|last=Matheson|first=Janet|last2=Haldeman|first2=F. Bruce|title=Historic Resources in the Fairbanks North Star Borough|year=1981|publisher=Fairbanks North Star Borough Planning Department|location=Fairbanks|chapter=Gilmore Trail|page=19}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF16/1663.html |title=Fixing the Fatal Flaw of Fairbanks, Alaska Science Forum |website=Gi.alaska.edu |date=September 11, 2003 |accessdate=2012-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615044224/http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF16/1663.html |archive-date=June 15, 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
19. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629124834/http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/alaska/denali-fairbanks-and-the-yukon/review-430988.html |date=June 29, 2011 }}
20. ^¹U.S. Geological Survey. "Bulletin – United States Geological Survey, Issue 284", U.S. Geological Survey. 1906. P. 110.
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23. ^Staff Report. ‘Snow forecast for Fairbanks-area hills’ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925181417/http://newsminer.com/news/2009/sep/22/Snow-forecast-for-area-hills/ |date=September 25, 2009 }}, Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. September 22, 2009. Accessed October 4, 2009.
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29. ^Fairbanks, Alaska is:. (November 13, 2012) but solar maximum elevation at the local noon is over 48 degrees at the disk center
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31. ^Shulski, p. 154
32. ^Mowry, Tim. ‘Chinook brings record temperatures to Interior Alaska’ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326133845/http://newsminer.com/news/2009/jan/16/chinook-brings-record-temperatures-interior-alaska/ |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. January 16, 2009. Accessed October 7, 2009.
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37. ^¹Alaska Climate Research Center. "Temperature change in Alaska", climate.gi.alaska.edu. Accessed October 7, 2009.
38. ^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
39. ^Shulski, p. 155
40. ^Alaska Climate Research Center. "Fairbanks International Airport, AK" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111004909/http://climate.gi.alaska.edu/Climate/Location/Interior/Fairbanks.html |date=January 11, 2013 }}, climate.gi.alaska.edu. Accessed October 4, 2009.
41. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰{{cite web |url = http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=pafg |title = NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate = 2017-12-28}}
42. ^¹{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00026411.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station Name: AK FAIRBANKS INTL AP |accessdate=2017-12-28}}
43. ^{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP1/70261.TXT | title = WMO Climate Normals for FAIRBANKS/INTL, AK 1961–1990 | accessdate = 2014-03-23 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}
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85. ^ {{dead link|date=October 2012}}
86. ^{{cite web |last=Associated |first=The |url=http://www.juneauempire.com/stories/082003/sta_fairbanks.shtml |title=Fairbanks mayor salvages sister-city relationship by agreeing to visit Italy | Juneau Empire – Alaska's Capital City Online Newspaper |publisher=Juneau Empire |date=August 20, 2003 |accessdate=2012-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811195740/http://juneauempire.com/stories/082003/sta_fairbanks.shtml |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
87. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.state.ak.us/trade/2005/sister_states.php |title=Governor Frank Murkowski – Alaska Trade and Development – 2005 Export Report |publisher=US State of Alaska |date= |accessdate=2012-01-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205045516/http://www.gov.state.ak.us/trade/2005/sister_states.php |archivedate=February 5, 2012 |df=mdy }}
88. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106113841/http://www.jetrosf.org/library/PDF/states_alaska.pdf |date=January 6, 2006 }}
89. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.yakutsk-city.ru/ |title=Окружная администрация города Якутска |website=Yakutsk-city.ru |date= |accessdate=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101174015/http://yakutsk-city.ru/ |archive-date=November 1, 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
90. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fairbanks-yakutsk.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705034600/http://www.fairbanks-yakutsk.org/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 5, 2011 |title=Fairbanks Yakutsk Sister Cities of the North |author= |year=2012 |work= |publisher=Fairbanks – Yakutsk, Sister Cities |accessdate=December 17, 2012 }}

References

Cole, Dermot. Fairbanks: A Gold Rush Town that Beat the Odds. Fairbanks. University of Alaska Press, 1999. {{ISBN|978-1-60223-030-9}}.
Hedrick, Basil and Savage, Susan. Steamboats on the Chena. Fairbanks. Epicenter Press, 1988. ASIN B000OM7YIK.
Shulski, Martha and Wendler, Gerd. The Climate of Alaska. University of Alaska Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-60223-007-1}}.

External links

{{Sister project links|wikt=Fairbanks|commons=Category:Fairbanks, Alaska|b=no|n=no|q=no|s=no|v=no|voy=Fairbanks|species=no|d=Q79638}}

Official website of the City of Fairbanks
Fairbanks Chamber of Commerce
Fairbanks Convention and Visitors Bureau
[https://web.archive.org/web/20160128153708/http://pafg.arh.noaa.gov/ National Weather Service Fairbanks office]
{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Alaska/Localities/F/Fairbanks}}