| 词条 | Filip Konowal |
| 释义 |
|name= Filip Konowal |birth_date= 15 September 1888 |death_date= 3 June 1959 (aged 70) |birth_place= Kutkivtsi, Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) |death_place= Hull, Quebec |image= Filip Konowal VC.jpg |caption= |nickname= |allegiance= {{Flag|Russian Empire}} {{flag|Canada|1868}} |serviceyears= 1909 - 1913 (Russia) 1915 – 1919 (Canada) |rank= Sergeant |commands= |unit= 77th Canadian Infantry Battalion 47th (British Columbia) Battalion Canadian Infantry 1st Canadian Reserve Battalion Canadian Forestry Corps Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force Governor General's Foot Guards |battles= World War I *Battle of Hill 70 Russian Civil War *Siberian Intervention |awards= Victoria Cross Cross of St George, 4th Class |laterwork= special custodian in the Office of the Prime Minister[1] }}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}} Filip Konowal VC ({{lang-uk|Пили́п Миронович Конова́л}}; Pylyp Myronovych Konoval; 15 September 1888 – 3 June 1959) was a highly decorated Ukrainian Canadian soldier. He is the only ethnic Eastern European recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy given to British and Commonwealth forces. He was also entitled to the Cross of St George, 4th Class. He is the patron of Royal Canadian Legion Branch 360 (Konowal Branch) in Toronto. First World WarKonowal was born to a peasant family on 15 September 1888 in Kutkivtsi, in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine) near the border with Austria-Hungary. At an early age, he worked as a mason alongside his father. He married Hanna (?-1932/33) in 1908. They had a daughter, Marichka. Soon after his marriage, he decided to join the Imperial Russian Army, where he served as an instructor in hand-to-hand combat. After demobilization, Konowal returned home and took up work as a feller in Siberia, before accepting a job with a Canadian company in 1913. Departing from Vladivostok, Konowal crossed the Pacific Ocean to Vancouver, British Columbia, and continued working as a feller, gradually making his way east. By the beginning of 1914, Konowal had lost his job as a feller and ended up working a series of odd jobs until the outbreak of World War I. On 12 July 1915, Konowal enlisted in the 77th Canadian Infantry Battalion, and on 19 June 1916, left Halifax for Liverpool. After arriving in England, Konowal was promoted to acting corporal and was transferred to the 47th (British Columbia) Battalion of the 4th Canadian Division. In August 1916, the 4th Division arrived in France, and took part in the assault on Vimy Ridge in April 1917. From 22–24 August 1917, during the Battle of Hill 70 in Lens, France, he was recognized for conspicuous gallantry in the face of the enemy and awarded the Victoria Cross.[1] Konowal's medal was personally presented by King George V, and he was promoted to sergeant. Victoria Cross citationThe citation was published in a supplement to the London Gazette of 23 November 1917 (dated 26 November 1917):[2]
Post-warOn 19 July 1919, Konowal accompanied Leontiy Diedek, a friend and fellow veteran, to a particularly rough area in Hull, Quebec. The two men went for dinner at a restaurant; Diedek left early in order to look at some bicycles at the home of William Artich, an 'Austrian' bootlegger and bicycle salesman. Konowal became aware of a commotion and went to investigate. A fight had started between Artich and Diedek. By the time Konowal arrived, Diedek had been viciously beaten and Artich was armed with a knife. Konowal managed to gain control over the weapon and killed Artich with a single stab to the chest.[3][4] Konowal did not attempt to flee the scene; when police came, the First World War veteran stated, "I've killed fifty-two of them, that makes the fifty-third." Veterans rallied to his cause and raised enough money to bail Konowal in October 1919; the trial ended up being postponed three times, finally beginning in 1921. After extensive tests, it was discovered that Konowal was suffering from serious medical problems stemming from his war wounds: pressure on his brain was increasing and his condition was continually deteriorating. Medical experts unanimously agreed that a wartime gunshot wound to the head was likely making Konowal mentally unstable, causing flashbacks to the war's battles.[1] The jury agreed and he was found not guilty by reason of insanity, then institutionalized for seven years. By the end of this period, his condition had improved dramatically, and he was released from a Montreal mental hospital in 1928.[1] He eventually found employment as a caretaker at the House of Commons in Ottawa, with the help of a military associate. When Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King saw the colours of a Victoria Cross ribbon on Konowal while he was at work, King arranged for him to be reassigned to a lifetime job in King's personal office.[5] Unfortunately, tragedy struck once again when Konowal attempted to contact his family: his wife had died during the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 (the Holodomor) and his daughter was nowhere to be found, though it was later reported she survived and left descendants.[3][4][6][5] Konowal married a French-Canadian woman, Juliette Leduc-Auger (1901-1987), in 1934 and adopted her two sons, Roland and Albert.[5] In 1956, he joined 300 other Victoria Cross recipients in London for events celebrating the honour's centennial, hosted by then British Prime Minister Anthony Eden and Queen Elizabeth II.[5] Konowal died in 1959 at Hull, Quebec, aged 70. He was buried at Notre Dame de Lourdes Cemetery, Ottawa, under a headstone in section A, lot 502. HonoursIn addition to the Victoria Cross, he was also awarded the British War Medal (1914–1920), Victory Medal (1914–1919), George VI Coronation Medal (1937), Elizabeth II Coronation Medal (1953), and was entitled to the Cross of St George, 4th Class, from Russia. The Royal Canadian Legion Branch 360 (Konowal Branch) in Toronto made him its patron in 1953. The Legion helped established the Konowal Prize, an annual scholarship grant at the Royal Military College of Canada. In 1996, Konowal's headstone was replaced by an upright marker, and memorial plaques were unveiled:
The Victoria Cross decorationThe Canadian War Museum in Ottawa purchased Konowal's Victoria Cross and other medals in 1969. The decoration went missing sometime in the 1970s, apparently stolen, and was sold to an antique shop along with some Hawaiian coins in the mid-1990s. The shop owner believed the decoration was a fake, as it was inscribed with "For Valour" – evidently not realizing that all VCs awarded to Canadians had the English motto. (The source of confusion was the fact that a new Canadian VC was introduced into the Canadian Honours System in 1993, bearing the Latin motto Pro Valore). The decoration was rediscovered when the shop owner offered it to the Jeffrey Hoare Auction House in London, Ontario in April 2004. A British collector discovered the auction and notified Lubomyr Luciuk, co-author of a booklet about Konowal, who took steps to have the decoration secured.[10] It was recovered by the police and returned to permanent display at the War Museum on 23 August 2004, 87 years after it was awarded. Notes1. ^Stewart, Charles H.: Overseas - The Linages and Insignia of the Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919, page 25. Little & Stewart Publishing, 1970. 2. ^{{London Gazette|issue=30400|supp=y|page=12329|date=23 November 1917}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=22&dat=19190721&id=cFEZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tyQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2107,7497753|title=The Toronto World newspaper article, 21 July 1919|website=google.com|accessdate=20 November 2017}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%205/Issue%202/Sorobey%20-%20Filip%20Konowal,%20VC%20-%20%20The%20Rebirth%20of%20a%20Canadian%20Hero.pdf|title=PDF: Filip Konowal, VC: The Rebirth of a Canadian Hero by Ron Sorobey|website=wlu.ca|accessdate=20 November 2017}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite news|last1=Spencer|first1=Kent|title=Victoria Cross winner Konowal led a troubled life after the Great War|url=http://ww1.canada.com/faces-of-war/victoria-cross-winner-konowal-led-a-troubled-life-after-the-great-war|accessdate=10 August 2014|work=The Province (Vancouver)|publisher=PostMedia|date=5 August 2014}} 6. ^Ottawa Citizen, 21 July 1919, p. 5. 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=3172|title=Filip Konowal plaque|website=forces.gc.ca|accessdate=20 November 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517115419/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=3172|archivedate=17 May 2014|df=dmy-all}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.webmatters.net/txtpat/?id=755|title=Webmatters : Filip Konowal VC Memorial at Lens|first=|last=webmatters.net|work=webmatters.net|accessdate=2 April 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000708/|title=WorldFest Houston|website=imdb.com|accessdate=20 November 2017}} 10. ^Lubomyr Luciuk, "The prodigal medal returns", in Ukrainian Weekly. References
External links{{Commons category|Filip Konowal}}
11 : 1888 births|1959 deaths|People from Chemerivtsi Raion|People from Podolia Governorate|Imperial Russian emigrants to Canada|Canadian people of Ukrainian descent|Imperial Russian Army personnel|Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers|Canadian military personnel of the Russian Civil War|Canadian World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross|People acquitted by reason of insanity |
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