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词条 First Continental Congress
释义

  1. Convention

  2. Declaration and Resolves

  3. Accomplishments

  4. List of delegates

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. External links

{{For|the first seating of the United States Congress|1st United States Congress}}{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}{{Infobox legislature
| name = The First Continental Congress
| coa_pic = Flickr_-_USCapitol_-_The_First_Continental_Congress,_1774.jpg
| coa_res = 250px
| coa_caption = First Continental Congress 1774
| legislature = Thirteen Colonies
| house_type = Unicameral
| members = 56 from 12 colonies (excluding Georgia)
| meeting_place = Carpenters' Hall, Philadelphia
| established = September 5, 1774
| disbanded = October 26, 1774
| preceded_by = Stamp Act Congress
| succeeded_by = Second Continental Congress
| leader1_type = President of Congress
| leader1 = Peyton Randolph
Henry Middleton
| leader2_type = Secretary
| leader2 = Charles Thomson
}}{{Continental Congress}}

The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26, 1774, at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. It was called in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament, which the British referred to as the Coercive Acts, with which the British intended to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

The Congress met briefly to consider options, including an economic boycott of British trade and drawing up a list of rights and grievances; in the end, they petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances.

The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts. Their appeal to the Crown had no effect, and so the Second Continental Congress was convened the following year to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War. The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia.

Convention

The Congress met from September 5 to October 26, 1774. Peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings; Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress from October 22 to 26. Charles Thomson, leader of the Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence, was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress.[1]

The delegates who attended were not of one mind concerning why they were there. Conservatives such as Joseph Galloway, John Dickinson, John Jay, and Edward Rutledge believed their task to be forging policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts. Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the Colonies and Great Britain. Others such as Patrick Henry, Roger Sherman, Samuel Adams, and John Adams believed their task to be developing a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies. Their ultimate goal was to end what they felt to be the abuses of parliamentary authority, and to retain their rights which had been guaranteed under both Colonial charters and the English constitution.[2]

Roger Sherman denied the legislative authority of Parliament, and Patrick Henry believed that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of government, independent from Great Britain, for the existing Colonial governments were already dissolved.[3] In contrast to these ideas, Joseph Galloway put forward a "Plan of Union" which suggested that an American legislative body be formed with some authority, whose consent would be required for imperial measures.[3][4]

Declaration and Resolves

In the end, the voices of compromise carried the day. Rather than calling for independence, the First Continental Congress passed and signed the Continental Association in its Declaration and Resolves, which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774. It requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the boycott and regulate local prices for goods. These resolutions adopted by the Congress did not endorse any legal power of Parliament to regulate trade, but consented, nonetheless, to the operation of acts for that purpose. Furthermore, they did not repudiate control by the royal prerogative, which was explicitly acknowledged in the Petition to the King a few days later.

Accomplishments

The Congress had two primary accomplishments. The first was a compact among the Colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1, 1774.[5] The West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless the islands agreed to non-importation of British goods.[6] Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775, compared with the previous year.[5] Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each Colony to ensure compliance with the boycott. All of the Colonial Houses of Assembly approved the proceedings of the Congress, with the exception of New York.[7]

If the Intolerable Acts were not repealed, the Colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10, 1775.[5] The boycott was successfully implemented, but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.

The second accomplishment of the Congress was to provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on May 10, 1775. In addition to the Colonies which had sent delegates to the First Continental Congress, the Congress resolved on October 21, 1774, to send letters of invitation to Quebec, Saint John's Island (now Prince Edward Island), Nova Scotia, Georgia, East Florida, and West Florida.[8] However, letters appear to have been sent only to Quebec (three letters in all). None of these other colonies sent delegates to the opening of the Second Congress, though a delegation from Georgia arrived the following July.[9]

List of delegates

{{unreferenced|section|date=September 2017}}
#NameColonyNotes
1 Nathaniel|Folsom}} New Hampshire
2 John|Sullivan|dab=general}} New Hampshire 3rd and 5th Governor of New Hampshire; general in the Continental Army
3 John|Adams}} Massachusetts Lawyer, first Vice-President of the United States and second President
4Samuel|Adams}} Massachusetts cousin of John Adams; sometimes called "Father of the American Revolution"
5 Thomas|Cushing}} Massachusetts
6 Robert Treat|Paine}} Massachusetts
7 Stephen|Hopkins|Stephen Hopkins (politician)}} Rhode Island Authored pamphlet The Rights of the Colonies
8Samuel|Ward|Samuel Ward (American statesman)}} Rhode Island
9Silas|Deane}} Connecticut
10 Eliphalet|Dyer}} Connecticut
11 Roger|Sherman}} Connecticut Created the Great Compromise and Three-Fifths Compromise at the Constitutional Convention; Congressman; a member of the Committee of Five who presented the Declaration of Independence
12 James|Duane}} New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
13 John|Jay}} New York Lawyer; First Chief Justice of the United States; co-author of The Federalist Papers; appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
14 Philip|Livingston}} New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
15 Isaac|Low}} New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
16 Simon|Boerum}} New York
17 John|Haring}} New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange
18 Henry|Wisner}} New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange
19 William|Floyd}} New York For Suffolk County
20 John|Alsop}} New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty-one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany, Duchess, and Westchester
21 Stephen|Crane|Stephen Crane (delegate)}} New Jersey
22 John|De Hart}} New Jersey
23James|Kinsey}} New Jersey
24 William|Livingston}} New Jersey
25 Richard|Smith|Richard Smith (delegate)}} New Jersey
26Edward|Biddle}} Pennsylvania
27 John|Dickinson|John Dickinson (delegate)}} Pennsylvania author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
28 Joseph|Galloway}} Pennsylvania Patriot, turned Loyalist; Originator of the Galloway Plan of Union
29Charles|Humphreys}} Pennsylvania
30 Thomas|Mifflin}} Pennsylvania Later served as the first governor of Pennsylvania; Quartermaster general of the U.S. Army
31 John|Morton|John Morton (American politician)}} Pennsylvania
32 Samuel|Rhoads}} Pennsylvania
33 George|Ross|George Ross (delegate)}} Pennsylvania
34 Thomas|McKean}} Delaware
35 George|Read|George Read (signer)}} Delaware
36 Caesar|Rodney}} Delaware
37 Samuel|Chase}} Maryland Later served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court
38 Robert|Goldsborough}} Maryland
39 Thomas|Johnson|Thomas Johnson (jurist)}} Maryland
40 William|Paca}} Maryland
41 Matthew|Tilghman}} Maryland
42 Richard|Bland}} Virginia
43 Benjamin|Harrison|Benjamin Harrison V}} Virginia Later served as the fifth governor of Virginia; father of President William Henry Harrison and great-grandfather of President Benjamin Harrison
44 Patrick|Henry}} Virginia Creator of the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions
45 Richard Henry|Lee}} Virginia
46 Edmund|Pendleton}} Virginia
47 Peyton|Randolph}} Virginia Served as President of this First Continental Congress
48 George|Washington}} Virginia Future commander of the Continental Army; first President of the United States
49 Richard|Caswell}} North Carolina
50 Joseph|Hewes}} North Carolina Secretary of Naval Affairs Committee in 1776
51 William|Hooper}} North Carolina
52 Christopher|Gadsden}} South Carolina
53 Thomas|Lynch Jr.}} South Carolina
54 Henry|Middleton}} South Carolina
55 Edward|Rutledge}} South Carolina
56 John|Rutledge}} South Carolina Second Chief Justice; Associate Justice; first Governor of South Carolina

See also

  • List of delegates to the Continental and Confederation congresses
  • Papers of the Continental Congress
  • Timeline of United States revolutionary history (1760–1789)

Notes

1. ^{{cite book |title=Jefferson's America, 1760-1815 |author=Risjord, Norman K. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2002 |page=114}}
2. ^{{cite web|last1=McLaughlin|first1=Andrew C.|title=A constitutional History of the United States|url=http://www.constitution.org/cmt/mclaughlin/chus.htm|publisher=D. Appleton-Century Company|accessdate=August 27, 2014|location=New York, London|pages=83–90|year=1936}}
3. ^1 {{cite book |title=The Foundations of American Nationality |author=Greene, Evarts Boutell |publisher=American Book Company. |year=1922 |page=434 |url=https://archive.org/stream/foundationsofame005250mbp#page/n477/mode/2up}}
4. ^{{cite book |title=Great Debates in American Hist: From the Debates in the British Parliament on the Colonial Stamp |author=Miller, Marion Mills |publisher=Current Literature Pub. Co |year=1913 |page=91}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Kramnick, Isaac (ed); Thomas Paine |title=Common Sense |publisher=Penguin Classics |year=1982 |page=21}}
6. ^Ketchum, p. 262.
7. ^Launitz-Schurer p. 144.
8. ^ {{cite book| url = http://mrsoloughlin.weebly.com/| title = Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789| editor = Worthington C. Ford, Library of Congress (United States)| page = 101| date = 1774 (printed 1901)| accessdate = February 7, 2010|display-editors=etal}}
9. ^{{cite book| title=Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789|editor=Worthington C. Ford| pages=2:192–193| url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00266))|display-editors=etal}}

References

  • Bancroft, George. History of the United States of America, from the discovery of the American continent. (1854–78), vol 4-10 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070216045633/http://jrshelby.com/sc-links/bancroft.htm online edition]
  • {{cite book| first=Edmund C.| last=Burnett| title=The Continental Congress| origyear=1941| year=1975| publisher=Greenwood Publishing| isbn=0-8371-8386-3}}
  • {{cite book| first=H. James| last=Henderson| title=Party Politics in the Continental Congress| origyear=1974| year=2002| publisher=Rowman & Littlefield| isbn=0-8191-6525-5}}
  • Launitz-Schurer, Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries, The making of the revolution in New York, 1765-1776, 1980, {{ISBN|0-8147-4994-1}}
  • Ketchum, Richard, Divided Loyalties, How the American Revolution came to New York, 2002, {{ISBN|0-8050-6120-7}}
  • Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution (1943) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=493014 online edition]
  • Puls, Mark, Samuel Adams, father of the American Revolution, 2006, {{ISBN|1-4039-7582-5}}
  • {{cite book| first=Lynn| last=Montross| title=The Reluctant Rebels; the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789| origyear=1950| year=1970| publisher=Barnes & Noble| isbn=0-389-03973-X}}
Primary sources
  • Peter Force, ed. American Archives, 9 vol 1837-1853, major compilation of documents 1774-1776. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206214032/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/amarch/index.html online edition]

External links

  • Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
  • Papers of the Continental Congress (Digitized Original Documents)
{{Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War}}{{Historical American Documents}}{{Location of US capital}}{{USAConfGov}}{{Presidents of the Continental Congress}}{{Authority control}}{{s-start}}{{succession box
| title = Legislature of the United States
| before = Stamp Act Congress
| years = September 5, 1774, to October 26, 1774
| after = the Second Continental Congress}}{{s-end}}

5 : 1774 in the Thirteen Colonies|Continental Congress|History of Philadelphia|Pennsylvania in the American Revolution|1774 in Pennsylvania
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