| 词条 | Transavia PL-12 Airtruk | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Transavia PL-12 Airtruk is a single-engine agricultural aircraft designed and built by the Transavia Corporation in Australia. The Airtruk is a shoulder-wing strut braced sesquiplane of all-metal construction, with the cockpit mounted above a tractor-location opposed-cylinder air-cooled engine and short pod fuselage with rear door. The engine cowling, rear fuselage and top decking are of fibreglass. It has a tricycle undercarriage, the main units of which are carried on the lower sesquiplane wings. It has twin tail booms with two unconnected tails. Its first flight was on 22 April 1965, and was certified on 10 February 1966.[2] Design and developmentIt was developed from the Bennett Airtruck designed in New Zealand by Luigi Pellarini. It has a 1 metric ton capacity hopper and is able to ferry two passengers as a topdresser. Other versions can be used as cargo, ambulance or aerial survey aircraft, and carry one passenger in the top deck and four in the lower deck. The Airtruk is also sometimes known as the Airtruck. Because the name "Airtruck" was registered by the New Zealand companies Bennett Aviation Ltd and Waitomo Aircraft Ltd, for their PL-11, Transavia found another name for their PL-12 ("Airtruk"). July 1978 saw the first flight of an improved model, the T-300 Skyfarmer, which was powered by a Textron Lycoming IO-540-engine. This was followed in 1981 by the T-300A with improved aerodynamics.[2] Transavia ceased production of the T-300 in 1985. In 1982 certification was undertaken to enable sales in the North American market. Assistance was provided by the Aeronautical Research Laboratories (ARL) of the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) and extensive tests carried out on the ground and in subsequent flight flutter clearance trials. ref. DSTO Structures Tech. Memo. 341 In 1985 an extended version was produced and released as the T-400. The engine was changed from a 6-cylinder to an 8-cylinder and the tail booms extended by 750 millimetres. Other minor changes were made to the aerodynamics. Flutter clearance tests were again carried out by ARL and manufacture proceeded.[2] An isolated flutter incident was reported in 1986 involving violent oscillations of the rudder and tail boom on the T-400 during a delivery flight. Investigations were carried out by ARL and a split mass balance arm was fitted to each rudder. Prior to this the aircraft had relied on frictional damping provided by the lengthy control cables. The modified aircraft was tested both on the ground, and in flight trials in March 1988 over Port Philip near Melbourne, Australia. All attempts to induce the oscillations showed that there was no indication of a mode of vibration becoming unstable. The maximum speed achieved was 160 knots in a steep dive. Oscillations were induced with an air operated tool fitted with an out-of-balance rotating mass. This device had a rotational speed from 18 Hz down to zero for each charge of the compressed air cylinder.[3] At least 120 had been built by 1988.[2] Operations and survivorsAs of 2008, there are at least three examples in museums in New Zealand, with an additional one being restored to airworthy status. The second prototype is preserved in the Powerhouse Museum collection, Sydney, Australia.[4] There is one Transavia PL-12 Airtruk on display and under restoration at the Danish Air Museum at the airport called "Stauning" in western Denmark.[5] There is one airworthy Airtruk in Ecka airfield near Zrenjanin, Serbia, two airworthy T300A models in Albury( Hazair PL)Australia and one airworthy PL12 model in Tooma, Australia. {{citation needed|date=December 2013}} There is one located in the Bathurst Aerodrome, New South Wales Australia. There is one located at the Queensland Air Museum, Caloundra, Queensland Australia.[6] There is one located at the Museum of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Cuatro Vientos (Madrid) Spain. [7] Variants
Single-engined agricultural aircraft. Powered by 300 hp (224 kW) Rolls Royce Continental IO-520-D
Multi-purpose utility transport, air ambulance, aerial survey aircraft.
Powered by a 320-hp Continental/Rolls-Royce Tiara 6-320-2B piston engine.[8]
Powered by Lycoming O-540 engine.
Improved version of the T-300.
Enlarged, more powerful (400 hp (298 kW) Lycoming O-720 engine.[2]
Proposed multi-role utility transport, air ambulance, forward air control, light attack, counter-insurgency aircraft. Also known as the M-300.[9]
Proposed variant powered by a 550-hp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop engine.[9] Specifications (PL-12 / PL-12U){{Aircraft specs|ref=[10]Jane's All the Worlds Aircraft 1988-89 [11] |prime units?=kts
PL-12U {{convert|1830|lb|abbr=on}} |max takeoff weight kg=1855 |max takeoff weight note=(agricultural mission) |fuel capacity={{convert|181.5|l|USgal impgal|abbr=on}} in two upper wing fuel tanks with optional second tank in each wing for a total of {{convert|373|l|USgal impgal|abbr=on}} |more general=
PL-12U {{convert|112|kn|mph kph|abbr=on}} |cruise speed kts=95 |cruise speed note=at 75% power at Sea level ISA PL-12U {{convert|102|kn|mph kph|abbr=on}} |stall speed kts=52 |stall speed note=flaps down PL-12U {{convert|50|kn|mph kph|abbr=on}} |never exceed speed kts=180 |never exceed speed note= PL-12U {{convert|150|kn|mph kph|abbr=on}} |range km= |range miles= |range nmi= |range note= |combat range km= |combat range miles= |combat range nmi= |combat range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range miles= |ferry range nmi= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling m= |ceiling ft= |ceiling note= |g limits= |roll rate= |climb rate ms=3.05 |climb rate note= PL-12U {{convert|4.066|m/s|ft/min|abbr=on}} |time to altitude= |lift to drag= |wing loading kg/m2=79 |wing loading note= PL-12U 73 kg/m2 (15 lb/sq.ft.) |fuel consumption kg/km= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass=0.12 kW/kg (0.073 hp/lb) PL-12U 0.129 kW/kg (0.078 hp/lb) |more performance= |avionics= }} ReferencesNotes1. ^"The Transavia Airtruk & Skyfarmer" Airliners.net. Retrieved 27 October 2013. 2. ^{{cite book | isbn = 9780642097453 | title = Flutter clearance tests on a Transavia PL-12/T-400 Skyfarmer | author1 = Goldman, A. | author2 = Galea, S. | publisher = Aeronautical Research Laboratories | location = Melbourne }} 3. ^{{cite book| title = ARL-STRUC-TM-515 Flutter investigations on a Transavia PL12/T-400 aircraft | url = http://hdl.handle.net/1947/9669 | author1 = Goldman, A. | author2 = Rider, C.D. | author3 = Piperias, P. | publisher = Aeronautical Research Laboratory | location = Melbourne}} 4. ^Transavia Airtruk PL-12, Australia, 1965, VH-TRN Powerhouse Museum. Retrieved 3 August 2008. 5. ^http://flymuseum.dk/ 6. ^https://qam.com.au/portfolio/transavia-pl-12-airtruk-zk-cwx-cn-818/ 7. ^https://www.defensa.com/espana/novedades-museo-aire-tambien-podran-ver-agosto 8. ^Taylor 1977, p.8. 9. ^1 Donald 1997, p.877. 10. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Taylor|editor1-first=John W.R.|title=Jane's all the world's aircraft, 1975-76|date=1975|publisher=Franklin Watts Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0531032503|edition=66th annual|pages=9-10}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 Taylor 1988, p.7. Bibliography
External links{{commons category|Transavia PL-12 Airtruk}}
6 : Australian agricultural aircraft 1960–1969|Twin-boom aircraft|Sesquiplanes|Shoulder-wing aircraft|Single-engined tractor aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1965 |
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