1. History
    Medieval    17th century  18th century  19th century  20th century  Under Franco and the end of WWII  21st century 

2. G6

3. Cultural exchange

4. References

5. Further reading

France and Spain neighbour each other, with a long border across the Pyrenees. The two countries are member states of the European Union which use the Euro as currency, and are both members of NATO and the Latin Union.

Two of the most powerful kingdoms of the early modern era, France and Spain fought a 24-year war (the Franco-Spanish War) until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. The treaty was signed on the Pheasant Island between the two nations, which has since been a condominium, changing its allegiances each six months.

The nations cooperated against the terrorist-separatist group ETA, who fought for an independent Basque Country with land from both countries.

History

Medieval

The entire mainlands of both Gaul and Hispania were possessions of the Roman Empire.^[1]

While the term "Spain" may be improper when used to refer to France–Spain relations before the union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1516, there has always been important relations between what are now France and Spain.

One important feature of those early relations was that counts from the Marca Hispanica & Navarre fought shoulder to shoulder with Frankish Kings (during the Carolingian dynasty), to protect Europe from the Al Andalus Muslim kingdom. Barcelona was a County of the Frankish Empire, under protection of the Franc Imperator.

This vassality of Marca Hispanica and Navarre to the Frankish empire remained effective up to 985. At that point, because his armies were mobilized in the Verdum's{{What|reason=verdun? term unclear|date=January 2018}} county, Lothair of France and his Byzantine allies did not assist Navarre & Marca Hispanica in its defense against the Caliph, implying that they failed to defend of Barcelona from the Arabs. Almanzor did not stay in the cities (the first assault was launched July 6, 985; withdrew their troops July 23), but this incursion was arguably the first step of a process of independence of the county of Barcelona from the kingdom of France, and heralded what would become the Aragon kingdom. While independent of France and integrated in the Crown of Aragon, Barcelona remained legally a county of France and the King of France retained a de jure right to vote in the Barcelone Courts in the next centuries. This situation generated numerous territorial conflicts between the two kingdoms^[2] to control what is now the south of France and the north of Spain (the support of Aragon to the Count of Toulouse, death in Perpignan of Philip III of France married to Isabel of Aragon, and Albigenses Crusades are some of the most famous examples) and played a significant political role in the start of the Catalan Revolt which ended with the treaty of Pyrenees.

17th century

The Franco-Spanish War broke out in 1635, when French king Louis XIII felt threatened that his entire kingdom was bordered by Habsburg territories, including Spain. In 1659, the Treaty of the Pyrenees ended the war and ceded the Spanish-possessed Catalan county of Roussillon to France, which had supported the Principality of Catalonia in a revolt against the Spanish crown. Western Flanders, roughly equivalent to the modern French department of Nord, was also ceded.^[3] An anomaly of the treaty was that although all villages in Roussillon were ceded to France, Llívia was deemed to be a city and was therefore retained by Spain to the present day as an exclave {{convert|3|km|0}} into France.^[4] The treaty was signed on Pheasant Island, an uninhabited, unserviced island in the Bidasoa river between the French commune of Hendaye and the Spanish municipality of Irun. Both settlements, and therefore their countries, took sovereignty of the island for six months out of each year.^[5] After Philip IV of Spain defeat, Marie-Thérèse of Austria, Infant of Spain, was married to the king of France Louis XIV.

18th century

In 1701, after the death of the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, the French House of Bourbon, led by Louis XIV, staked a claim to the Spanish throne. The war ended with the Bourbon Philip V being recognised as King of Spain.^[6] The House of Bourbon remains on the Spanish throne to the present day.^[7]

19th century

Revolutionary France and Bourbon Spain signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1796 as part of their shared opposition to Britain. The relationship strained after defeat in 1805 at the Battle of Trafalgar, and in 1808, French Emperor Napoleon named his brother Joseph as King of Spain as part of a plan to get closer to invading Britain's ally, Portugal. The Bourbon king Ferdinand VII was imprisoned by Napoleon, but still remained recognised as Spanish monarch by Napoleon's adversaries. He returned to the throne in 1813 after Spain, Britain and Portugal's victory in the Peninsular War.

20th century

Under Franco and the end of WWII

When the Nationalist forces of General Francisco Franco were victorious at the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939, there was discussion of Llívia, a small exclaved Spanish city {{convert|3|km|0|abbr=on}} into France, becoming territory of the defeated Republican Army. No conclusion was reached and the French authorities allowed the Nationalists to occupy Llívia.^[4]

With the restoration of the French government in the latter part of the Second World War, relations between Spain and France became more complex. Exiled Spanish Communists had infiltrated northern Spain from France via the Val d'Aran but were repelled by Franco's army and police forces.^[8] The border between the two countries was temporarily closed by the French in June 1945. It was closed indefinitely on March 1, 1946, following the execution of the Communist guerrilla Cristino García in Spain. The Franco government criticized the action, commenting that many refugees from France had used the same border to escape to safety in Spain during the war. Several days after the border closing, France issued a diplomatic note with the United States and Britain calling for the formation of a new provisional government in Madrid.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=357-58}}

Additionally, Spain's formerly close relationship with Italy and Nazi Germany led to suspicion and accusations. Some Nazis and French collaborators fled to Francoist Spain following the end of the war, most notably Pierre Laval, who was turned over to the Allies in July 1945. One French report claimed that 100,000 Nazis and collaborators were sheltered in Spain. The Soviet Union declared there were 200,000 Nazis in the country and that Franco was manufacturing nuclear weapons and intended to invade France in 1946.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=356}}

With the advent of the Cold War, relations gradually improved. The Pyrenean border was re-opened again in February 1948.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=381}} Several months later France (along with Britain) signed a commercial agreement with the Franco government.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=382}} Relations further improved in 1950 when the French government, concerned about international subversion, forced the Spanish Communist Party to leave France.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=397}}

Franco-Spanish relations would become more tense with the rise to power of Charles de Gaulle, especially when the rebel French general Raoul Salan found sanctuary among Falangists in Spain for six months in 1960–61. Nevertheless, some commercial relations were done, the French finance minister visited Madrid in April 1963 to conclude a new commercial treaty.{{sfn|Payne|1987|p=530}}. Nevertheless is undoubted that the aggressive rhetoric that both Franco and de Gaulle used against each other did not improve the relationship between the countries.

When Spain was led by general Francisco Franco, the French believed that ETA attacks were aimed at overthrowing the government of Franco, and did not feel targeted by ETA. The reason for this was the help that regime of Franco gave to the terrorist organization OAS and because of that when ETA started to kill people de Gaulle gave them shelter in the French Basque Country, the so-called Le Sanctuaire. However, when the attacks continued after the death of Franco, France started a collaboration with the Spanish government against ETA.

21st century

In recent years, due to an improving economy in Spain, the balance between France and Spain has shifted somewhat. The balance has also changed because of liberalisation of the Spanish society since the death of Franco in 1975.

France is one of the largest trading partners of Spain.^[9] In March 2015, Philip VI of Spain chose to go to France as its first diplomatic visit since his accession. The visit was widely regarded as a way to hail the excellent bilateral relations between France and Spain.^[10][11]

G6

Spain and France along with Germany, Italy, United Kingdom and Poland are members of the G6, a group of the 6 most important countries of the European Union. Through the G6, France and Spain cooperate on the areas of defence, economic development and European Constitution.

Cultural exchange

A Eurostat publication estimated that 122,385 French citizens live in Spain and 128,000 Spanish citizens live in France,^[12] while it is also estimated that 144,039 people in France were born in Spain.^[13] The Spanish Civil War and hardship immediately after spurred Spanish migration to the more developed and democratic France, which had a labour shortage in the aftermath of the Second World War.^[14] The Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, resident in the French capital Paris since 1901, was refused naturalisation shortly after Franco took control of Spain, but remained in Paris until his death in 1973.^[15]

References

Further reading

• Bertrand, Louis and Charles Petrie. The History of Spain (2nd ed. 1956) [https://archive.org/details/ost-history-historyofspain008182mbp online]
• Carr, Raymond. Spain, 1808–1975 (2nd ed 1982), a standard scholarly survey
• Cortada, James W. Spain in the Twentieth-Century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1898-1978 (1980) [https://www.questia.com/library/3049711/spain-in-the-twentieth-century-world-essays-on-spanish online]
• Cortada, James W. A Bibliographic Guide to Spanish Diplomatic History, 1460-1977 (Greenwood Press, 1977) 390 pages
• Folmer, Henry D. Franco-Spanish Rivalry in North America, 1524-1763 (1953) [https://www.questia.com/library/7910671/franco-spanish-rivalry-in-north-america-1524-1763 online]
• Hill, David Jayne. A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe (3 vol. 1914) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en|lang_fr&id=LtABAAAAYAAJ online v 3, 1648–1775].
• Kamen, Henry. Empire: how Spain became a world power, 1492-1763 (2004).
• McKay, Derek, and Hamish M. Scott. The rise of the great powers 1648–1815 (1983).
• Merriman, John. A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present (3rd ed. 2009, 2 vol), 1412 pp; university textbook
• Mowat, R. B. A History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789 (1928) [https://www.questia.com/library/23721/a-history-of-european-diplomacy-1451-1789 online at Questia]
• Mowat, R. B. A History of European Diplomacy 1815–1914 (1922), basic introduction [https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropea00mowauoft onlinr]
• Payne, Stanley G. A History of Spain and Portugal (2 vol 1973) full text online vol 1 before 1700; full text online vol 2 after 1700; a standard scholarly history
• Petrie, Charles. Earlier Diplomatic History, 1492–1713 (1949) online; [https://www.questia.com/library/73973493/earlier-diplomatic-history-1492-1713 at Questia]
• Price, Roger. A Concise History of France (1993) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/052136809X/ excerpt and text search]
• Raymond, Gino. Historical Dictionary of France (2nd ed. 2008) 528pp

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